BIO

12 LAB EXAM - Ex 1, 2, 3

GAMETOGENESIS

OVARY
Theca externa (visceral peritoneum) outer connec6ve
6ssue covering (2N)
Sacs house of developing egg cells suspended within
t. externa (2N)
Oogonia smaller; arise from successive mitosis of
embryonic PGCs, not yet accumulated yolk (2N)
Oocyte larger; dark; undergo growth and meito6c
prophase; yolk, glycogen, pigments (1 (2N) 2 (N))
Theca interna inner membrane covering each sac;
smooth muscle bers (2N)

OVARY
OOCYTE
Nucleus/germinal vesicle stain lighter; with
prominent nuclei
Nuclei/gemimal spots
Follicle cells w/ darkly stained oval nuclei ->
secretes estrogen

OVARY
Mature ova not found in ovary oocytes leave
by hormonal sSmulaSon prior to compleSon of
maturaSon / reducSon division
First arrest: rst maturaSon division
Second maturaSon division begins upon entering
of eggs to oviduct

Second arrest: at Metaphase II

Oogenesis resumes aVer ferSlizaSon

TESTIS
Visceral peritoneum
Numerous seminiferous tubules within tesSs
Spermatocysts compartments with various
stages of spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia (2N)
Tightly packed cells with lightly stained nuclei showing
threads
Near periphery of s. tubules
Increase by ordinary mitosis; with normal diploid

TESTIS
Spermatocytes
Primary largest s-geneSc cells (2N)
Early growth: w/ vesicular, lightly stained nuclei
Shows meioSc chromosomes:
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Crossing-over
Progressive chromosomal contracSon

Secondary s-cytes slightly smaller cells (N)

With darkly stained nuclei
Some with highly contracted chromosomes
Haploid no. of dyads

TESTIS
SpermaSds produced by 2nd meioSc division by
2ndary S-cytes (N)
w/ haploid no. of monad
Very small; w/ slightly stained nuclei

Spermatozoa haploid (N)

Masses of hair-like structures
A^ached to sertoli cells

All spermatogenic cells are found within

spermatocysts except spermatozoa
Cells in spermatocyst are in the same stage

TESTIS
Leydig cells between seminiferous tubules;
secrete androgens
Sertoli cells elongated triangular cells, supply
nutrients
Bases a^ached to basement membrane of
seminiferous tubules
Provide mechanical support & nourishment to
spermatozoa

PROPHASE I of MEIOSIS I
1. Leptotene similar in appearance to
spermatogonia but boundaries more disSnct
Found within porSons of dark row of early
spermatocytes
w/ nely granular nuclei
w/ masses of lightly stained beaded threads
Display graduaSons from irregular to more
circular appearance
Chromosomes condense

PROPHASE I of MEIOSIS I
2. Zygotene homologous chromosomes side by side
& gene by gene with each other
w/ convergence towards one side of nucleus (bouquet
congura6on)
Pairing without crossing over

3. Pachytene with thicker chromosomes

Chromosomes resemble minute railroad tracks winding

about within the nuclear membrane w/ gently spiraled
twists
Crossing-over or exchange of gene6c materials
between homologous chromosomes takes place

PROPHASE I of MEIOSIS I
4. Diplotene chromosomes condense more
Becomes slightly separated while sister chroma6ds s6ll
remain aTached at the centrometric region
Separa6on is complete except at points where
crossing-over has occurred
Chismata points of interchange

5. Diakinesis shortening of chromosomes;

relaxa6on of pairing
Points of contact between homologues diminish
Presence of tetrads appearing like fuzzy loose loops
Chromosomes prepare for alignment

OTHER SHIZZLE
Increase of nucleoli in nucleus producSon of
ribosomes w/c synthesizes proteins needed for
yolk producSon
Melanin of oocytes near the periphery
Where sperm arise from:
Acrosome cap: golgi apparatus
Head: nucleus
Neck/midpiece: mitochondria
Tail: centrioles

Early Development of the Frog

LIFE STAGES
1. Gametogenesis produce haploid cells,
gametes (N)
2. FerSlizaSon return back to 2N, zygote (2N)
3. Cleavage blastula
4. GastrulaSon morphogeneSc movements
and cells migraSng, gastrula

Ectoderm -> CNS, skin

Mesoderm -> Circulatory, Excretory
Endoderm -> S (WHAT), gonads
Epiboly, invaginaSon, involuSon

LIFE STAGES
5.
6.
7.
8.

Organogenesis organ systems

Growth
Senescence
Death

DEFINITION OF TERMS
FerSlizaSon union of sperm and eggs
Cleavage rapid division of the ferSlized egg to
produce more embryonic cells
GastrulaSon morphogenic cellular
movements
Organogenesis dierenSaSon of organs
NeurulaSon development of the neural tube

BLASTULATION
BLASTULA embryo found at end of cleavage

BLASTULA
Animal hemisphere
comprised of smaller cells
known as the MICROMERES

BLASTULA
Vegetal Hemisphere
comprised of
cells known as
MACROMERES

BLASTULA
Blastocoel cavity found
during blastula stage;
disappears
Blastoderm cells
surrounds blastocoel

GASTRULATION

InvaginaSon sinking in of cells

Epiboly gradual spreading and enveloping
InvoluSon roll inward
First indicaSon blastopore and dorsal lip

GASTRULA
Blastopore crescenic
groove bordered by
thickening of cells
Dorsal lip formed by
invaginaSon of cells in
the region of gray
crescent; borders yolk
plug; cells above make
involuSon

GASTRULA

GASTRULA
Archenteron formed
between gray crescent
cells (chordamesoderm)
and yolk-laden cells
(presumpSve
endoderm); becomes
oral/digesSve cavity
Chordamesoderm
dorsal roof of
archenteron (becomes
notochord)

GASTRULATION
Complete gastrula: with plug nally withdrawn
into archenteron
Whole embryo: anteriorly broad & posteriorly
narrow

NEURULATION
Neural tube primordium of the central
nervous system
Neural plate with thickened & a^ened
ectoderm
Neural groove sinking of neural plate
Neural folds/ridges paired elevaSons
alongside the groove
PresumpSve epidermis remaining ectoderm

NEURAL PLATE STAGE

Neural plate at, thickened dorsal layer of
ectodermal cells
Chordamesoderm cells separate into
Median axial rod
Notochord
Mesoderm
Extend laterally between presumpSve epidermis
and the yolk laden endoderm lining the lumen of
the archenteron

NEURAL GROOVE STAGE

Notochord well-dened tube below neural
fold
Mesoderm thickens & penetrates farther
ventrally
Endodermal layer more disSnct

NEURAL TUBE STAGE

Mesodermal somite or epimere
Neurocoel cavity enclosed by the neural tube
Intermediate mesoderm or mesomere lateral to
mesodermal somite
Lateral plate mesoderm or hypomere
Soma6c Mesoderm outer layer
Splanchnic mesoderm inner layer
Coelom space produced

TADPOOOOOLE

ECTODERMAL DERIVATIVES

Ectoder
Epiderm
Epiderm

Epithelial
lining mouth

Neural
Cornea

Neural
Nervous

Neural
Melanoc

Splanch

Denture

Cranial

Mening

Branchi

 EPIDERMIS
O: epidermal ectoderm
F: Skin/epidermis
Fu: outer body covering

MELANOPHORE
EXTERNAL NARES
O: epidermal ectoderm
F: external nares
Fu: entrance of air

O: Neural crest
F: Melanophore/
chromatophores
Fu: secretes melanin, for
protecSon, camouage,
gives color

 EPIPHYSIS
O: Neural Tube
F: Pineal body/gland
Fu: secretes melatonin

PROSENCEPHALON
O: Neural tube
F: telen, dien
Fu: CNS

ANTERIOR CHOROID
PLEXUS
O: neural tube
F: Anterior choroid plexus
Fu: Transport of CSF to
brain vesicles

PROSOCOEL
O: Neurocoel
F: 1st & 2nd ventricles of
cerebral hemisphere
Fu: Communicates with
olfactory bulb cavity; CSF
passageway

 STOMODEUM
DEPRESSION
O: Epidermal ectoderm
F: lining of mouth cavity
Fu: covering of mouth
cavity

ORAL SUCKERS
O: Epidermal ectoderm
F: disappears
Fu: adhesion and food
capture

ORAL CAVITY
O: Rupture of oral plate
F: Buccal cavity
Fu: buccal breathing and
nutriSon

 INTERNAL NARES
O: epidermal ectoderm
F: internal nares
Fu: Passageway of air

 TELENCEPHALON
O: Neural tube
F: Telencephalon/cerebral
hemisphere
Fu: voluntary movement,
consciousness, sensaSons

TELOCOEL
O: neurocoel
F: 1st and 2nd ventricles of
cerebral hemisphere
Fu: CSF passageway

 DIENCEPHALON
O: Neural tube
F: thalamus,
hypothalamus,
diencephalon
Fu: Relay staSon;
regulaSon

DIOCOEL
O: Neurocoel
F: 3rd ventricle of
telencephalon
Fu: communicates with
lateral ventricle through
Foramen of Monro; CSF
passageway

 OPTIC CUP
O: neural tube
F: OpSc cup
Fu: Regulates light
entering lens

RETINA
O: Neural tube
F: ReSna
Fu: has rods and cones;
visual receptor

OPTIC LENS
O: Epidermal ectoderm
F: Lens
Fu: Regulates light; light
refracSon

 PIGMENTED EPITHELIUM
O: Neural tube
F: Pigmented epithelium
Fu: Outer covering of opSc
cup; maintains reSnal
environment

OPTIC NERVES (II)

O: Neural crest
F: OpSc nerves (II)
Fu: innervates the eyes

 MESENCEPHALON
O: Neural tube
F: OpSc lobes
Fu: Visual center

MESOCOEL
O: Neurocoel
F: OpSc vesicles;
aqueduct of sylvius
Fu: Connects with caviSes
of opSc lobes, CSF
passageway

 INFUNDIBULUM
O: Neural tube
F: Posterior pituitary
gland
Fu: Secretes oxytocin and
vastocin

HYPOPHYSIS
O: Neural tube
F: Anterior pituitary gland
Fu: secretes prolacSn and
FSH

 TRIGEMINAL GANGLION

V
O: Neural crest
F: Trigeminal nerve (V)
Fu: Innervates the jaw

 RHOMBENCEPHALON
O: Neural tube
F: Cerebellum
(metencephalon),
medulla oblongata
(myencephalon)
Fu: Muscle coordinaSon,
reex centers

RHOMBOCOEL
O: neurocoel
F: Rhombocoel
Fu: CSF passageway

 BASAL PLATE
O: Neural tube
F: cerebellum
Fu: Involuntary
coordinaSon

POSTERIOR CHOROID
PLEXUS
O: Neural tube
F: Posterior choroid
plexus
Fu: Transport CSF to brain
vesicles

 ACOUSTICO-FACIALIS
GANGLION

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
GANGLION

IX
O: Neural crest
F: Glossopharyngeal
Fu: Innervates the tongue

VII to VIII
O: neural crest
F: facial (VII) & auditory
(VIII) nerve
Fu: VII innervates taste
buds and facial muscles;
VIII innervates utriculus
and sacculus

 OTIC VESICLE
O: Epidermal ectoderm
F: Inner ear
Fu: Balance and
equilibrium

ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT
O: Epidermal ectoderm
F: Disappears
Fu: Forms semi-circular
canals

 SPINAL CORD

CENTRAL CANAL
O: Neurocoel
F: Central canal
Fu: CSF passageway

O: Neural tube
F: Spinal cord
Fu: sensory and motor
funcSons
Ependymal layer ->
ependymal epithelium
Mantle layer -> gray
ma^er
Marginal layer -> white
ma^er

 OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
O: Epidermal ectoderm
F: Olfactory epithelium
Fu: ProtecSon

OLFACTORY CANAL
O: Epidermal ectoderm
F: Choanal canal
Fu: Opens into pharynx
and internal nares;
respiraSon

ENDODERMIC DERIVATIVES

Endode
Epitheli

Epitheli

Liver

Pancrea

Thyroid

Parathy

Thymus

Lining

Urinary

gamete

 PHARYNX
O: PrimiSve Gut
F: Pharynx
Fu: DigesSon and
respiraSon pathway

PHARYNGEAL POUCH
O: PrimiSve Gut
F: Middle ear, eustachian
tube, parathyroids
Fu: eustachian tube
allows equal pressure;
secretes parathyroid
hormones

 THYROID GLAND
O: endoderm
F: Thyroid gland
Fu: Secretes thyroxin

 ESOPHAGUS
O: PrimiSve gut
F: Esophagus
Fu: passageway of food to
stomach

TRACHEA
EXTERNAL GILLS
O: Endoderm
F: Disappears
Fu: tadpole respiraSon

O: PrimiSve gut
F: Trachea
Fu: windpipes for air
passage

 LUNG BUDS
O: PrimiSve gut
F: Lungs
Fu: RespiraSon

 STOMACH
O: PrimiSve gut
F: Stomach
Fu: enzymaSc digesSon

GALL BLADDER
O: PrimiSve gut
F: Gall bladder
Fu: Stores bile

LIVER
O: PrimiSve gut
F: Liver
Fu: secretes bile, removes
toxins

 NOTOCHORD
O: Chordamesoderm
F: Disappears
Fu: PrimiSve axial
skeleton support

 MIDGUT
O: Archenteron
F: duodenum, ileum,
small intesSne
Fu: Main site of digesSne

YOLK
O: Endoderm
F: Disappears
Fu: Nourishment before
external gill stage

 HINDGUT
O: Archenteron
F: Hindgut
Fu: Further digesSon

 CLOACA
O: PrimiSve gut
F: Cloaca
Fu: connects LI and anus

ANUS
O: Blastopore
F: Anus
Fu: ExcreSon of waste
and gametes

MESODERMAL DERIVATIVES

Mesoderm

Epimere

Mesomere

Hypomere

Myotome

Sclerotome

Dermatome

Nephrotome

Gonadotome

Skeletal
muscles

Vertebral
column

Dermis of the
back

Excretory
system

Reproduc6ve
system except

Soma6c
mesoderm

Dermis

Splanchnic
mesoderm

Connec6ve
6ssues &

Connec6ve
6ssues of

Heart& blood
vessels

 PRECHORDAL
CARTILAGE
O: Epimere
F: Chondrocranium
Fa: Movement of face,
head and neck

 BRANCHIOMETRIC
MUSCLES
O: Epimere
F: Mouth muscles
Fu: Movement of face,
head and neck

HYPOBRANCHIAL
CARTILAGE
O: Epimere
F: Visceral skeleton
Fu: Supports pharynx

 PARACHORDAL
CARTILAGE
O: Epimere
F: Intranasal plate
Fu: Supports oor of
cranium

 DERMATOME
O: Epimere
F: Dermis
Fu: has chromatophores
(for color)

ANTERIOR CARDINAL
VEIN
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Jugular & subclavian
veins
J- drains blood from
tongue and lower jaw; S
drains enSre forelimb

MYOTOME
O: Epimere
F: Appendicular skeleton,
appendage muscles,
skeletal trunk muscles
Fu: supports the body

 DORSAL AORTA
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Dorsal aorta
Fu: Supplies blood to
lumbar part & kidney

EFFERENT BRANCHIAL
VESSELS
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Internal caroSd; 2-4
branchial
Fu: Curves upward to
visceral arches

 AFFERENT BRANCHIAL
VESSELS
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: external caroSd; 2-4
branchial
Fu: Emerges from truncus
arteriosus

PERICARDIAL CAVITY
O: coelom
F: pericardial cavity
Fu: surrounds the heart

 BULBOUS ARTERIOSUS
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: conus arteriosus
Fu: receives blood from
ventricle; base of all
arteries

TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Truncus arteriosus
Fu: gives o external
caroSd, receives O2 rich
blood from conus
arteriosus

 PARIETAL PERICARDIUM
O: SomaSc mesoderm
F: Parietal pericardium
Fu: Separates wall from
cavity

VISCERAL PERICARDIUM
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Parietal pericardium
Fu: Separates heart from
cavity, protects & holds
heart in place

 ATRIUM
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: right and leV auricles
Fu: L receives blood for
organs, R-lungs

VENTRICLE
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: ventricle
Fu: pumps blood to conus
arteriosus

 COMMON CARDINAL
VEIN
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: precava
Fu: Enters antero-lateral
of sinus vein

SINUS VENOSUS
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: sinus venosus
Fu: Pacemaker for
heartbeat regulaSon

 PRONEPHROS KIDNEY
O: Mesomere
F: mesonephros kidney
Fu: lters blood in
tadpole

 POSTERIOR CARDINAL
VEIN
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Post cava
Fu: enters posterior angle
of sinus venosus

PRONEPHRIC DUCT
O: Mesomere
F: Mesonephric duct
Fu: connects primitve
kidney to cloaca

 PARIETAL PERITONEUM
O: Soma6c mesoderm
F: Parietal peritoneum,
smooth muscle of gut
F: separates wall from
cavity

VISCERAL PERITONEUM

PERITONEAL CAVITY
O: Coelom
F: Pleuro-peritoneal
cavity
Fu: contains most internal
organs

O: Splanchnic mesoderm
3: internal caro6d, 4-
systemic arch, 6
pulmocutaneous artery
Fu: brings blood to mouth,
brain, tongue, larynx, jaw,
dorsal esophagus, orbit,
nose, lungs, skin

 CAUDAL ARTERY
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Disappears
Fu: dorsal aorta porSon
that passes to tail

CAUDAL VEIN
O: Splanchnic mesoderm
F: Disappears
Fu: Carries blood to gills
to be oxygenated

THINGS TO REMEMBER
Oh oh oh to touch and feel a girls vagina and
hymen
Olfactory (I), OpSc (II), Oculomotor (III),
Trochlear (IV), Trigeminal (V), Abducens (VI),
Facial (VII), Auditory (VIII), Glossopharyngeal
(IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)
Some say marry money but my brother says
big boobs ma^er most (s sensory, m motor,
b both)

REFERENCES/SOURCES
Pics: Mul6ply sites (hTp://trishatorga.mul6ply.com/
photos/album/82 , hTp://
buTercupadventures.mul6ply.com/photos/album/
25/7mm-tadpole-embryo , hTp://
trish130.mul6ply.com/photos/album/27/
Biology_12_Slides_Exercises_1-3 , hTp://
smickydoo.mul6ply.com/photos/album/200/7mm-
Tadpole-Series-Sec6on ) + bio classmates + Bianca de la
Vega
OTs for tadpole info
Bio 12 manual
Sir Fon6 notes