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AC Motor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
AC Motor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
AC Motor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
AC motor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
1 History
2 Induction motor
2.1 Slip
2.2 Polyphase cage rotor
2.3 Polyphase wound rotor
2.4 Two-phase servo motor
2.5 Single-phase induction motor
2.5.1 Shaded-pole motor
2.5.2 Split-phase motor
2.5.2.1 Capacitor start motor
2.5.2.2 Resistance start motor
2.5.2.3 Permanent-split capacitor motor
3 Synchronous motor
3.1 Polyphase synchronous motor
3.2 Single-phase synchronous motor
3.3 Hysteresis synchronous motor
4 Other AC motor types
4.1 Universal motor and series wound motor
4.2 Repulsion motor
4.3 Exterior Rotor
4.4 Sliding rotor motor
4.5 Electronically commutated motor
4.6 Watthour-meter motor
4.7 Slow-speed synchronous timing motor
5 References
6 External links
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_motor
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History
Alternating current technology was rooted in Michael Faradays and Joseph
Henrys 1830-31 discovery that a changing magnetic field can induce an
electric current in a circuit. Faraday is usually given credit for this discovery
since he published his findings first.[1]
In 1832, French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii generated a crude form of
alternating current when he designed and built the first alternator. It consisted
of a revolving horseshoe magnet passing over two wound wire coils.[2]
Because AC's advantages in long distance high voltage transmission there
were many inventors in the United States and Europe during the late 19th
century trying to develop workable AC motors.[3] The first person to
conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily who gave a workable
demonstration of his battery-operated polyphase motor aided by a
commutator on June 28, 1879 to the Physical Society of London.[4] Nearly
identical to Bailys apparatus, French electrical engineer Marcel Deprez in
1880 published a paper that identified the rotating magnetic field principle
and that of a two-phase AC system of currents to produce it.[5] Never
practically demonstrated, the design was flawed as one of the two currents
was furnished by the machine itself.[4] In 1886, English engineer Elihu
Thomson built an AC motor by expanding upon the induction-repulsion
principle and his wattmeter.[6] In 1887, American inventor Charles Schenk
Bradley was the first to patent a two-phase AC power transmission with
four wires.
Induction motor
Main article: Induction motor
Slip
(See also slip)
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If the rotor of a squirrel cage motor runs at the true synchronous speed, the flux in the rotor at any given place
on the rotor would not change, and no current would be created in the squirrel cage. For this reason, ordinary
squirrel-cage motors run at some tens of rpm slower than synchronous speed. Because the rotating field (or
equivalent pulsating field) effectively rotates faster than the rotor, it could be said to slip past the surface of the
rotor. The difference between synchronous speed and actual speed is called slip, and loading the motor
increases the amount of slip as the motor slows down slightly. Even with no load, internal mechanical losses
prevent the slip from being zero.
The speed of the AC motor is determined primarily by the frequency of the AC supply and the number of poles
in the stator winding, according to the relation:
where
Ns = Synchronous speed, in revolutions per minute
F = AC power frequency
p = Number of poles per phase winding
Actual RPM for an induction motor will be less than this calculated synchronous speed by an amount known as
slip, that increases with the torque produced. With no load, the speed will be very close to synchronous. When
loaded, standard motors have between 2-3% slip, special motors may have up to 7% slip, and a class of motors
known as torque motors are rated to operate at 100% slip (0 RPM/full stall).
The slip of the AC motor is calculated by:
where
Nr = Rotational speed, in revolutions per minute.
S = Normalised Slip, 0 to 1.
As an example, a typical four-pole motor running on 60 Hz might have a nameplate rating of 1725 RPM at full
load, while its calculated speed is 1800 RPM.
The speed in this type of motor has traditionally been altered by having additional sets of coils or poles in the
motor that can be switched on and off to change the speed of magnetic field rotation. However, developments in
power electronics mean that the frequency of the power supply can also now be varied to provide a smoother
control of the motor speed.
This kind of rotor is the basic hardware for induction regulators, which is an exception of the use of rotating
magnetic field as pure electrical (not electromechanical) application.
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will flow through the bars rather than the higher-resistance and usually varnished laminates. Very low voltages at
very high currents are typical in the bars and end rings; high efficiency motors will often use cast copper to
reduce the resistance in the rotor.
In operation, the squirrel cage motor may be viewed as a transformer with a rotating secondary. When the rotor
is not rotating in sync with the magnetic field, large rotor currents are induced; the large rotor currents magnetize
the rotor and interact with the stator's magnetic fields to bring the rotor almost into synchronization with the
stator's field. An unloaded squirrel cage motor at rated no-load speed will consume electrical power only to
maintain rotor speed against friction and resistance losses. As the mechanical load increases, so will the electrical
load - the electrical load is inherently related to the mechanical load. This is similar to a transformer, where the
primary's electrical load is related to the secondary's electrical load.
This is why a squirrel cage blower motor may cause household lights to dim upon starting, but does not dim the
lights on startup when its fan belt (and therefore mechanical load) is removed. Furthermore, a stalled squirrel
cage motor (overloaded or with a jammed shaft) will consume current limited only by circuit resistance as it
attempts to start. Unless something else limits the current (or cuts it off completely) overheating and destruction
of the winding insulation is the likely outcome.
Virtually every washing machine, dishwasher, standalone fan, record player, etc. uses some variant of a squirrel
cage motor.[citation needed]
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Another common single-phase AC motor is the split-phase induction motor,[18] commonly used in major
appliances such as air conditioners and clothes dryers. Compared to the shaded pole motor, these motors can
generally provide much greater starting torque.
A split-phase motor has a startup winding separate from the main winding. When the motor is starting, the
startup winding is connected to the power source via a centrifugal switch which is closed at low speed. The
starting winding is wound with fewer turns of smaller wire than the main winding, so it has a lower inductance (L)
and higher resistance (R). The lower L/R ratio creates a small phase shift, not more than about 30 degrees,
between the flux due to the main winding and the flux of the starting winding. The starting direction of rotation is
determined by the order of the connections of the startup winding relative to the running winding.
The phase of the magnetic field in this startup winding is shifted from the phase of the supply power, which
creates a moving magnetic field to start the motor. Once the motor reaches near design operating speed, the
centrifugal switch opens, disconnecting the startup winding from the power source. The motor then operates
solely on the main winding. The purpose of disconnecting the startup winding is to eliminate the energy loss due
to its high resistance.
Capacitor start motor
Another variation is the permanent-split capacitor (PSC) motor (also known as a capacitor start and run
motor).[19] This motor operates similarly to the capacitor-start motor described above, but there is no
centrifugal starting switch,[19] and what correspond to the start windings (second windings) are permanently
connected to the power source (through a capacitor), along with the run windings.[19] PSC motors are
frequently used in air handlers, blowers, and fans (including ceiling fans) and other cases where a variable speed
is desired.
A capacitor ranging from 3 to 25 microfarads is connected in series with the "start" windings and remains in the
circuit during the run cycle.[19] The "start" windings and run windings are identical in this motor,[19] and reverse
motion can be achieved by reversing the wiring of the 2 windings,[19] with the capacitor connected to the other
windings as "start" windings. By changing taps on the running winding but keeping the load constant, the motor
can be made to run at different speeds. Also, provided all 6 winding connections are available separately, a 3
phase motor can be converted to a capacitor start and run motor by commoning two of the windings and
connecting the third via a capacitor to act as a start winding.
Synchronous motor
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starting synchronous motor (until comparatively recently), and had an auxiliary conventional shaded-pole starting
motor. A spring-loaded auxiliary manual starting switch connected power to this second motor for a few
seconds.
Repulsion motor
Main article: Repulsion motor
Repulsion motors are wound-rotor single-phase AC motors that are a type of induction motor. In a repulsion
motor, the armature brushes are shorted together rather than connected in series with the field, as is done with
universal motors. By transformer action, the stator induces currents in the rotor, which create torque by
repulsion instead of attraction as in other motors. Several types of repulsion motors have been manufactured,
but the repulsion-start induction-run (RS-IR) motor has been used most frequently. The RS-IR motor has a
centrifugal switch that shorts all segments of the commutator so that the motor operates as an induction motor
once it is close to full speed. Some of these motors also lift the brushes out of contact with source voltage
regulation. Few repulsion motors of any type are sold as of 2005.
Exterior Rotor
Where speed stability is important, some AC motors (such as some Papst motors) have the stator on the inside
and the rotor on the outside to optimize inertia and cooling.
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Watthour-meter motor
These are essentially two-phase induction motors with permanent magnets that retard rotor speed, so that their
speed is accurately proportional to the power passing through the meter. The rotor is an aluminium-alloy disc,
and currents induced into it react with the field from the stator.
The stator is composed of three coils that are arranged facing the disc surface, with the magnetic circuit
completed by a C-shaped core of permeable iron. One phase of the motor is produced by a coil with many
turns located above the disc surface. This upper coil has a relatively high inductance, and is connected in parallel
with the load. The magnetic field produced in this coil lags the applied (line/mains) voltage by almost 90 degrees.
The other phase of the motor is produced by a pair of coils with very few turns of heavy-gauge wire, and hence
quite-low inductance. These coils, located on the underside of the disc surface, are wired in series with the load,
and produce magnetic fields in-phase with the load current.
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Because the two lower coils are wound anti-parallel, and are each located equidistant from the upper coil, an
azimuthally traveling magnetic flux is created across the disc surface. This traveling flux exerts an average torque
on the disc proportional to the product of the power factor; RMS current, and voltage. It follows that the
rotation of the magnetically braked disc is in effect an analogue integration the real RMS power delivered to the
load. The mechanical dial on the meter then simply reads off a numerical value proportional to the total number
of revolutions of the disc, and thus the total energy delivered to the load.
References
1. ^
Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
, Volume 1
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=9tUrarQYhKMC&pg=PA2640&dq=AC+power+system+and+William+Stanley&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GNzT4vCOcjDgQf7pNA5&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=AC%20power%20system%20and%20Willia
m%20Stanley&f=false) . Springer.
2. ^
The Gateway to Understanding
:
E lectrons to Waves and Beyond
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=NANN_b5hc_EC&pg=PA296&dq=Hippolyte+Pixii+and+alternator&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ut1zT9qYII3NtgeGoai
NBg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Hippolyte%20Pixii%20and%20alternator&f=false) . AuthorHouse.
3. ^ Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World, 2003 - 416
pages - Google eBook - Preview (http://books.google.com/books?
id=2_58p3Z69bIC&pg=PT162&lpg=PT162&dq=tesla+%22motors+were+in+the+air%22&source=bl&ots=6T_
6E2qmuT&sig=8YDP2sdzVB13VKtO0xxdm0_Ae4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lflNUMLUH6Tw0gHLlYCIDA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=tesla
%20%22motors%20were%20in%20the%20air%22&f=false) . Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
4. ^ a b
Wizard
:
the life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius
(http://books.google.com/books?
ei=xthzT5i3B4HctgfPrcyMBg&id=h2DTNDFcC14C&dq=Invention+of+AC+motor+Ferraris+and+Tesla&q=W
alter+Baily#v=snippet&q=Walter%20Baily&f=false) . Citadel Press. p. 24.
5. ^ Polyphase electric currents and alternate-current motors
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=TvwHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87&dq=Marcel+Deprez+and+alternating+current&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7dpzT5KoI
4jTtweSpcyNBg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Marcel%20Deprez%20and%20alternating%20current
&f=false) . Spon. p. 87.
6. ^ Innovation as a Social Process (http://books.google.com/books?
id=KUB5KFjTHhwC&pg=PA258&dq=Elihu+Thomson+and+AC+motor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=le10T8eIOK62gW6hZmlDQ&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Elihu%20Thomson%20and%20AC%20motor&f=false)
. Cambridge University Press. p. 258.
7. ^ Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page
36 (http://books.google.com/books?
id=8j5bJ5OkGpgC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Westinghouse+tesla++Electrical+Engineers&source=bl&ots=5n
HK8Hlhi1&sig=7NmfQ2iGm7IznasuUyl8Ce58bNQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1xNUNb6Aonw0gGWv4H4Cg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Westinghouse%20tesla%20%20Electrical
%20Engineers&f=false) . Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
8. ^ The Electrical Engineer. (1888). London: Biggs & Co. Pg., 239. [cf., "[...] new application of the alternating
current in the production of rotary motion was made known almost simultaneously by two experimenters,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_motor
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9.
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Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris, and the subject has attracted general attention from the fact that no
commutator or connection of any kind with the armature was required."]
^ Galileo Ferraris, "Electromagnetic rotation with an alternating current," Electrican, Vol 36 [1885]. pg 360-75.
^ Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla. Pg 115
^ "Two-Phase Induction Motor" (http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/tesla/motor.html) (2011), The Case Files:
Nikola Tesla, The Franklin Institute.
^ Lance Day, Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology, page 1204
(http://books.google.com/books?id=n-ivouMng8C&pg=PA1204&lpg=PA1204&dq=tesla+induction+motor+patent&source=bl&ots=CwZdCXFBMs&
sig=yHtXcB6ukl3dO26c73h884URzsI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1VpOUKCPAaLv0gGb14HwAw&ved=0CEMQ6AEw
Aw#v=onepage&q=tesla%20induction%20motor%20patent&f=false)
^ a b Arnold Heertje, Mark Perlman, Evolving Technology and Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian
Economics, page 138 (http://books.google.com/books?
id=qQMOPjUgWHsC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=tesla+motors+sparked+induction+motor&source=bl&ots=
d0d_SjX8YX&sig=sA8LhTkGdQtgByBPD_ZDalCBwQA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XoVSUPnfJo7A9gSwiICYCQ&ve
d=0CEYQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=tesla%20motors%20sparked%20induction%20motor&f=false)
^ Victor Giurgiutiu, Sergey Edward , Micromechatronics: Modeling, Analysis, and Design with MATLAB,
Second Edition, page 141
^ M. W. Hubbell, The Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Generation: Questions & Answers - Page 27
^ edisontechcenter.org, The History of the Transformer, Edison Tech Center 2010
(http://edisontechcenter.org/Transformers.html)
^ Neidhfer, Gerhard (2007). "Early Three-Phase Power (History)". IEEE Power and Energy Magazine (IEEE
Power & Energy Society) 5 (5): pp.88100. doi:10.1109/MPE.2007.904752
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMPE.2007.904752) . ISSN 1540-7977 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7977) .
^ Split Phase Induction Motor section in Neets module 5: Introduction to Generators and Motors
(http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14177/css/14177_96.htm) Archived
(http://www.webcitation.org/5v7pkMXXx) 20 December 2010 at WebCite
^ a b c d e f George Shultz, George Patrick Shultz (1997). Transformers and Motors (http://books.google.com/?
id=kfIC04vdXYcC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&dq=%22Permanent+split-capacitor+motor%22) . Newnes.
pp. page 159 of 336. ISBN 0-7506-9948-5, 9780750699488. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
^ "Bath County Pumped Storage Station"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20070404024609/http%3A//www.dom.com/about/stations/hydro/bath.jsp) . 2007.
Archived from the original (http://www.dom.com/about/stations/hydro/bath.jsp) on April 4, 2007. Retrieved
2007-03-30
External links
The short film AC MOTORS AND GENERATORS (1961)
(http://www.archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.29943) is available for free download at the Internet
Archive [more]
The short film AC MOTORS (1969) (http://www.archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.39947) is
available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AC_motor&oldid=546413059"
Categories: AC motors
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