Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Env Ii L5
Env Ii L5
Systems of sanitation
Conservancy system (dry system)
Different types of wastes (dry or wet, foul or non-foul) are manually
collected separately and transported over vehicles to the outskirts of
the city and disposed off by composting method.
Disadvantages
Health hazards to the personnel handling the sewage
Nuisance condition prevail while collecting and transporting
It is inhuman practice and social injustice
Wastewater Collection
& Conveyance
Wastewater Treatment
Safe Disposal of
Treated Water
Separate system
Two separate sets of sewers are installed, one for sanitary sewage and other for
storm water.
This system is desirable on the following conditions
When it is required to treat only sanitary sewage and storm-water is not treated
When the topography is flat which necessitates deep-cutting if combined sewers
are used
Frequency and intensity of storms are not of high magnitude, where storm water
can be collected by surface drains
Sewer laying requires rock-cutting, where cost of cutting is more for large
combined sewers
When the financial position does not permit to have large combined sewers
When there is a chance of combined sewers backing-up the flow into the house
sewers
Separate system .
Merits
Demerits
Combined system
When both the sanitary sewage and the storm water require
pumping
When density of population is so high, the space may not be
available to have two separate sewers
When the storm sewer exists already, sanitary sewage also can be
admitted in the same sewer provided its quantity is small
compared to storm water
When the rainfall is evenly distributed during the whole year
Combined system ..
Merits
Demerits
Merits
Demerits
Perpendicular pattern
Interceptor pattern
Zone pattern
Fan pattern
Radial pattern
Interceptor pattern
Perpendicular pattern
Fan pattern
Zone pattern
Radial pattern
If storm water drains are laid through shortest route to the existing
surface water courses, it is called perpendicular pattern.
If the area is of different elevations, then the entire area is divided into
zones of different elevations.
Sewer materials
Asbestos cement
Plain or reinforced cement concrete
Vitrified clay or stoneware
Brick
Cast iron
Steel
Plastic
Hydraulic efficiency
Resistance to abrasion
Resistance to corrosion
Strength
Durability
Cost
Weight
Imperviousness
Sewer sections
Circular
Egg shaped
Horse shoe
Parabolic section
Semi elliptical section
Semicircular section
U-shaped section
Basket handle section