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Interview q
uestion of GSM
1) Which channel is used to transmit random access signals?
BCCH
CCCH Correct!
SDCCH
TCH
2) Which one of the following is the combination of main BCCH?
TCH+SACCH
FCH+SCH+BCH+CCCH Correct!
SDCCH/8+SACCH/8
FCH+SCH+BCH+SDCCH+SACCH
3) The Value Range of Timing Advance (TA) in GSM is?
0-31
0-127
0-63 Correct!
0-7
4) How many MS can be paged with 1 paging massage with IMSI?
1
2 Correct!
3
4
5) Directed Retry handover means?
TCH to TCH
SDCCH to TCH Correct!
SDCCH to SDCCH
None of Above
6) How many neighbors are measured by MS at a time?
5
6 Correct!
7
8
7) Time Duration of Super Frame?
3 Hour 28 minutes 53 seconds 760 ms
6.12 seconds Correct!
235.65 ms
120 ms
8) Maximum number of characters allowed in one SMS?
160 Correct!
170
180
150
9) If you have 5 MHz frequency band what will be the maximum number of
channels as per
GSM system?
25 Correct!
35
20
24
10) Which kind of Handovers more desired in the Network?
Rx Level
Power Budget Correct!
Rx Quality
Interference
11) SDCCH holding time for Normal location update is
3.8ms
3.5sec Correct!
3.5ms
None of them
12) SDCCH holding time for call setup (MOC) is
2.7sec Correct!
3.5sec
2.7ms
3.5ms
13) Same BCCH-BSIC combination in adjacency will lead
Will not cause any problem.
Massive Handove failaur
Call drop
B & C Correct!
14) What is the reason of ping-pong handover
Cable swap
No dominant cell coverage
Improper handover margine
All of above Correct!
15) If there is interference on the BCCH TRx and the call is going on at the
hopping Trx
Call will drop
Call will be unafected Correct!
Call will attempt handover due to this interference
None of above
16) If in a cell all KPI is going well but its TCH drop is high, there is no any RF
and hardware
issue then this TCH drop will be due to
Transcoder fail Correct!
Lapd fail
A&B
None of them
17) Which system informations are used in idle mode
System information 1,2,3,4,7 & 8 Correct!
System information 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 & 8
System information 1,2,3,4,5,6,9 & 10
RSSI is wide band power, including intra cell power, interference and noise.
Significance :It provides the Indication of Signal Quality . Measuring RSRQ becomes particularly
important near the cell edge when decisions need to be made, regardless of absolute
RSRP, to perform a handover to the next cell. Reference signal receive quality is used
only during connected states
Range :- -3 to -19.5 dB
RSRQ term is used for Quality same as Ec/No in 3G.
SINR :- Signal to Noise Ratio.
SINR = S / I + N
S -- Average Received Signal Power
I -- Average Interference power
N -- Noise Power
Significance : Is a way to measure the Quality of LTE Wireless Connections. As the
energy of signal fades with distance i.e Path Loss due to environmental parameters
( e.g. background noise , interfering strength of other simultaneous transmission)
Significance :
Is the parameter represents the entire received power including the
wanted power from the serving cell as well as all the co channel power
& other sources of noise
CQI :- Channel Quality Indicator
Range :- 1 to 15
Significance:
CQI is a measurement of the communication quality of wireless channels i.e. it
indicates the downlink mobile radio channel quality as experienced by the UE .CQI
DDownlink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN may use a maximum of 2 Tx antennas at the ENodeB and
2 Rx antennas at the UE ( MIMO ).
Uplink Throughput
-I n E-UTRAN uses a maximum of a single Tx antenna at the UE and 2 Rx
antennas at the E Node B.
- Greater user throughput should be achievable using multiple Tx
antennas at the UE ( MIMO )
.
- SignificanceTarget for averaged user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced
Uplink i.e Higher user throughput as compared to 3G (Over 50 Mbps Uplink as
compared to 5.76 Mbps in UMTS).The user throughput should scale with the
spectrum bandwidth provided that the maximum transmit power is also scaled.
Link Budget
0dBm = 1 milli-watt.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->12. <!--[endif]-->What are the pros and cons (advantages and
disadvantages) of TMA?
On the upside, a TMA reduces system noise, improves uplink sensitivity and leads to longer UE battery
life. On the downside, TMA imposes an additional insertion loss (typically 0.5dB) on the downlink and
increases site installation and maintenance complexity.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->14. <!--[endif]-->Why TMA are installed at the top near the
antenna and not the bottom near the NodeB?
Based on Friis Equation, having a TMA near the BTS will have the top jumper and main feeder losses
(noise figures) cascaded in and a TMA will not be able to help suppress the losses.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->17. <!--[endif]-->What are the processing gains for CS and PS
services?
CS12.2: 25dB
PS-64: 18dB
PS-128: 15dB
PS-384: 10dB
HSDPA: 2dB
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%:
124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34 uers/cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->20. <!--[endif]-->What are the Eb/No targets in your design?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->On the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB PS is
about 2dB lower.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->On the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB
PS is about 1dB lower.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->21. <!--[endif]-->Why is Eb/No requirement lower for PS than for
CS?
PS has a better error correction capability and can utilize retransmission, therefore it can afford to a lower
Eb/No. CS is real-time and cannot tolerate delay so it needs a higher Eb/No to maintain a stronger RF
link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->28. <!--[endif]-->What is typical pole capacity for CS-12.2, PS-64,
PS-128 and PS-384?
With same assumptions as above:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Softer handover: when a UE is connected to cells owned by the
same NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Soft handover uplink: RNC performs selection combining, i.e.
RNC selects the better signal coming from multiple NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Softer handover uplink: NodeB performs maximum ratio
combining, i.e. NodeB rake receiver combines signals from different paths and forms a stronger signal.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Reduced UE power (up 4dB), decreasing interference and
increasing battery life.
Disadvantages:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->UE using several radio links requires more channelization
codes, and more resources on the Iub and Iur interfaces.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->34. <!--[endif]-->What are fast fading and slow fading?
Fast fading is also called multi-path fading, as a result of multi-path propagation. When multi-path
signals arriving at a UE, the constructive and destructive phases create a variation in signal strength.
Slow fading is also called shadowing. When a UE moves away from a cell the signal strength drops down
slowly.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->35. <!--[endif]-->What are fast fading margin and slow fading
margin?
To factor in the fast fading and slow fading, we need to have a margin in the link budget and they are
called fast fading margin and slow fading margin.
In link budget, the fast fading margin is usually set to 2-3; slow fading margin is set to 7-10.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->36. <!--[endif]-->What is a typical soft handover gain in your link
budget?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->More power can be allocated to traffic channels.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->41. <!--[endif]-->How much is your HSDPA (max) link power?
HSDPA link power is typically 4 to 5dB below the maximum NodeB maximum output power. For
example, for 43dBm maximum NodeB power the HSDPA link power is 39dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->42. <!--[endif]-->Consider downlink only, what are the major
components in calculating maximum path loss, starting from NodeB?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->44. <!--[endif]-->Simple link budget: with a 30dBm CPICH and a
-100dBm UE sensitivity, ignoring anything in between, what is the maximum path loss?
30 (100) = 30 + 100 = 130dB.
Scrambling codes are used to separate cells and UEs from each other, that is, each cell or UE should have
a unique scrambling code. There are 512 scrambling codes on the downlink and millions on the uplink.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->51. <!--[endif]-->Do you divide scrambling code groups into
subgroups? Please give an example.
Yes, we divide the 64 code groups into subgroups:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Macro layer group: 24 code groups reserved for macro
(outdoor) sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Micro layer group: 16 code groups reserved for micro (inbuilding) sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Expansion group: 24 code groups reserved for future expansion
sites.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->54. <!--[endif]-->What is noise rise? What does a higher noise
rise mean in terms of network loading?
For every new user added to the service, additional noise is added to the network. That is, each new user
causes a noise rise. In theory, the noise rise is defined as the ratio of total received wideband power to
the noise power. Higher noise rise value implies more users are allowed on the network, and each user
has to transmit higher power to overcome the higher noise level. This means smaller path loss can be
tolerated and the cell radius is reduced. To summarize, a higher noise rise means higher capacity and
smaller footprint, a lower noise rise means smaller capacity and bigger footprint.
Definition of strong cell: pilots within the handover window size from the strongest cell. Typical
handover window size is between 4 to 6dB. For example, if there are more than 2 cells (besides the
strongest cell) within 4dB of the strongest cell then there is pilot pollution.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->60. <!--[endif]-->What is the active set size on your network?
3.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->61. <!--[endif]-->How many fingers does a UE rake receiver have?
4.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Closed outer loop: RNC calculates the SIR target and sends the
target to NodeB (every 10ms frame).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Closed inner loop: NodeB sends the TPC bits to UE to increase
or decrease the power at 1,500 times a second.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->64. <!--[endif]-->What is the frequency of power control (how fast
is power control)?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->When a UE needs to access to the network it uses RACH to
begin the process.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RACH is a shared channel on the uplink used by all UE,
therefore may encounter contention (collision) during multiple user access attempts and interfere with
each other.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Each UE must estimate the amount of power to use on the
access attempt since no feedback from the NodeB exists as it does on the dedicated channel.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->The purpose of open loop power control is to minimize the
chance of collision and minimize the initial UE transmit power to reduce interference to other UE.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Instead of sending the whole message, a test (preamble) is
sent.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->68. <!--[endif]-->Suppose two UE are served by the same cell, the
UE with weaker link (poor RF condition) uses more capacity, why does this mean?
The UE with weaker RF link will require NodeB to transmit higher traffic power in order to reach the UE,
resulting in less power for other UE therefore consumes more capacity.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->69. <!--[endif]-->Under what circumstances can a NodeB reach its
capacity? What are the capacity limitations?
NodeB reaches its maximum transmit power, runs out of its channel elements, uplink noise rise reaches
its design target, etc.
UTRAN
< !--[if !supportLists]-->74. <!--[endif]-->What are the interfaces between each UTRAN
component?
Uu: UE to NodeB
Iub: NodeB to RNC
Iur: RNC to RNC
Iu: RNC to MSC
< !--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Physical layer (Layer 1, L1): used to transmit data over the
air, responsible for channel coding, interleaving, repetition, modulation, power control, macro-diversity
combining.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Link layer (L2): is split into 2 sub-layers Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Radio Link Control (RLC).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->MAC: responsible for multiplexing data from multiple
applications onto physical channels in preparation for over-the-air transmition.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RLC: segments the data streams into frames that are small
enough to be transmitted over the radio link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Upper layer (L3): vertically partitioned into 2 planes: control
plane for signaling and user plan for bearer traffic.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->RRC (Radio Resource Control) is the control plan protocol:
controls the radio resources for the access network.
In implementation:
< !--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Physical Channel: carries data between physical layers of UE
and NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->Transport Channel: carries data between physical layer and
MAC layer.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->Logical Channel: carries data between MAC layer and RRC
layer.
<!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]-->
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Transparent mode corresponds to the lowest service of the
RLC layer, no controls and no detection of missing data.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Unacknowledged mode offers the possibility of segment and
concatenate of data but no error correction or retransmission therefore no guarantee of delivery.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->83. <!--[endif]-->How many OVSF code spaces are available?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Total OVSF codes = 256.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Reserved: 1 SF64 for S-CCPCH, 1 SF256 for CPICH, P-CCPCH,
PICH and AICH each.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Total available code space = 256 4 (1 SF64) 4 (4 SF256) =
248.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->84. <!--[endif]-->Can code space limit the cell capacity?
Yes, cell capacity can be hard-limited by code space. Take CS-12.2k for example:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8: 124 / 1.8 = 68 uers/cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->85. <!--[endif]-->Can a user have OVSF code as 1111?
No, because 1111 (256 times) is used by CPICH.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->86. <!--[endif]-->What are the symbol rates (bits per symbol) for
BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Qmean: the average SIR of the target cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Qmin: minimum required SIR.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Pcompensation: a correction value for difference UE classes.
S = Qmean - Qmin - Pcompensation
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->A UE will camp on the cell with the highest S.
Planning
< !--[if !supportLists]-->90. <!--[endif]-->What are the major 4 KPIs in propagation model
tuning and typical acceptable values?
The 4 KPIs are standard deviation error, root mean square error, mean error and correlation coefficient.
The typical acceptable values are:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Standard deviation error: the smaller the better, usually 7 to
9dB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Mean error: the smaller the better, usually 2 to3.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Root mean square error: the smaller the better, usually
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Correlation coefficient: the larger the better, usually 70% to
90%.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->93. <!--[endif]-->How many scrambling code groups are there for
downlink?
There are 64 code groups, each group has 8 scrambling codes.
No, because scrambling code on the downlink is used for cell identity. As a requirement, scrambling codes
have to maintain a safe separation to avoid interference.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->97. <!--[endif]-->In IS-95 we have a PN reuse factor (PN step size)
and therefore cannot use all 512 PN codes, why isnt it necessary for UMTS scrambling
codes?
Because IS-95 is a synchronized network, different PN codes have the same code sequence with a time
shift, therefore we need to maintain a certain PN step size to avoid multi-path problem. For example, if
two sectors in the neighborhood have a small PN separation then signal arriving from cell A may run into
the time domain of cell B, causing interference.
UMTS, on the other hand, is not a synchronized network and all scrambling codes are mutually
orthogonal so no need to maintain a step size.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Outdoor: -110dBm sensitivity + 5dB fade margin = -105dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->In-vehicle: -110dBm + 5dB + 8dB in-vehicle penetration loss =
-97dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->In-building: -110dBm + 5dB + 15dB in-building penetration loss
= -90dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->105. <!--[endif]-->What plots do you usually check after running
Monte Carlo for trouble spots?
(RSCP, Ec/Io, service probability, reasons for failure)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->106. <!--[endif]-->What are the typical reasons of failure in Monte
Carlo simulation?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->108. <!--[endif]-->Do you use live traffic or even-load traffic in
your design?
(Depends).
Optimization
< !--[if !supportLists]-->109. <!--[endif]-->What are the optimization tools you use?
Drive test, analysis, others?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->After aligning to NodeB time slot, UE then uses secondary
synchronization channel (S-SCH) to obtain frame synchronization and scrambling code group
identification.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->UE then uses scrambling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus
camping to a NodeB.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Active set the list of cells which are in soft handover with UE.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Monitored set the list of cells not in active set but RNC has told
UE to monitor.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Detected set list of cells detected by the UE but not configured
in the neighbor list.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->114. <!--[endif]-->What are the major differences between GSM
and UMTS handover decision?
GSM:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Time-based mobile measures of RxLev and RxQual mobile
sends measurement report every SACH period (480ms).
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->BSC instructs mobile to handover based on these reports.
UMTS:
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->UE plays more part in the handover decision.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->115. <!--[endif]-->What are the events 1a, 1b, 1c, etc.?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1a a Primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell
to active set.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1b a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed
a cell from active set.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1c a non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an
active primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e1f: a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute
threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3a: the UMTS cell quality has moved below a threshold and a
GSM cell quality had moved above a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3b: the GSM cell quality has moved below a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3c: the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->e3d: there was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Access failure and handover failure: may attempt to access to a
wrong scrambling code.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Dropped call: UE not aware of a strong scrambling code, strong
interference.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->What are the typical commands you have for CS and PS call?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Do you regularly stop and restart a new log file? Why and when
to stop and start a new file?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->How do you stop a log file? Stop command sequence first, wait
and make sure all equipment are in idle mode before stop logging.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->125. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for an IRAT
Failure?
< !--[if !supportLists]-->127. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for a lower PSR?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Very HighPeriodic Location Update Timer Keeping UEs in
VLR long time after it moved out of coverage
< !--[if !supportLists]-->128. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on
a UMTS network?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Study the Pilot spillover from the 3rd Tier SC and control its
coverage
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Even after controlling the coverage, if the spillover is there, Add
the neighbor.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Hard Handover in UMTS is a break before make type Handover
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->It can happen in the inter RNC boundaries where there is no Iur
link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->132. <!--[endif]-->What is the typical Call Setup Time for a 3G UE
to 3G UE Call? What are the possible RF related causes for a delayed CST in this type of
call?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Soft Handover Overhead is calculated in two ways. 1) Average
Active Set Size Total Traffic / Primary Traffic. 2) Secondary / Total Traffic
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Typical Values are like 1.7 (Avg Active Set Size) or 35%
(Secondary / Total )
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->With OCNS, the interference (load) increases. This leads to
reduction in Ec/Io of a Pilot, which reduces the pilot spillovers. Reduction in Pilot Spillover will reduce
the Soft Handover Overhead.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->135. <!--[endif]-->What are the possible causes for an Access
Failure in UMTS?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->System Ref Point for E/// NodeB is at the output of TMA
(Between TMA and Antenna)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->139. <!--[endif]-->What will be the impact when you change
reportingrange1a from 3 to 4 dB andtimetotrigger1a 100 to 320 ms, without changing
any other parameters?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Admission Control is an algorithm which controls the Resource
Allocation for a new call and additional resource allocation for an existing call. Incase, if a cell is heavily a
loaded and enough resources in terms of power, codes or CEs are not available, admission control denies
permission for the additional resource requirement.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Congestion Control monitors the dynamic utilization of specific
cell resources and insures that overload conditions do not occur. If overload conditions do occur,
Congestion Control will immediately restrict Admission Control from granting additional resources. In
addition, Congestion Control will attempt to resolve the congestion by either down switching, or
terminating existing users. Once the congestion is corrected, the congestion resolution actions will cease,
and Admission Control will be enabled.
<!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]-->
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Sharing the HS Channelization Codes among more than one HS
users within the 2ms TTI period.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Power unutilized by R99 PS, CS and Comman Channels, is used
for HS (PHS = Pmax - hsPowerMargin - Pnon-HS)
< !--[if !supportLists]-->145. <!--[endif]-->What are Events that can trigger the HSDPA Cell
Change?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Event 1d HS Change of Best Cell in the Active Set
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Event 1b or Event 1c Removal of the Best Cell from the Active
Set
< !--[if !supportLists]-->146. <!--[endif]-->How is typically the Call Setup Time of a CSV call
calculated in UMTS using L3 messages?
< !--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->CST is calculated as the time difference between Alerting and
the first RRC Connection Request (Call Initiation) messages.
Q2. The parameter number of Slot Spread Trans (SLO)(BTS) is used to allocate a number of
CCCH blocks for .
a) Paging Channel (PCH)
b) Random Access Channel (RACH)
c) Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
d) Traffic Channel
Q3. Which of the following comment is true?
a) MAIO step is used to avoid intra-cell interference where as HSN is used to avoid inter-cell
interference
b) HSN is used to avoid intra-cell interference where as MAIO step is used to avoid inter-cell
interference
c) Both MAIO step and HSN are used to avoid intra-cell interference.
d) Both MAIO step and HSN are used to avoid inter-cell interference
Q4. Timer T200 is related with which KPI
a) SDCCH Completion rate
b) Paging success rate
c) TCH assignment success rate
d) All of the above
Q5. Which parameter defines how often paging messages are sent to MS?
a) No of Multi-frames between Paging (MFR)
b) Max No of Retransmission (RET)
c) No of Slots Spread Transmission (SLO)
d) No of Blocks for Access Grant (AG)
Q6. Which parameter is used as a margin to prevent ping-pong location updates?
a) PLMN-Permitted (PLMN)
b) Rx Level Access Minimum (RXP)
c) Cell Reselect Hysteresys (HYS)
d) Handover Margin Level (LMRG)
Q7. Which Parameter describes the minimum received field strength required by an MS to get any
service from the network in that cell in Idle mode?
a) PLMN-Permitted (PLMN)
b) Rx Level Access Minimum (RXP)
c) Cell Reselect Hysteresis (HYS)
d) Direct Access Level (DAL)
Q9. Increasing Radio Link Time Out (RLT) from 16 to 24 will improve following KPI
a) SDCCH Completion rate
b) TCH Completion rate
c) Paging Success rate
d) All of the above
2. Angular distance between the points on two opposite sides of the peak direction where the
radiation intensity drops to the 1/3 of the peak intensity.
3. Angular distance between the points on two opposite sides of the peak direction where the
radiation intensity drops to the 1/4 of the peak intensity.
4. Angular distance between the points on two opposite sides of the peak direction where the
radiation intensity drops to the 1/8 of the peak intensity.
3. Dipole
4. Parabolic
Q21 Select relation between forward power and Reflected Power if load is not connected?
1. VSWR=1
2. VSWR=
3. VSWR=0
4. VSWR=1/2
Q22 What is the difference between splitter and coupler?
1. Even Distribution of Power in coupler and uneven distribution in splitter.
2. Uneven Distribution of Power in coupler and even distribution in splitter.
3. Even Distribution of Power in both.
4. Uneven Distribution of Power in both.
1. QPSK
2. GMSK
3. 8PSK
4. PSK
Q28 Freq used in Uplink of Satellite communication is higher while in GSM it is lower. Why?
1. Loss freq.
2. Loss 1/freq.
3. Loss sqr(freq)
4. None of the above.
Q29 AMR is used to improve?
1. SQI
2. Downlink quality.
3. Uplink Quality
4. None of the Above.
Q30 In Idle Mode, MS receives which system info. Messages?
a) System Info 1, 2,3.
b) System Info 1, 2, 3,4,13.
3. System Info 5, 6.
d) None of the above
Q31 The Common Control channel multiframe consists of?
1. 51 time slots.
2. 50 timeslots
3. 4 Time slots
4. 9 Time slots
1. 4.615 ms
2. 1250 ms
3. 0.577 ms
4. 156.25 ms
Q37 Modulation used in GSM radio interface is?
1. Phase shift keying (PSK)
2. Gaussian Minimum shift Keying (GMSK)
3. Frequency modulation.
4. 8PSK.
Q41 The maximum no of neighbors that can be defined with a cell is?
1. 8
2. 16
3. 32
4. 64
2. To convert 16 kbps speech channel on A interface to 64 kbps speech channel on Ater Interface and vice versa.
3. To convert analogue speech signal from MSC to Digital signal for use of BSC
4. To convert analogue speech signal from BSC to Digital signal for use of MSC
Q44 TSC stands for
1. Time Synchronized Channel
2. Temporary subscriber code
3. Transcoder Signaling Controller
4. Training Sequence Code
Q48 The mapping of logical name/Host name to IP addresses in the GPRS network is done
by
1. Border Gateway
2. SGSN
3. GGSN
4. DNS
Q49 Where is the mobility management context established in GPRS
1. In the MSC
2. In the SGSN
3. In the GGSN
4. All of the above
Q50 Which layer uses the functionality of Uplink State Flag (USF)?
1. RLC Layer
2. Physical Layer
3. MAC Layer
1. CS-1
2. CS-2
3. CS-3
4. CS-4
Q53 Which new area is defined in GPRS compared to GSM?
1. Location Area
2. Routing Area
3. Both a and b
4. None of the above
Q54 Which layer is responsible for segmentation and reassembly of LLC PDUs and
backward error correction (BEC) procedures?
1. Physical Layer
2. Application Layer
3. RLC Layer
4. MAC Layer
Q55 Which coding scheme has adopted the same coding as used for SDCCH?
1. CS-1
2. CS-2
3. CS-3
4. CS-4
Q56 What is the single timeslot data rate for coding scheme CS-2
1. 7.8 Kbit/s
2. 10.4 Kbit/s
3. 13.4 Kbit/s
4. 21.4 Kbit/s
Q57. Combiner works in
a) Downlink direction
b) Uplink direction
c) In both direction
d) As a Amplifier
2. 4
3. 2
4. 8
Q59 During conference call which channel is used to establish another call1. SACCH
2. SDCCH
3. FACCH
4. TCH
1. 4040510014011
2. 404056436BB
3. 4040514433273
4. 4040510033273
Q63. Which information is there in Handover Access Command in Layer 3 Message?
1. BCCH & BSIC of Source
2. BCCH & BSIC of Target
3. Handover Reference Value
4. All of above.
Q64 What is the use of Immediate Assignment Extended Command?
1. Allocate AGCH for 2 Mobiles
2. Allocate SDCCH for 3 Mobiles
3. Allocate SDCCH for Call and SMS simultaneously.
4. None of Above.
4. None of Above.
Q70. By reducing value of RET parameter it will help to improve which KPI?
1. TCH Drop
2. SDCCH Drop
3. HO Success
4. None of above.
Q72. What is the relation between HO Load Factor and HO Priority Level?
1. Load Factor > Priority Level
2. Load Factor >= Priority Level
3. Load factor < Priority Level
4. Load Factor <=Priority Level
Q73. Which are the basic features helps to distribute traffic in nearby cells?
1. DR
2. IDR
3. AMH
4. All of above
Q74. Using Multi BCF Common BCCH feature operator can expand how many numbers of
TRX in one segment without using another BCCH?
1. 16
2. 24
3. 30
4. 36
Q75. While Using Path loss Criterion C2 which parameter should be made 0 so that this
particular cell have higher C2 Value even though having poor C1?
1. CRO
2. TEO
3. Penalty Time
4. None of above.
Q76. Common BCCH feature is implemented in network, then which feature will help to
access the secondary freq. spectrum directly?
1. DR
2. DADB
3. DADL
4. All of above
Q79. How many maximum uplink TBF can be there per RTSL?
1. 6
2. 7
3. 8
4. 9
Q80. What should be minimum value of CDED (%) to have 1 RTSL as dedicated GPRS
Timeslot considering 2 TRX as GPRS TRX?
1. 0
2. 1
3. 8
4. 10
Q83. Which is / are the main factors affecting the Radio Accessibility for TBF in UL/ DL?
1. Coverage
2. Capacity
3. Interference
4. All of above.
Q84. Which parameter setting can help to increase the TBF Retainability?
1. UL Power Control
2. DL Power Control
3. All of above.
4. None of above.
Q90. When 2 calls are made from different TRXs of same cell having 1*1 RF hopping; what
plays important role to neglect C/I?
1. MAL ID
2. HSN
3. MAIO Step
4. MAIO Offset
1. Dipole
2. Omni
3. Loop
4. Cross-polar
Q98. Choose the correct Erlang Formula?
1. x Erlang= (calls per hour) * (average call duration)/3600 Sec
2. x Erlang= (no. of user)*(3600 sec)/ (calls per hour)
3. x Erlang= (no. of calls)*(no. of user)/ (average call duration)
4. x Erlang= (calls per hour)*(no. of users)/3600 sec
Q99. If GOS of an N/W is 3%, what does it mean?
1. 3 out of 100 calls may fails
2. average call duration is 3min
3. at a time 3% of total users can make a call
4. 3% blocking in the N/W is permitted
Q100. Which type of message is "Identity Request?
1. Mobility Management
2. Radio Resource Management
3. Call Control
4. Call related SS message
Q101. Paging message type 2 contains.
1. Paging message for 3 mobiles
2. Paging message for 2 mobiles
Q103. In L3 messages, out of following Info messages which one carries Dedicated Mode
Information?
1. System Info 2
2. System Info 4
3. System Info 5
4. System Info 13
Q104. Which one out of following is not a part of AMR Codec Modes?
1. 4.6
2. 5.9
3. 7.4
4. 12.2
Q105. Frequency Hopping
1. Eliminates the problem of fading dips
2. Eliminates the problem of ISI
4. Yaagi-Uda
Q110. When we say the output power of a Transmitter is 30dBm, how many watts does it
mean?
1. 3W
2. 1W
3. 1mW
4. 30mW
Q111. Out of following which one is a passive device?
1. Repeater
2. Cross Polar Antenna
3. TMA (Tower Mount Amplifier)
4. TRX
Q112. Out of following which can not be observed during Drive-test?
1. Rx Quality
2. Location Update
3. Paging Load
4. GPRS Attach
Q113. If a cell is EDGE capable, how much Downlink Throughput can we guarantee to
customer?
1. 59.2kbps
2. 473.6kbps
3. 236.8kbps
4. can't guarantee
Q114. How many blocks of AGCH are reserved in non combined mode?
1. 1-7
2. 0-2
3. 0-7
4. None of Above.
Q115. What are the contents of authentication triplets?
1. A3,A5,A8
2. SRES,RAND,Kc
3. RAND,A3,A8
4. SRES,Kc,A8
3. MCS5-MCS9
4. MCS1-MCS9
1. 24Erlangs
2. 21.03Erlangs
3. 23.56Erlangs
4. 22.12 Erlangs
Q126 Which ND report would you refer in order to find the discrepancy for Handovers?
1. Report 163
2. Report 166
3. Report 153
4. Report 208
Q127 On what basis would an optimizer decide whether the site serving is overshooting:
1. On the basis of TA
2. From ND report 232
3. Physically verifying whether the cell is having up tilt
4. All of the above
3. SQI
4. Rx Qual.
Q133 Drop calls due to Handovers can be caused basically due to:
1. Neighbors with Co-BSIC
2. Neighbor with Co-BCCH
3. Neighbors with Co-BCCH and Co-BSIC
4. All of the above.
Q134 Consider a cell where the no calls are happening, the probable causes would be
1. Wrong definition of LAC,CI
2. DMAX=0
3. Only A is correct
4. Both A&B are correct.
Q135 What should be the value of Rxlev Access min set:
1. -47dbm
2. -110dm
3. -65dbm
4. -85dbm
Q136 What would be the output of a cell with parameter setting as
MstxPwrmax=0db,BsTxPWrMax =30db
Q137 What would be the power loss after using a combiner in a sector:
1. -2db
2. -1db
3. -3db
4. -4db
Q140 In a Flexi BTS 1 physical TRX would logically represent how many Trx:
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. None of the above.
Q141 Booster becomes a solution in case of :
1. Capacity
2. Coverage
3. A & B Both
4. None of the above
Q142 Recommended value of ITCF is :
1. 2
2. 0
3. 1
4. 4
Q143. Which ND report gives the data for RACH rejection on cell level?
5. 134
6. 132
7. 188
8. 111.
Q144. Which ND report would you refer in order to find the discrepancy for Handovers?
5. Report 163
6. Report 166
7. Report 153
8. Report 208
Q145.On what basis would an optimizer decide whether the site serving is overshooting:
5. On the basis of TA
6. From ND report 232
7. Drive test logs
8. All of the above
Q146.Which ND report would give you the total payload for GPRS:
5. 232
6. 208
7. 228
8. 226.
Q147 What is a Command to check active alarms on bts:
1. ZERO
2. ZEQO
3. ZEOL
4. ZELO
3. 216
4. 053
Q152. Which report shows percentage of HO attempts happening due to GPRS?
1. 150
2. 151
3. 153
4. 154
Q153 Which ND report gives detailed analysis of a cell?
1. 204
2. 216
3. 186
4. 226
Q154 In which ND report we can see hourly Traffic Profile for a cell?
1. 180
2. 181
3. 182
4. 186
Q155. In which ND report we can see hourly call drops due to TCH_RF_NEW_HO counter?
1. 216
2. 213
3. 163
4. 166
Q156. In which ND report we can see adjacency discrepancy between neighbor definitions?
1. 061
2. 060
3. 067
4. 073
Q157. Which are the Coverage Enhancement Features of NSN System?
1. ICE
2. Reverse ICE
3. Smart Radio Concept(SRC)
4. All of Above
Q158. Which ND Report shows Paging Success Rate per LA?
1. 213
2. 216
3. 186
4. 222
Q159. Which ND report shows EGPRS KPI?
1. 230
2. 226
3. 229
4. 228
Q163. What is the Maximum output power of Metrosite BTS in terms of Watt?
1. 5
2. 10
3. 20
4. 40
Q164. What is the maximum number of TRXs can created per BCSU in BSC 3i with version
S12?
1. 110
2. 200
3. 100
4. 220
Q166. In which ND report we can see TRHO Handovers attempt and success?
1. 153
2. 154
3. 155
4. 156
Q167. How many TRXs can be handled by 1 BB2F Card in Ultra Site BTS?
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 6
Q168. Which of the following BTS Type do not have combiner in-built in them?
1. Ultra Site
2. Metro Site
3. Flexi BTS
4. None of above
Q169. Which report will help to see EDAP Congestion?
1. 280
2. 281
3. 128
4. 082
Q170. In which ND report we can see paging deletion counts for cell level?
1. 180
2. 181
3. 182
4. 186
Q171 Out of following, which is true as per NSN Specification?
1. CDED<=CDEF
2. CDED>CDEF
3. CDED=CDEF+CMAX
4. CDEF=CDED+CMAX
Q172. What should be minimum value of CDED(%) to have 1 RTSL as dedicated GPRS
Timeslot considering 2 TRX as GPRS TRX?
1. 0
2. 1
3. 8
4. 10
Q173 Which report shows Intra Cell Handover Statistics?
1. 150
2. 153
3. 154
4. 158
Q174 What is the maximum data throughput/timeslot can be achieved in case of MCS 9?
1. 64 Kbps
2. 59.2 Kbps
3. 118 Kbps
4. 230.4 Kbps
Q175 Which BTS Type does not support Rx Diversity (RDIV) parameter?
1. Flexi Edge BTS
2. Ultra BTS
3. Metro BTS
Q180 Which of the following is not a feature of GSM network alone, but also feature of
analog mobile communication network?
1. Digital transmission of user data in air interface
2. Possibility of full international roaming in any country
3. Better speech quality
4. Fully digitized switching exchange
Q181 which of the following is parameter affecting cell sites while planning the network
1. Antenna height
2. MS power
3. BTS Power
4. None Of Above
Q182 What is E interface?
1. MSC-MSC
2. MSC-VLR
3. MSC-HLR
4. HLR-VLR
Q183 In GSM which type of handover occurs?
1. Hard
2. Soft
3. Both of the above
4. Make before break
Q191. If an inter MSC handover occurs during a call, the decision to make
a handover is done by
a) BSC controlling the target cell
b) MSC controlling the target cell
c) BSC controlling the current cell
d) MSC controlling the current cell
Q192. Which of the following is notan advantage of the GSM network
Compared to other networks which use the same frequency band?
a) Lower Carrier to Interference Ratio for signal reception
b) Use of MAP signaling
c) Frequency reuse is more efficient than in other networks
d) Lower bit rate for voice coding
Q193. The basic principle of speech coding in a GSM Mobile Station is
a) A-Law PCM with 8 bits per sample
b)-Law PCM at 104Kbits/s
c) A-Law PCM with special filtering at 13Kbits/s
d) None of the above
Q194. Authentication verification is carried out in
a) HLR
b) MSC
c) VLR
d) Authentication Centre
Q195. No calls initiating in a cell, handover traffic is present
LTE. So why it is not 4G? Answer is quite simple - LTE does not fulfill all requirements of ITU 4G
definition.
Brief History of LTE Advanced: The ITU has introduced the term IMT Advanced to identify mobile
systems whose capabilities go beyond those of IMT 2000. The IMT Advanced systems shall provide
best-in-class performance attributes such as peak and sustained data rates and corresponding
spectral efficiencies, capacity, latency, overall network complexity and quality-of-service
management. The new capabilities of these IMT-Advanced systems are envisaged to handle a wide
range of supported data rates with target peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high
mobility and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility.
See LTE Advanced: Evolution of LTE for more details.
means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core), more specifically to the MME (Mobility
Management Entity) by means of the S1-MME and to the Serving Gateway (S-GW) by means of the
S1-U.
S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane
tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access network
mobility in idle and/or active state.
S4:- It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP
Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the
user plane tunnelling.
S5:- It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving GW and
PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the Serving GW
needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
S6a:- It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for
authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface) between MME
and HSS.
Gx:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and
Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.
S8:- Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the Serving
GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5.
S9:- It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information between the
Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout function.
S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information
transfer.
S11:- Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
S12:- Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunnelling when
Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U
protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN.
Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
S13:- It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
SGi:- It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. Packet
data network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra
operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point
corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
Rx:- The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the TS 23.203.
SBc:- Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and control
functions.
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eNB
eNB interfaces with the UE and hosts the PHYsical (PHY), Medium Access
Control (MAC), Radio Link Control (RLC), and Packet Data Control
Protocol (PDCP) layers. It also hosts Radio Resource Control (RRC)
functionality corresponding to the control plane. It performs many
functions including radio resource management, admission control,
scheduling, enforcement of negotiated UL QoS, cell information
broadcast, ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data, and
compression/decompression of DL/UL user plane packet headers.
Mobility Management Entity
manages and stores UE context (for idle state: UE/user identities, UE mobility state, user security
parameters). It generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs. It checks the authorization
whether the UE may camp on the TA or on the PLMN. It also authenticates the user.
Serving Gateway
The SGW routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting as the mobility anchor for the
user plane during inter-eNB handovers and as the anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP
technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and PDN
GW).
Packet Data Network Gateway
The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data networks by being the point of
exit and entry of traffic for the UE. A UE may have simultaneous connectivity with more than one
PDN GW for accessing multiple PDNs. The PDN GW performs policy enforcement, packet filtering
for each user, charging support, lawful Interception
and packet screening.
X2 layer 1
X2 Signalling Transport
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What is VoLGA?
VoLGA stands for "Voice over LTE via Generic Access". The VoLGA service resembles the 3GPP
Generic Access Network (GAN). GAN provides a controller node - the GAN controller (GANC) inserted between the IP access network (i.e., the EPS) and the 3GPP core network.
The GAN provides an overlay access between the terminal and the CS core without requiring
specific enhancements or support in the network it traverses. This provides a terminal with a 'virtual'
connection to the core network already deployed by an operator. The terminal and network thus
reuse most of the existing mechanisms, deployment and operational aspects.
see VoLGA - Voice over LTE via Generic Access for more details.
The keys used for NAS and AS protection shall be dependent on the algorithm with which
they are used.
The eNB keys are cryptographically separated from the EPC keys used for NAS
protection (making it impossible to use the eNB key to figure out an EPC key).
The AS (RRC and UP) and NAS keys are derived in the EPC/UE from key material that
was generated by a NAS (EPC/UE) level AKA procedure (KASME) and identified with a key
identifier (KSIASME).
The eNB key (KeNB) is sent from the EPC to the eNB when the UE is entering ECMCONNECTED state (i.e. during RRC connection or S1 context setup).
Intra E-UTRAN Handover is used to hand over a UE from a source eNodeB to a target eNodeB
using X2 when the MME is unchanged. In the scenario described here Serving GW is also
unchanged. The presence of IP connectivity between the Serving GW and the source eNodeB, as
well as between the Serving GW and the target eNodeB is assumed.
The intra E-UTRAN HO in RRC_CONNECTED state is UE assisted NW controlled HO, with HO
preparation signalling in E-UTRAN.
Read LTE Handovers - Intra E-UTRAN Handover for more details.
PCRF (policy and charging rules function) provides policy control and flow based charging
control decisions.
PCEF (policy and charging enforcement function) implemented in the serving gateway,
this enforces gating and QoS for individual IP flows on the behalf of
the PCRF. It also provides usage measurement to support charging
OCS (online charging system) provides credit management and grants credit to the PCEF
based on time, traffic volume or chargeable events.
OFCS (off-line charging system) receives events from the PCEF and generates charging
data records (CDRs) for the billing system.
This would minimize the life cycle cost of running a network by eliminating manual configuration of
equipment at the time of deployment, right through to dynamically optimizing radio network
performance during operation. Ultimately it will reduce the unit cost and retail price of wireless data
services.
See Self-configuring and self-optimizing Networks in LTE for details.
For details read LCS Architecture for LTE EPS and LTE UE positioning in E-UTRAN
across multiple carriers. Multiple component carriers are aggregated to form a larger overall
transmission bandwidth.
See Carrier Aggregation for LTE-Advanced for more details.