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Bacteria Producing Cellulase
Bacteria Producing Cellulase
This list contains all truly cellulolytic bacterial species described in the literature (I am aware of
hydrolyzing crystalline cellulose and/or fermenting crystalline cellulose as sole carbon source.
hydrolysis means continuous hydrolysis of at least microcrystalline cellulose like Avicel, or bet
linters, bacterial cellulose or the like - this is more than just e.g. initial activity on Avicel (e.g. rel
equivalents).
The species are arranged by a superposition of the phylogenetic tree derived from calculation o
sequences with the ARB program package (go to the Microbiology homepage), and the new taxono
in Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Garrity, 2001).
Such a list will never be complete. So if you have data on a bacterial species which clearly show
crystalline cellulose, please let me know.
Wolfgang H. Schwarz (e-mail)
Phylogeny
Genus
Species
Temp
Source
hot spring
Caldocellulosiruptor
saccharolyticus
Caldocellulosiruptor
lactoaceticus
Caldocellulosiruptor
kristjanssonii
"Anaerocellum"
thermophilum
Butyrivibrio
fibrisolvens
rumen
Ruminococcus
flavefaciens
rumen
Ruminococcus
succinogenes
rumen
Ruminococcus
albus
rumen
Fam. Eubacteriaceae
Eubacterium
cellulolyticum
rumen
Fam. Clostridiaceae
Clostridium
acetobutylicum
soil
Fam. Lachnospiraceae
hot spring
Clostridium
chartatabidum
rumen
Clostridium
cellulovorans
wood
fermenter
Clostridium
herbivorans
pig
intestine
Clostridium
cellulosi
manure
Clostridium
cellobioparum
rumen
Clostridium
papyrosolvens
paper mill
Clostridium
josui
compost
Clostridium
cellulolyticum
compost
Clostridium
aldrichii
wood
fermenter
Clostridium
stercorarium
compost
Clostridium
thermocellum
sewage +
soil
Clostridium
cellulofermentans
manure
Clostridium
celerescens
manure
Clostridium
thermopapyrolyticum
mud
Clostridium
thermocopriae
hot spring
Clostridium
sp. C7
mud
Bacteroides
sp. P-1
rotting
biomass
Bacteroides
cellulosolvens
sewage
Acetivibrio
cellulolyticus
sewage
Acetivibrio
cellulosolvens
sewage
Fam. Bacillaceae
sp. YX
Caldibacillus
cellulovorans
Bacillus
circulans
cellulolyticus
Cellulomonas
biazotea
Cellulomonas
cartae
Cellulomonas
cellasea
Cellulomonas
cellulans
soil
Cellulomonas
fimi
soil
Cellulomonas
flavigena
soil
Cellulomonas
gelida
Cellulomonas
iranensis
forest soil
Cellulomonas
persica
forest soil
Cellulomonas
uda
sewage
Subord. Frankineae,
acidic hot
spring
Fam.
Acidothermaceae
Subord.
Micromonosporineae,
Fam.
Cellulomonadaceae
Curtobacterium
falcumfaciens
soil
Fam. Microbacteriaceae
Micromonospora
melonosporea
compost
Fam.
Micromonosporaceae
Actinoplanes
aurantiaca
soil
Streptomyces
reticuli
soil
Streptomyces
alboguseolus
Suborder
Streptomycineae,
Streptomyces
aureofaciens
Fam.
Streptomycetaceae
Streptomyces
cellulolyticus
Streptomyces
flavogriseus
Streptomyces
lividans
Streptomyces
nitrosporeus
Streptomyces
olivochromogenes
Streptomyces
rochei
Streptomyces
thermovulgaris
Streptomyces
viridosporus
Thermobifida
alba
Thermobifida(Thermomonospora)
fusca
Thermobifida
cellulolytica
Thermomonospora
curvata
Microbispora
bispora
compost
soil
termite
gut
Subord.
Streptosporangiaceae,
Fam.
Nocardiopsaceae
h
soil
compost
soil
Fam.
Streptosporangiaceae
Fibrobacter
succinogenes
rumen
Sporocytophaga
myxococcoides
Cytophaga
sp.
m
m
soil
soil
Flavobacterium
johnsoniae
soil
Achromobacter
piechaudii
soil
Xanthomonas
sp.
brack
water
Cellvibrio
vulgaris, fulvus
soil
Cellvibrio
gilvus
soil
Cellvibrio
mixtus
soil
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
(cellulosa)
plant
pathogen
Pseudomonas
mendocina
soil
Myxobacter
sp. AL-1
soil
+d
Legend: Temp, growth temperature: m, mesophilic; h, thermophilic (growth optimum above 50 C).
Co, presence of cellulosomes; evidence: a) presence of dockerin of cohesin sequences; b)
biochemical evidence (multienzyme complexes); c) reaction with Ct-CipA-scaffoldin antibodies; d)
presence of cell protuberances in electron microscopy.
References:
1. Bayer EA, Morag E, Lamed R, Yaron S, Shoham Y (1998) Cellulosome structure: fourpronged attack using biochemistry, molecular biology, crystallography and bioinformatics.
In Carbohydrates from Trichoderma reesei and other microorganisms. (M. Claeyssens,
W. Nerinckx and K. Piens, eds.). pp. 39-65. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London
2. Coughlan MP, Mayer F (1992) The cellulose-decomposing bacteria and their enzyme
systems. In The Prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria. 2ns edn., p. 460516. Edited by Balows A, Trper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH. SpringerVerlag, New York
3. Doi RH, Goldstein M, Hashida S, Park JS, Takagi M (1994) The Clostridium
cellulovorans cellulosome. Crit Rev Microbiol 20: 87-93
4. Doi RH, Park JS, Liu CC, Malburg LM, Tamaru Y, Ichiishi A, Ibrahim A (1998) Cellulosome
and noncellulosomal cellulases of Clostridium cellulovorans. Extremophiles 2: 53-60
5. Gal L, Pags S, Gaudin C, Belaich A, Reverbel-leroy C, Tardif C, Belaich JP (1997)
Characterization of the cellulolytic complex (cellulosome) produced by Clostridium
cellulolyticum. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 903-909
6. Guglielmi G, Bguin P (1998) Cellulase and hemicellulase genes of Clostridium
thermocellum from five independent collections contain few overlaps and are widely
scattered across the chromosome. FEMS Microbiol Let 161: 209-215
7. Himmel ME, Ruth MF, Wyman CE (1999) Cellulase for commodity products from
cellulosic biomass. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10: 358-364
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microbes: their structure, models and functions. In Rumen Microbes and Digestive
Physiology in Ruminants, Onodera R et al. eds., pp. 47-57. Japan Sci. Soc. Press,
Tokyo/S. Karger, Basel.
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bioethanol. Biotechnol Prog 15: 817-827
11. Shoham Y, Lamed R, Bayer EA (1999) The cellulosome concept as an efficient microbial
strategy for the polysaccharide degradation of insoluble polysaccharides. Trends
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12. Tomme P, Boraston A, McLean B, Kormos J, Creagh AL, Sturch K, Gilkes NR, Haynes
CA, Warren RAJ, Kilburn DG (1998) Characterization and affinity applications of
cellulose-binding domains. J Chromatogr B 715: 283-296
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Degradation of Insoluble Polysaccharides (Saddler, J.N. & Penner, M., eds.), Cellulosebinding domains: classification and properties. pp. 142-163, American Chemical Society,
Washington
These references cite the paper where the cellulolytic trait was
described:
17. Anderson KL, Blair BG (1996) Regulation of the cellulolytic activity of Eubacterium
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18. Aurilia V, Martin JC, McCrae SI, Scot KP, Rincon MT, Flint HJ (2000) Three multidomain
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divergent dockerin sequences. Microbiol 146: 1391-1397
19. Avitia CI, Castellanos-Juarez FX, Sanchez E, Tellez-Valencia A, Fajardo-Cavazos P,
Nicholson WL, Pedraza-Reyes M (2000) Temporal secretion of a multicellulolytic system
in myxobacter sp. AL-1 molecular cloning and heterologous expression of cel9 encoding
a modular endocellulase clustered in an operon with cel48, an exocellobiohydrolase
gene. Eur J Biochem. 267:7058-64
20. Blaich JP, Tardif C, Blaich A, Gaudin C (1997) The cellulolytic system of Clostridium
cellulolyticum. J Biotechnol 57: 3-14
21. Berger E, Jones WA, Jones DT, Woods DR (1990) Sequencing and expression of a
cellodextrinase (ced1) gene from Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c cloned in Escherichia coli.
Mol Gen Genet 223: 310-318
22. Blackall LL, Hayward AC, Sly LI (1985) Cellulolytic and extremophilic Gram-negative
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23. Bredholt S, Sonne-Hansen J, Nielsen P, Mathrani IM, Ahring BK
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anaerobic bacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 991-996
24. Cavedon K, Leschine SB, Canale-Parola E (1990) Cellulase system of a free-living,
mesophilic Clostridium(strain C7). J Bacteriol 172: 4222-4230
25. Coughlan MP, Mayer F (1992) The cellulose-decomposing bacteria and their enzyme
systems. In The Prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria. 2ns edn., p. 460516. Edited by Balows A, Trper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH. SpringerVerlag, New York
26. Dees C, Ringelberg D, Scott TC, Phelps TJ (1995) Characterization of the cellulose
degrading bacterium NCIMB 10462. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 51: 263-274
27. Ding SY, Bayer EA, Steiner D, Shoham Y, Lamed R (1999) A novel cellulosomal
scaffoldin from Acetivibrio cellulolyticus that contains a family 9 glycosyl hydrolase. J
Bacteriol 181: 6720-6729
28. Elberson MA, Malekzadeh F, Yazdi MT, Kameranpour N, Noori-Dloii MR, Matte MH,
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29. Eppard M, Krumbein WE, Koch C, Rhiel E, Staley JT, Stackebrandt E (1996)
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from dry soil, rocks, and monument surfaces. Arch Microbiol. 166:12-22
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31. Garrity GM ed. (2001) Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology. 2 nd ed.. SpringerVerlag New York
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ofThermoactinomyces.
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33. Jin F, Toda K (1989) Purification and characterization of cellulases from Clostridium
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34. Kakiuchi M, Isui A, Suzuki K, Fujino T, Fujino E, Kimura T, Karita S, Sakka K, Ohmiya K
(1998) Cloning and DNA sequencing of the genes encoding Clostridium josui scaffolding
protein CipA and cellulase CelD and identification of their gene products as major
components of the cellulosome. J Bacteriol 180: 4303-4308
35. Kelly WJ, Asmundson RV, Hopcroft DH (1987) Isolation and characterization of a strictly
anaerobic, cellulolytic spore former: Clostridium chartatabidum sp. nov. Arch Microbiol
147: 169-173
36. Khan AW, Meek E, Sowden LC, Colden JR (1984) Emendation of the
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37. Kim CH (1995) Characterization and substrate specificity of an endo--1,4-D-glucanase I
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38. Lamed R, Naimark J, Morgenstern E, Bayer EA (1987) Specialized surface structure in
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39. Lamed R, Morag E, Moryosef O, Bayer EA (1991) Cellulosome-like entities
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40. Lednicka D, Mergaert J, Cnockaert MC, Swings J (2000) Isolation and identification of
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41. Li X, Chen H, Ljungdahl L (1997) Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 4721-4728
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44. Mladenovska Z, Mathrani IM, Ahring BK (1995) Isolation and characterization
of Caldicellulosiruptor lactoaceticus sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic, cellulolytic
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