Diffraction Ibh Uem Kolkata 2015

MODULE 2 : OPTICS 1
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
Indrani Bhattacharya
UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Diffraction of light: Fresnel and Fraunhofer class.

Fraunhofer diffraction for single slit and double
slits.
Intensity distribution of N-slits and plane
transmission
grating (No deduction of the
intensity distributions
for N-slits is necessary), Missing orders.
Rayleigh criterion, Resolving power of grating and
microscope(Definition and formulae)
DEFINITION
The slight bending of light round the edge of an object , whose size is
comparable with the wavelength of light, and spreading the same into
the regions of the geometric shadow is called the Diffraction of light.
The light waves are diffracted only when the size of the obstacle is com-parable to the wavelength of light.
If the opening is much larger than the light's wavelength, the bending will
be almost unnoticeable.
What is the Difference between INTERFERENCE & DIFFRACTION ?
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIFFRACTION PHENOMENA
FRESNEL TYPE
FRAUNHOFFER TYPE
FRESNEL DIFFRACTION PHENOMENON
The Fresnel diffraction deals with the near-field diffraction, where

the Source , the Screen or both are at finite distances from the
obstacle and the distances are important.
In Fresnel diffraction, the incident wavefront is either Spherical or
Cylindrical.
In Fresnel Diffraction, the centre of diffraction may be bright or dark
depending upon the number of Fresnels Zone.
UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

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FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION PHENOMENON
The Fraunhofer diffraction deals with the far-field diffraction, where

the Source , the Screen or both are at infinite distances from the
obstacle; it is viewed at the focal plane of an imaging lens.
here, the inclination is important.
In Fraunhofer diffraction, the incident wavefront is Plane.
In Fraunhofer Diffraction, the centre of diffraction pattern is always bright.

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Computer simulation of Fraunhofer diffraction by a

rectangular aperture

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Computer simulation of the Airy diffraction

pattern, of Circular Aperture

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FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION DUE TO SINGLE SLIT
Concept of a Single Slit :

A slit is a rectangular aperture whose length is as large compared to its
breadth.
The Width of the Slit is comparable to the Wavelength of light used.
Theory / Principle
The study of Diffraction pattern is based upon the superposition of
Huygens secondary wavelet which are supposed to be generated at
every point on the wavefront of the slit.

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Figure 3 : Showing experimental arrangement of Fraunhofer Diffraction

Pattern through Single Slit.
A
i
dx
C
F
O
B
Single
Slit
Lens

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Plane of
Observation
SALIENT POINTS ABOUT THE EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

AB is a long narrow slit of width = a, placed perpendicular to the
plane of paper and is illuminated by a parallel beam of monochro-matic light of wavelength .
The figure shows the cross-section of the slit.
O is the centre of the slit.
Let i be the angle of incidence with the normal to the plane of the
slit.
Due to Diffraction, the rays will generate secondary wavelets in
all possible directions and are focussed on the Focal Plane of the
Converging Lens L.
Parallel Diffracted Rays will be focussed by the lens on the screen
at P to form the image of the Slit.
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The Point of Observation is at INFINITY, and obviously, it is a case of
Fraunhofer Class of Diffraction.
Let us consider a diffrcating element of width, dx at C at a distance x
from O.
OE and OF are two Perpendiculars drawn on the Incident and the Diffracted
rays ; hence, OE and OF will represent Incident and Diffracted Wavefronts.
We will be finding out the expression for the Intensity of Light at P.

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DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P
The equation of Vibration on the Incident Wavefront OE can be

represented by :
2
i
ct
y Ae
...(1)
where c is the velocity of Light.
The equation of Vibration on the Diffracted Wavefront OF can be

represented by :
y Ae
( ct ECF )
....( 2)

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But we can write :
ECF EC CF x sin i x sin

which means :
ECF x sin i sin x .....(3)

Hence, eqn (2) reduces to :
y Ae

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( ct x )
....( 4)

Neglecting the effects of disturbance due to inclination and others,
the disturbance at P due to element dx at C is given by :
ds ydx Ae
( ct x )
dx.....(5)
Hence, the Total Disturbance at P due to the whole Slit is given by :
ds
S Ae
a/2
ydx
Ae
a / 2
ct
a/2
a / 2
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dx
( ct x )
dx

2
a
a
i
i
Ae e e
S
2i

ct
a
a
i
i
Aae e e
S
2i
a
ct

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.....(6)

Substituting
a
X
we have from previous expression :

i
Aae
S
X
S Aae
ct
ct
e iX e iX
2
i
sin X
X
sin X
S Aa
X

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ct
....(7)
sin X
S Aa
X
ct
....(7)
Examining expression (7) , it appears that the Vibration is truly

Simple Harmonic.
The Intensity at P is proportional to the Square of Amplitude, i.e.,
I S
I K S ....(8)
2
Let us choose the Constant of Proportionality as Unity, i.e.,
K 1
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Hence, the Intensity at P will be :
2
2
sin X
sin
X
2 2
I Aa
...(9)
Aa
2
X
X
a
a sin i sin
sin 2
A2 a 2
I A2 a 2
2
2
a
a sin i sin
sin 2
a
sin i sin
sin
2 2
...(10)
I Aa
2
sin
i
sin

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CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMA AND MINIMA
2
2
sin
X
sin
X
2 2
I Aa
...(9)
Aa
2
X
X
2
2
dI
X
.
2
sin
X
cos
X
sin
X .2 X
2 2
Aa
4
dX
X
dI
2
X
sin
X
cos
X
2
sin
X
2 2
Aa
...(11)
3
dX
X

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From eqn.(10), we can explore the condition of Maxima and Minima

by putting :
dI
0...(12)
dX
which implies :
Aa
2
d 2 2 sin 2 X
Aa
0
2
dX
X
X cos X
2 sin X
sin X
3

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0...(13)

Aa
2
X cos X
2 sin X
sin X
3
0...(14)
We have as conditions :
X ...(a )
sin X 0...(b)
X cos X sin X 0...( c )

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From condition (a), we have :
which must be true, when
But since
, this condition is invalid and we reject this one.
From condition (b), we have :

which means :
a
X
sin X 0
a
0 sin n
a
n
n
....(15)
sin

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If we find
d 2 I and put the condition in eqn. (15), we can find that :

dX 2
d 2I
0
2
dX
This gives the Condition for Minimum and the other successive minima
are given by :
2
3
1 , 2
, 3
,....(16)
a
a
a
From eqn. (16) it is apparent that, the Minima are Equidistant.

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From condition (c) we have :
X cos X sin X 0...( c )

sin X
tan X X ....( c' )

cos X
Condition (c) gives the condition for maxima.
The value of X satisfying the eqn. (c) is obtained by drawing two curves :
(i) Y =X & (ii) Y = tan X on the same scale.
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The Point of Intersection of the two curves will give the values of X,
satisfying the equation tan X = X, the maximum value of intensity
will occur at :
2
sin
X
2 2
2 2
X 0 0 I 0 Lt A a
A
a ...(17)
2
X 0 0
X
which is Central Band.
X 1 1.43
gives the next value of the Intensity :
I1 0.0469 A a
2
with
1 1.43

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....(18)

X 2 2.46 gives I 2 0.0168 A2 a 2

with
2 2.46
X 3 3.47
with
....(19)
2 2
I
0
.
0083
A
a
gives
3
3 3.47
....( 20)

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Intensity
1.43
X
Y=X
Y= tanX
-1.43
-2.46
-3.47
3.47
-2
-3
2.46
Plotting of Intensity distributions

Due to single slit

Expressions (17 ), (18 ), (19 ) and (20) represent that :

The diffraction pattern consists of a Bright Central Maximum with
Intensity represented by I 0 .
The central maximum is followed by minimum of Zero Intensity.
The minimum of Zero Intensity is followed by secondary maximum
of intensity I1 at X1 1.43 at both sides of the central
maxima.
It is also apparent from the graph is that the maxima are NOT
equidistant at lower orders.
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The angle of Diffraction, 1 for the first minimum on either side

of the Central Maximum is given by :
The Condition for Minima is given by :
n
sin i sin
a
....(15)
a
For Normal Incidence : i = 0;
n
sin
a
Therefore :
For First Order Minima, we have, n=1 for

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For First Order Minima, we have, n=1 for
sin 1
Since
1 is
small,
sin 1 1
Hence, the Angular Width of the Principal Maxima, i.e., 21 is

given by :
2
21
i.e., inversely proportional to the Width of the Slit.

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FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION DUE TO DOUBLE SLIT
Concept of Double Slit :

Double slit is an arrangement where two single slits are placed in parallel
on the same plane
The Width of each Slit is generally identical and much smaller than their
lengths.
The slits have an opaque space between them.
The widths of both the slits and Opaque Space should be of the order of
wavelength used.

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Figure shows Same double-slit assembly (0.7 mm between slits); in top

image, one slit is closed. In the single-slit image, a diffraction
pattern (the faint spots on either side of the main band) forms due to
the nonzero width of the slit. A diffraction pattern is also seen in the
double-slit image, but at twice the intensity and with the addition of
many smaller interference fringes.
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FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION DUE TO DOUBLE SLIT
Theory / Principle
The study of Diffraction pattern due to Double Slits consists of diffraction
fringes caused by rays diffracted from both slits superposed on the
interference fringes caused by rays coming from each pair of corresponding
points on the two slits.

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Figure showing double-slit diffraction pattern by a plane wave

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S1
M
a/2
a
Slit 1
RS
Slit 2
S1S2
Plane of the
Slit
a/2
d
b
dx
MN
N
R
P B
x
O1
S
Plane of
Observation
S2
Lens
Figure showing Fraunhofer diffraction thru. Double slits MN and RS

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S1S 2 represents the section of the slit.
a is the width of each slit and b is the width of the opaque space.
O and O ' are the mid-points of the slits MN and RS respectively.

The distance between
O and O1 is d which is equal to (a+b).
i is the angle of incidence.

The rays will be diffracted at all possible directions. Let us consider
a beam of rays for which the angle of diffraction is .
L is the Converging lens which focuses the diffracted rays on its focal
plane.
As the Source and Point of Observation both are effectively at Infinity,
obviously, it is a case of Fraunhofer class of diffraction.
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ANALYTICAL STUDY OF INTENSITY OF DOUBLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN
dx
P B
O1
S2
To find the Intensity on the screen, let us consider a diffracting element
of width dx at P where PO1 x .
From O1 let us draw two perpendiculars O1 A and O1B on the

incident and diffracted rays.
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dx
P B
O1
S2
Let the equation of vibration of the incident wavefront
by :
2
i
ct
y Ae
O1 A is represented
...(1)
where A is the amplitude of the wave and is the wavelength. O B

1
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dx
P B
O1
S2
Let the equation of vibration of the diffracted wavefront O1B is represented
by :
2
ct APB
i
y Ae
...( 2)

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dx
Now,
where :
P B
O1
S2
APB AP PB x sin i x sin

APB x (sin i sin ) x ...(3)
sin i sin ...( 4)

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Expression (2) reduces to:
y Ae
dx
ct x
...(5)
P B
P1
O1
Plane of
Observation
S2
Lens

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R
dx
P B
P1
O1
S
Plane of
Observation
S2
The disturbance at
Lens
P1 due to element dx at P is given by :
ds ydx Ae
( ct x )

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dx.....(6)

The disturbance at
S1
P1 due to the entire slit RS is given by :
ds1
S1 Ae
a/2
y1dx
Ae
( ct x )
a / 2
ct
a/2
dx...(7)
a / 2
The disturbance at
P1 due to the other slit MN is :
S2 Ae
ct
d a / 2
d a / 2
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dx...(8)
dx

Hence, the disturbance due to both the slits at
S S1 S2 Ae
S Ae
ct
ct
P1 will be :
d a / 2
2
i
x
a / 2 i 2 x
dx e
dx
e
d a / 2
a / 2
2
i
d
a / 2 i 2 x
dx 1 e
e
a / 2
a / 2
i 2 x
2
2
i
ct e
i
d
S Ae
1 e
i
a / 2

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Rearranging we can write :
i
Ae
S
a
Let us put :
i
Aae
S
X
S Aae
ct
ct
ct
2
i
d
eia / e ia /
1 e
2
i
a
X
2
i
d
e iX e iX
1 e
2
i
2
2
sin X
cos
d
i
sin
d
...(10
X

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Hence, the Effective amplitude of Vibration at
P1 due to two slits is :
2
2
sin X
Amp. Aa
1
cos
d
i
sin
d
...(11)
The resultant Intensity is Proportional to the square modulus of amplitude.

Let the Constant of Proportionality is equal to 1.
Hence, the Intensity at
P1 is given by ::

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2
2 2 sin X
2 2
I Aa
d sin
d
1 cos
X

2
sin
X
2 2
I Aa
2
X
2 2 cos d
sin
X
2
2 2
I 2A a
1
cos
d
sin
X
2 2
2 d
I 2A a
.2 cos
sin
X
2 2
I 4A a
2
X
2 d
cos ...(12)

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2
sin
X
2 2
I 4A a
2
X
Substituting
d
Y
2 d
cos ...(12)
, we can write :
sin 2 X
I 4I0
2
X
Where :
2
cos
Y ...(13)
I 0 A2 a 2 ...(14)

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sin 2 X
I 4I0
2
X
2
cos
Y ...(13)
Upon examining eqn. (13), it is predominant that the factor

arises due to the Single Slit Pattern.
The next factor
d
cos
arises due to the Disturbance coming from
the two slits having a Phase Difference
sin 2 X
X2
d .
Hence, the Minimum Intensity of Interference occurs when :
cos
0 cos(2n 1)
2
2

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CONDITION FOR MINIMA
cos
0 cos(2n 1)
2
d
( 2n 1)
2
d a b, sin i sin
2
sin i sin a b (2n 1)
For Normal Incidence, i=0; hence ::
( 2n 1)
a b sin (2n 1) sin
...(14)
a b 2
2
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CONDITION FOR MINIMA
( 2n 1)
sin
...(14)
a b 2
Successive minima are obtained for different values of n e.g.,
3
n 0,
; n 1,
;
2a b
2a b
5
7
n 2,
; n 3,
;..
2a b
2a b
It is apparent the minima are equidistant; the distances between the
successive minima are equal and is
a b

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CONDITION FOR MAXIMA

For maxima, the condition will be :
d
cos
1 cos n
( a b) sin n , n 0,1,2,....
2
d a b
& sin i sin sin , for normal incidence, where i=0
n
sin
....(15)
( a b)
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CONDITION FOR MAXIMA
n
sin
....(15)
( a b)
The Successive maxima are obtained for different values of n e.g.,
2
3
,
,
,.....
( a b) ( a b) ( a b)
This shows that the maxima are equidistant and is

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a b
GRAPHICAL STUDY OF INTENSITY OF DOUBLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN
sin 2 X
I 4I0
2
X
The term
d
cos
2 d
cos ...(13)
is called Interference term which gives a set of
equidistant dark and bright fringes as in the Youngs double slit interference
experiment.
The term
sin 2 X
X2
is called Diffraction Term having a central maxima
at X=0, i.e., in the direction = 0.

The Maxima also occurs at values of X at :
3
5
,
,....
2
2
are called Secondary Diffraction Maxima.

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which
sin 2 X
2 d
I 4I0
cos
...(13)
The minima are obtained when :
Which means :
sin 2 X
0...(15)
2
X
sin X 0 sin m
X m
That is :
a sin
m , for normal incidence, i=0.
a sin m , m 1,2,3,...except 0.
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a sin m , m 1,2,3,......(16)
This Minima are known as Diffraction Minima.
The Diffraction Pattern consists of a Central Maxima in the direction =0

with alternate minima and secondary maxima of diminishing intensity on
either side.
The resultant Intensity distribution against angular position, is shown in

figure.

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Figure showing DOUBLE SLIT Interference Pattern

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Figure showing SINGLE SLIT Diffraction Pattern

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FIGURE SHOWING DOUBLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN
(In Radians)
INTENSITY

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Diffraction Ibh Uem Kolkata 2015

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MODULE 2 : OPTICS 1

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015

Diffraction of light: Fresnel and Fraunhofer class.

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015

What is the Difference between INTERFERENCE & DIFFRACTION ?

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIFFRACTION PHENOMENA

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015

FRESNEL DIFFRACTION PHENOMENON

The Fresnel diffraction deals with the near-field diffraction, where

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2, OPTICS 1, 2015

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION PHENOMENON

The Fraunhofer diffraction deals with the far-field diffraction, where

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

Computer simulation of Fraunhofer diffraction by a

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

Computer simulation of the Airy diffraction

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION DUE TO SINGLE SLIT

Concept of a Single Slit :

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

Figure 3 : Showing experimental arrangement of Fraunhofer Diffraction

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

SALIENT POINTS ABOUT THE EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

O is the centre of the slit.

SALIENT POINTS ABOUT THE EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

The equation of Vibration on the Incident Wavefront OE can be

where c is the velocity of Light.

The equation of Vibration on the Diffracted Wavefront OF can be

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

But we can write :

ECF EC CF x sin i x sin

ECF x sin i sin x .....(3)

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

Hence, the Total Disturbance at P due to the whole Slit is given by :

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

we have from previous expression :

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

Examining expression (7) , it appears that the Vibration is truly

The Intensity at P is proportional to the Square of Amplitude, i.e.,

Let us choose the Constant of Proportionality as Unity, i.e.,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

From eqn.(10), we can explore the condition of Maxima and Minima

UEM, B. Tech., 1ST YEAR, MODULE 2,

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

X cos X sin X 0...( c )

DERIVATION OF THE EXPRESSION FOR INTENSITY AT P

From condition (a), we have :