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Space Systems and Space Subsystems Fundamentals Course Sampler 140211082630 Phpapp02
Space Systems and Space Subsystems Fundamentals Course Sampler 140211082630 Phpapp02
Instructor:
Dr. Vincent L. Pisacane
http://www.aticourses.com/Fundamentals_Of_Space_Systems_Space_Subsytems.htm
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CASSINI-HUYGENS
Interplanetary Mission to Saturn
CASSINI-HUYGENS
Trajectory
Planned 21 April
Planned 1 July
Planned 20 June
Planned 1 Dec
Planned 6 Oct
Planned 16 August
@ 1,170 km
Pisacane, 2013
NEAR
Configurations
Pisacane, 2013
RISK MANAGEMENT
NASAs Approach to Risk Management
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
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SYSTEM TESTING
Sample NASA Payload Test Requirements
From: NASA-STD-7002A
Payload Test Requirements
Pisacane, 2013
SPACECRAFT FAILURES
NOAA Spacecraft Radiation Induced Failures May 1998
Data
Equator-S
Galaxy
FAILURE ANALYSES
Burn-in Tests at Elevated Temperatures
The standard life test for flight hardware parts is the dynamic
(power on) burn-in test
o
o
A f 1 if Tuse Ttest
k Tuse Ttest
Activation energy (Ea) is an empirical value of the minimum energy required to initiate a
specific type of failure mode that can occur within a technology type
Failure modes include: oxide defects, bulk silicon defects, mask defects, electromigration, and contamination
Typical values of Ea for electronic devices
Acceleration Factors
are 0.5-1.0 eV, typically > 0.7
Equivalent Duration, y
For use temperatures
E
,
a
Table shows acceleration factors and
eV 25oC 35oC
45oC
25oC
35oC
45oC
equivalent durations
Parameters
Ea = Activation Energy of the failure
mode, eV
k = Boltzmann's Constant, 8.617 x
10-5 eV K-1
Tuse = Use Temperature, K
Ttest = Test Temperature, K
77oF
95oF
113oF
77oF
95oF
113oF
0.5
133
71
39
15
0.6
353
165
81
40
19
0.7
938
387
169
107
44
19
0.8
2,492
907
352
284
103
40
0.9
6,624 2,125
732
756
242
84
1,524
2,008
568
174
Pisacane, 2013
FAILURE IDENTIFICATION
Sample FMEA Worksheet Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Date
Sheet X of X
Compiled by: XXXX
Approved by: XXXX
Potential Effects of Failure Mode
Item
Function
or
Requirement
Potential
Failure
Modes
Potential
Causes
of
Failure
Mode
Battery
Provide
adequate
relay
voltage
Fails to
provide
adequate
power
Voltage
drops to
zero
Local
Effects
Battery
plates
shorted
Intermediate
Effects
Instrument
not
functional
End
Effects
Mission
Aborted
Detection
and
Mitigating
Factors
Test
battery
prior to
launch
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
S
e
v
e
r
i
t
y
0.5
+
0.3
X5
=
4
RPN
Actions
Recommendations
Responsibility
64
XXX
XXX
Pisacane, 2013
Derating increases the margin of safety between operating stress level and actual
failure level for the part, providing added protection from unanticipated anomalies
operated at lower than its rated maximum power dissipation, taking into account
Case/body temperature
Ambient temperature
Type of cooling mechanism
Supply voltage
Power dissipation
Signal input voltages
Output voltages
Output currents
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Series redundancy
Parallel redundancy
i1
Rs 1 1 R
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CELESTIAL MOTION
Principal Motion of the Celestial Ephemeris Pole
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25
From: http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/dutc.html
Pisacane, 2013
REFERENCE SYSTEM
Geometrical Transformation Between GCRS and ITRS
Figure shows transformation between terrestrial (ITRS) to celestial (GCRS) taking into
account (1) Pole Movement, (2) Earth Rotation , (3) Precession and Nutation
Modifiedfrom:ESA,http://navipedia.org/index.php/Transformation_bet
ween_Celestial_and_Terrestrial_Frames
Pisacane, 2013
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
Geometrical Representation of Spherical Harmonics
Pn,m(Cos q) Cos m(l l n,m) has
(nm) sign changes or zeros 0 q p (latitude of 180 degrees
2m zeros in interval 0 l < 2p (longitude of 180 degrees)
m=0
no longitudinal
variation
n = 2, m = 2
n m and m 0
Tessarae (Tiles)
n = 3, m = 3
n=m
no latitudinal
variation
n = 5, m = 0
n = 4, m =3
Pisacane, 2013
TRAJECTORY PERTURBATIONS
Mars Global Surveyor Aerodynamic Braking
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ROCKET PROPULSION
Specific Impulse vs Thrust
NH3 = Ammonia
N2H4 = Hydrazine
From: http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/images/CR-1845.gif
Pisacane, 2013
ROCKET PROPULSION
de Laval Nozzle
37
114
Pisacane, 2013
Gas Regulator
P
GN2
Filter
Burst Valve
L
L
Access Port
NO Pyrovalve
normally open
NC
Latch Valve
Latch Valve
Check Valve, arrow
direction of flow
Pyrovalve
normally closed
L
P
Pressure Sensor
Temperature sensor
Propellants
Air, Carbon Dioxide,
Helium, Hydrogen,
Methane, Nitrogen, Freon
Pisacane, 2013
TRANSFER TRAJECTORIES
Apollo 13 Circumlunar Free-Return Trajectory
OVERVIEW
Attitude Control Schematic
Pisacane, 2013
ATTITUDE KINEMATICS
Quaternion Mathematics 1/2
Multiplication
time
s
Equivalent quaternions
Pisacane, 2013
ATTITUDE SENSORS
ADCOL Two-Axis Digital Sun Sensor System
No of measurement axes:
2 each sensor)
Number of sensors
5 typical per electronics
1 to 8 sensors can also be used
Electronics selects sensor that has
sun in field of view
Heritage
Parameters
Field of view: 64 x 64
Note: 4 steradians (full sphere)
coverage can be achieved with 5
sensors.
Accuracy: 0.25 (transition accuracy).
Least Significant Bit Size: 0.5
http://adcole.com/two-axis-dss.html
Sign bit
Most significant bit
Least significant bit
Interpolating bits
Pisacane, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Function and Components of Spacecraft Power System
Primary Power
Source
Energy
Conversion
Power
Regulation
Power
Distribution
Power
Regulation
Critical
Loads
Non-Critical
Loads
Energy
Storage
Power
Regulation
Pisacane, 2013
SECONDARY BATTERIES
Candidate Technologies
http://www.clyde-space.com/products/spacecraft_batteries/useful_info_about_batteries/secondary_batteries
Pisacane, 2013
SOLAR ARRAYS
Solar Array Construction
desired voltage
Cells connected in parallel to achieve
desired power
Arrays organized to minimize current
loops that result in dipole moment
Pisacane, 2013
OVERVIEW
NEAR Spacecraft Spacecraft Communication System
ANTENNAS
Typical Parabolic Antenna Pattern
Pisacane, 2013
LINK ANALYSIS
Example Link Analysis
Transmitter power
20 W
+13.0 dBW
1dB
1 dB
Antenna boresight
gain
76.76
+18.9 dB
EIRP
30.9 dBW
Antenna beamwidth
3 dB
3.0 dB
1.58 x 1016
162.0 dB
0.12 dB
0.12 dB
Atmospheric loss
0.1 dB
0.2 dB
K-1
4.0
dbK-1
Receiver G/T
1000/400
Boltzmann constant,
k
1.38x10-23
JK-1
+228.6 dB J1K
Bit rate
106 bps
60 dB s
Receiver Eb/No
Df
1 1x109
Gboresight
76.76
0.70
8
3
x
10
c
16
Ls
1
.
58
10
3 108
c
12
12 0.1 q3dB
Ll q 2 q2i dB
0.12 dB
2
i
q3dB
q3dB
2
38.2dB
1
a
a
Eb EIRP L s L Other Losses GRA 20 0.8 76.76 0.5 1.58 1016 0.97 0.63 1000
683 38.3dB
23
6
N0
kRb
T
1
.
38
10
10
400
s
Pisacane, 2013
THERMAL ANALYSES
Analysis Process
Pisacane, 2013
MULTILAYER INSULATION
Gold and Black MLI
DESIGN PROCESS
Overall Development Flow Chart
start
Launch Vehicle
Constraints
Conceptual and
Preliminary
Design
Critical Design
Fabrication
Integration
launch
Preliminary Launch
Loads
Launch Vehicle
Dynamic Model and
Forcing Functions
Spacecraft
Dynamic
Model
Coupled Launch
Vehicle and
Spacecraft Dynamic
Analysis
Spacecraft Dynamic
Response
Loads
Acceleration
Spacecraft Structural
Configuration
Preliminary
Spacecraft Structural
Design
Functional
Subsystem/Payloads
Requirements
Preliminary Natural
Frequency
Constraints
Thermal Analysis
Structural Analysis
Finite Element Model
Dynamic Analysis
Stress Analysis
Thermal Distortion
Assess Margins
Temperature
Distribution
Fabricate Spacecraft
Structure
Pisacane, 2013
STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS
Structural Categories
Structural
Secondary structures:
Primary structures:
body structure
launch vehicle adapter
appendage booms
support trusses
platforms
solar panels
Antenna
Extendibles
Tertiary structures:
brackets
electronics boxes
Pisacane, 2013
INTRODUCTION
Space and Ground Based Systems
the partitioning of the computational load between the space and ground segment
Pisacane, 2013
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Typical Spacecraft Computer Schematic
Read only memory, random access memory, and special purpose memory
Mass storage
Input/output ports to spacecraft subsystems and payloads
Spacecraft communication system
Numerical coprocessor to carry out floating point arithmetic faster
FAULT TOLERANCE
Summary Fault Tolerant Techniques
Pisacane, 2013
SPACECRAFT PROCESSORS
RAD6000 Processor
Characteristics
35 Mbps at 33 MHz
Radiation Hardened 32-bit RISC
Super Scalar Single Chip CPU
8K Byte Internal Cache
Simplex or Dual Lock-step (compares CPU
operations)
Low Power 3.3 Volt Operation
72-bit (64 Data, 8 ECC) Memory Bus
Variable Power/Performance
Independent Fixed and Floating Point Units
Pisacane, 2013