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Acids&Bases
Acids&Bases
Acids&Bases
B
Base
bitter taste
e
change red
d litmus pap
per
to blue
co
orrosive & reactive
r
to
ce
ertain metalss (Zn, Fe,
etc) to produce H2 gas
with
oils
ory
2. Bronsted-Lowry Theo
s Niccolaus
s Bronsted
d & Thomas
(Johannes
Martin Low
wry)
- acid is a proton
p
donorr
- base is a proton
p
accep
ptor
ex:
H4+ + OH(1) NH3 + H2O NH
acid
base
) H2O acts as
a an acid since
s
it dona
ates a proto
on,
(H+) to a prroton accepto
or (NH3) to become
b
NH4+.
H 3 + H 2O
(2) NH4+ + OH- NH
base
acid
) NH4+acts as an acid since
s
it dona
ates a proto
on,
or (OH-) to become
b
NH3.
(H+) to a prroton accepto
)
)
)
ble
-consider reactions (1) & (2) as reversib
reactions:
H3 + H2O ' NH4+ + OHNH
basse(1) acid((2)
base(2)
NH3/NH4+ & H2O/OH- arre conjugate
e pairs
NH4+ is the conjugate acid
a
of NH3
OH- is the conjugate
c
base of H2O
Acid-Base
s Equilibria
CHM12-3
&
s & Bases
Theories on Acids
1. Arrhenius Theory
(Svante Arrrhenius)
- all bases contain OH- while all accids contain H+
when ionized in waterr.
e only for aqueous solutio
ons
- applicable
- cannot acccount for th
he acidity/ba
asicity of oth
her
compounds like NH3, a weak base
e
ex:
(acid)
HCl(g) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
NaOH(s) + H2O(l) Na+(aq) + OH(ba
ase)
acid(1)
3. Lewis
s Theory
(Gilbert Lewis)
wis acid is
- Lew
elecctron pair to
- Lew
wis base is
elecctron pair to
-
acid
ba
ase
xercises on
n Identifyin
ng Acids & Bases:
B
Ex
1. Classify each of the following species as Bronsted
B
o base, or b
both:
acid or
a.. HCN
b.. NO3c.. H3O+
d.. NH22.
ugate acid/b
base pairs in each of
Identtify the conju
the re
eactions:
a.. CN- + H2O ' HCN + OH
O b.. HClO + CH3NH2 ' CH
H3NH3+ + ClO
O+
2c.. H2PO4 + NH3 ' HPO4 + NH4
d.. HCO3- + H
HCO3- ' H2CO
C 3 + CO32-
3.
Write
e the formula
a of the con
njugate base
es of the
follow
wing acids:
a.. HNO2
b.. H2SO4
c.. HCOOH
d.. HCN
4.
Write
e the formula
a of the con
njugate acidss of the
follow
wing bases:
a.. PO43b.. HPO42c.. CO32d.. HS-
5.
h of the follo
owing specie
es are acids & bases
Which
in the
e following re
eactions:
a.. BF3 + F- BF4b.. OH-(aq) + C
CO2(aq) HC
CO3-(aq)
c.. BF3 + NH3 F3BNH3
d.. Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(O
OH)4]-
Pag
ge 1 of 3
Acid-Base Equilibria
CHM12-3
Bases
HCl
LiOH
HBr
NaOH
HI
KOH
HClO4
RbOH
HNO3
CsOH
H2SO4
Mg(OH)2
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
Page 2 of 3
Acid-Base Equilibria
) Acid base equilibria deals quantitatively with acid
and base ionization in water.
6.
7.
Ka = [H+][A-]
[HA]
consider the ionization of a base,
B(aq) + H2O ' BH+ + OH-(aq)
8.
Kb = [BH+][OH-]
[B]
respectively.
and
base
ionization
constant
Acid-Base Equilibria
CHM12-3
Percent Ionization
) gives the proportion of ionized molecules on a
percentage basis.
) determines the strength of an acid or base
) the greater the percent ionization, the stronger
the acid or base.
% ionization = equilibrium conc of H+/OH- x 100
initial conc of acid or base
Exercises:
1. What is the percent ionization of 0.010 M acetic
acid HC2H3O2? Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
2. A 0.0284 M aqueous solution of lactic acid, a
substance that accumulates in the blood and
muscles during physical activity, is found to be
6.7% ionized. Determine the value of Ka for lactic
acid.
HC3H5O3 + H2O ' H3O+ + C3H5O33. What is the percent ionization of trichloroacetic
acid in 0.035 M HC2Cl3O2 solution?
HC2Cl3O2 + H2O ' H3O+ + C2Cl3O2- pKa = 0.52
Page 3 of 3