A

Industrial
Training Report
on

MPPKVV Training
Submitted to

RAJIV GANDHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BHOPAL (M.P)

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

By
Shubhangi Kale
0874EX121008

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Akash Tripathi
Managing Director, MPPKVVCL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDORE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY
P I T H A M P U R R O A D , O P P O S I T E I I M , R A U , I N D O R E , M P.
( Ac c r e d i t e d b y N B A, Af f i l i a t e d t o R G P V, B h o p a l
Ap p r o ve d b y AI C TE , N e w D e l h i . )
DEC-2015

I N D O R E I N S T I T U T E O F S C I E N C E & TE C H N O L O G Y
P ITHAMP UR ROAD, OP POSITE IIM, RAU, INDORE 452333, MP.

( A c c r e d i t e d b y N B A , Af f i l i a t e d t o R G P V, B h o p a l
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi.)

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in this
industrial training report entitledMPPKVV . Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical & Electronics, is an authentic record
of work carried out by us.
The matter embodied in this report has not been submitted by us
for the award of any other degree.

Shubha
ngi Kale
1008

0874EX12

I N D O R E I N S T I T U T E O F S C I E N C E & TE C H N O L O G Y
P ITHAMP UR ROAD, OP POSITE IIM, RAU, INDORE 452333, MP.

( A c c r e d i t e d b y N B A , Af f i l i a t e d t o R G P V, B h o p a l
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi.)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the industrial training report entitled MPPKVV

Limited submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Technological University (RGPV),

Bhopal (M.P.) in the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering By Ms. Shubhangi Kale , Enrollment number
0874EX121008.

Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

during the academic year 2015-16.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

DIRECTOR

I N D O R E I N S T I T U T E O F S C I E N C E & TE C H N O L O G Y
P ITHAMP UR ROAD, OP POSITE IIM, RAU, INDORE 452333, MP.

( A c c r e d i t e d b y N B A , Af f i l i a t e d t o R G P V, B h o p a l
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi.)

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the industrial training report entitled

MPPKVV Limited submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi

Technological University (RGPV), Bhopal (M.P.) in the
department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering by Ms.
Shubhangi Kale, Enrollment Number 0874EX121008.

Bachelor of Engineering, in during the academic year 201516.

Sign. Of the Internal Examiner

the External Examiner
with date

Sign. Of
with date

PREFACE

This report comprises of all the sessions of training, I have been through in the
duration of four weeks during vacations.
I visited MPPKVVL Co. ltd.(Madhya Pradesh Paschim Kshetra Vidyut Vitran), a
govt. undertaking company dedicated to distribution of Power and Tariffing .The
City Circle is divided in four zones and its one of the premier company of MPSEB
(Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board ), which focuses of providing the best
services to the consumers that include quality and reliable supply of power,
quicker attention to fuse-off calls and billing related problem.
The Government of Madhya Pradesh vide order dated 1st July, 2002 has
incorporated Madhya Pradesh Paschim Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited
as a wholly owned Government of Madhya Pradesh Corporations under the
Companies Act, 1956 to undertake activities of distribution and retail supply for
and on behalf of Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board in the areas covered by
the Commissionaires of Indore and Ujjain.
We also were made familiar with the general way of conduct with the consumers
of the company, how to handle their problems and entertain up to the possible
satisfactory level.

The overall experience was very informative.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Practical training is an important aspect of an engineering curriculum as it enables
to understand the practical application of the theoretical concepts that were
learned during academics. It acquainted the student with the latest advancement
in the field of technology & engineering.
To get this training completed we are thankful to ,Mr. Faizan Ansari (EE) ,Mr.
Anupam Jha (AEE), Mr. Shivram Solanki (Supervisor,Transformer repairment unit)
and all the employees if MPMKVV Co. Ltd. who shared their knowledge zealously.
We are thankful to Prof. Keshav Patidar (H.O.D.,Electrical Dept.) for providing us
opportunity to undergo this training session during vacations at MPPKVV Co. Ltd.
I want to convey my sincere note of thanks to all Professors and lecturers of
Electrical Dept. of I.I.S.T-2 , for being a key guide and kind support.

CONTENTS
Forwarding letter
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. Electrical Energy Meters
Introduction
Types of meters
o Electromechanical meters
o Mechanism of electromechanical meters
o Solid state electronic meters
Testing and calibration
Domestic and Industrial energy meters
2. Electrical Substations
Introduction
Transmission substations
Distribution Substations
Switching Function
Equipments installed
Capacitor bank Charging unit
Tasks performed by substation staff

3. Transformer testing and repairment

Introduction
Basic Principle
Induction law
Practical considerations
Effect of frequency
Energy losses calculations
General faults
Transformer oil testing
Instrument transformers
Accessories of transformers
4. Functions and tasks performed by MPPKVV Co. Ltd.
Introduction
Electrification of new localities
Load surveys
Tariffs
Action against electricity theft
Minimization in transmission losses

ELECTRICAL ENERGY METERS

INTRODUCTION
An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of
electrical energy consumed by a residence, business or an electrically powered
device.
Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being
the kilowatt hour. A periodic reading of electric meters establishes billing cycles
and energy used during a cycle.
In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may
measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas,
the electric rates are higher during certain times of day, to encourage reduction in
use. Also, in some areas meters have relays to turn off nonessential equipment.
The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt
hour, which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a
period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI
mega joule instead.
Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a
quarter or half hour.
Reactive power is measured in "Volt-amperes reactive", (varh) in kilovar-hours. By
convention, a "lagging" or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive
reactive power. A "leading", or capacitive load, will have negative reactive power.

TYPES OF METERS
Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage
(volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give
instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to
give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services ( such
as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source
and customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 amps of load, current
transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with the
service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories, electromechanical
and electronic.

Current transformers being used with meters

ELECTROMECHANICAL METERS
The most common type of electricity meter is the Thomson or electromechanical
induction watt-hour meter, invented by Elihu Thomson in 1888.
The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an
aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The
number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. It consumes a
small amount of power, typically around 2 watts.
The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way
that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other
produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil
is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil. This produces eddy currents in the disc
and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the
product of the instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an
opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium
between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed
proportional to the power being used. The disc drives a register mechanism which
integrates the speed of the disc over time by counting revolutions, much like the
odometer in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total energyused over
a period of time.

The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply. Different

phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils.
The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which drives
the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energy
used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is
easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window in the
face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each digit. With
the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions due
to the gearing mechanism.
The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by the
symbol Kh which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. The value 7.2 is
commonly seen. Using the value of Kh, one can determine their power
consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. If the time in
seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution is t, then the power in watts
is
. For example, if Kh = 7.2, as above, and one revolution took
place in 14.4 seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to
determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them on one
by one.
Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a
representative of the power company . Where the meter reader reads the meter,
the reading may be supplied to the power company by records, post or over the
internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company
representative at least monthly in order to verify customer-supplied readings and
to make a basic safety check of the meter.
In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect
accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with
potentialapplied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to creep
is called a creep test.

..e
energy meters

MECHANISM OF ELECTROMECHANICAL
ENERGY METERS
The key point: metering is based on the product of two electrical entities, current I
and voltage V; power is the product of these two entities, V and I. Energy is
calculated integrating over time (that is adding together time after time) the V*I
products. It is energy what we are paying for. Within electromechanical meters V
and I feed two coils: the voltage coil (which is in parallel to
the line) requiring low power and a current coil (in series with the line) made of
thick copper wire. Metering can be stopped or started interrupting the connection
to the voltage coil.

Internal assembly of a electromechanical energy

meter
The meter has two coils in it, one responsive to voltage, the other to current. They
are arranged so that the torque they apply to the disc is proportional to the voltage
times the current times the cosine of the phase angle so that the disc only
responds to active power (kWh) and not to reactive power (kVAR). The device

works upon induction principle with current coils and the torque is produced in the
aluminium disc and the dials records the energy consumed.

SOLID STATE OR ELECTRONIC ENERGY METERS

Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and can
also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used,
electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such
as maximum demand, power factor and reactive power used etc. They can also
support time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used
during on-peak and off-peak hours.
As in the block diagram, the meter has a power supply, a metering engine, A
processing and communication engine (i.e. a microcontroller), and other add-on
modules such as RTC, LCD display, communication ports/modules and so on.The
metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage
reference, samplers and quantisers followed by an ADC section to yield the
digitalised equivalents of all the inputs. These inputs are then processed using a
Digital Signal Processor to calculate the various metering parameters such as
powers, energies etc.The largest source of long-term errors in the meter is drift in
the preamp, followed by the precision of the voltage reference. Both of these vary
with temperature as well, and vary wildly because most meters are outdoors.
Characterizing and compensating for these is a major part of meter design.The
processing and communication section has the responsibility of calculating the
various derived quantities from the digital values generated by the metering
engine. This also has the responsibility of communication using various protocols
and interface with other addon modules connected as slaves to it.RTC and other
add-on modules are attached as slaves to the processing and communication
section for various input/output functions. On a modern meter most if not all of this
will be implemented inside the microprocessor, such as the Real Time Clock
(RTC), LCD controller, temperature sensor, memory and analog to digital
converters.
Electronic meter possess a microprocessor and interfaced by a Programmable
Periphral Device which receives its Input from Two CT's, one is on the phase &
the other is on the neutral,the PPI recieves signals from both CT,s but it
reads whichever the current is greater & a V.T. is positioned in the casing of
Energy meter of which outputs is fed to PPI so the proceessor reads V from
V.T.,I(depends on Power Factor) from C.T. so their product is seen on the
digital screen of the Meter.

TESTING AND CALIBRATION

Sometimes due to excessive load on the meter the current becomes very and
crosses its upper limits which may burn the current coil which leads to meter
jammed and sometimes due to sudden change in load partial damage is done to
the meter which leads to loss in calibration due to which meter runs slower and
sometimes when we have heavy load on meters the calibration is disturbed and
meter runs fasted even on less load. So in order to overcome such problems of
the customers the meters are tested and calibrated on complaint of the customers
by the MPPKVVL staff members.
General and traditional method of meter testing is by putting only 1Kw load across
the meter and the pulses are counted and if the supervisor finds an error then the
meter is replaced and if the error is still unnoticeable then the meter is sent to
meter testing lab of MPPKVVL. General methods of testing and calibration
includes calibration test bench, where every meter is tested before installation.
The bench accords with the standards of IEC 60736:1982. The bench can do
warm up test, starting test, no load test(creep test), error test, dial test, test of
influence quantities (negative phase, voltage unbalance, harmonic wave and so
on)and test of repeatability of measurements.
The bench uses the PWM ( Pulse Width Modulation) to amplify voltage/current
output, the high efficiency >85% and lowers the heat.
The bench is using the HY5303C-22 reference standard energy meter with
comparision technology to offer test for error determination and calibration.
Load tests are done at starting meter reading is taken ,meters are calibrated at
unbalanced phase voltages, tests are done at negative power factors
,temperature and vibration tests are also done on energy meters to provide good
service to the consumers.

Meter testing lab

Temperature testing lab

DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL ENERGY METERS

Domestic energy meters generally record active energy consumed by the
consumer and they are charged accordingly. The domestic meters are generally
electromechanical and electronics meters are also installed in new connections
with rating 10-40 Amps. They have simple construction and give basic information
with LED indicators 3 indicators for three phases, 1 for earth if any short circuit
occurs in wiring this indicator blinks, 1 for reverse this indicator blinks when there
is leakage due to improper wiring. The meter reader takes monthly meter reading
on its billing machine and gives the bill on the spot. The bill is then billed by
consumers at MPPKVVL zonal offices or through automatic billing machine
installed at various places in city.
Commercial and Industrial energy meters are sophisticated their rating is 100-500
Amps. They have CTs installed with the meter setup, these energy meters are
digital meters where Kw, Kwh, KVAR, PF, MD, CMD, DATE, TIME, Voltages of 3
phases, current in three phases are recorded. These energy meters automatically
detect and correct the phase reversal eliminating the need to be concerned with
CT load orientation.They have push buttons, hwen they are pressed various
quantities mentioned above can be seen and are thus recorded by representative
of MPPKVVL. The bill is processed at the regional level on the basis of Kwh and
KVAR of power consumed at authenticated limit of pf. The bill is mailed to the
commercial units and they are collected monthly at regional office.

Industrial energy meter

Domestic energy meter

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS
INTRODUCTION
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,
transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to
low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several
substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in
voltage in several steps.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while
decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage
while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution.

The Indore(2x40 MVA + 40 MVA) were visited the distribution 33KV/11KV

substations under these substations are also visited :
Sno.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Single line diagram :

Chambal 33/11 KV substation

Substation Name
Chambal
E-8
Rohitas
Rachna Nagar
Saket Nagar
Vidhya Nagar
Rajat Nagar
Amramad
Baag Mugalia
Vallabh Nagar
Misrod
Habibganj

Capacity
2x5 MVA
2X5 MVA
2X5 MVA
2X5 MVA
2X5 MVA
2X5 MVA
1x3.15 MVA
1x3.15 MVA
2X5 MVA
2X5 MVA
1x5 MVA
1x5 MVA

Chambal 33/11 KV substation

Various equipments installed at substation :

The instruments are named below according to the single line diagram as
follows:
1. Lightening arrestors
2. C V T
3. Wave trap
4. Current transformer
5. Isolators with earth switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Line isolator
8. BUS
9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator
10. Isolator
11. Current transformer
12. Circuit breaker
13. Lightening arrestors

14. Transformer
15. Lightening arrestors with earth switch
16. Circuit breaker
17. Current transformer
18. Isolator
19. Bus
20. Potential transformer with a bus isolator
21. A capacitor bank attached to the bus.
22. AB switch
23. Measuring Equipments (ME)
24. DC supply
25. Control system and measuring instruments
26. Outgoing feeders

Brief descriptions of the instruments in the line diagram are1. Lightening arrestors : Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in
the incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station.
This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in the substation.
Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening
arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the
station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to
the earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done
by these lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth
so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening arrestor works with
an angle of 30 to 45 making a cone.

Lightening arrester

2. C V T : A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power

systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals
either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the
device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to
the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four
terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a
ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the
instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used
for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the

use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor,

C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a
large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor
and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C 2, and
hence the secondary terminals.

C.V.T.

WAVE-TRAP

3. Wave trap: Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The
function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping
wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that
it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the
substation.
4. Current transformer: Current transformers are basically used to take the
readings of the currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the
current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done because we have no instrument for
measuring of such a large current. The main use of this transformer is (a) distance
protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.

CT in 33KV/11KV S/S

CT INTERNAL DAIGRAM

CT in 220KV/132KV S/S

The working of CT can be understood by the diagram J1 is the current in the

conductor and CT core is around the conductor J2 is the current induced in CT
winding which is proportional to current in the conductor and thus current and
voltage of the line can be measured using CT.
5. Lightening arrestors with earth switch: Lightening arrestors after the
current transformer are used so as to protect it from lightening i.e. from high
voltage entering into it. This lightening arrestor has an earth switch, which can
directly earth the lightening. The arrestor works at 30 to 45 angel of the
lightening making a cone. The earth switch can be operated manually, by
pulling the switch towards ground. This also helps in breaking the line entering

the station. By doing so maintenance and repair of any instrument can b

performed.
6. Circuit breaker:
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the
instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other
instrument in the station. For any unwanted fault over the station we need to
break the line current. This is only done automatically by the circuit breaker. There
are
mainly
two
types
of
circuit
breakers
used
for
any
substations. They are (a) SF6 circuit breakers; (b) vacuum circuit breakers.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high
input kv input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit
breaker by force i.e. under high-pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is
a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas
went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can
be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF 6 gas to
reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has
a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell
rings.
During the arching period SF 6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas removes
the head from the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation as a result the arc
diameter reduces during the decreasing mode of the current wave. The diameter
becomes very small during current zero period and arc is extinguished. Due to its
electro negativity and low arc time constant, the SF 6 regains its dielectric strength
rapidly after the current zero the rate of rise of dielectric strength is very high and
time constant is very low.
The vacuum circuit breakers is used for small kv stations. The spring here
reduces the torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The
spring type is used for step down side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv
and so on. They are only used in low distribution side.
With rated current upto 3000 Amps., these breakers interrupt the current by
creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container.

Power VCB

7. Line isolator :The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow
through the line into the bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get
damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself.It is
used to isolate the system from other incoming feeders and this is done using a
handle connected through a pipe (can be viewed in picture in red colour)

Line isolators

220KV BUS

Pot. transformer

8. BUS :The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the
instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the
incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if
any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will
not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distanceby a conductor
having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the
other works only if the first is having any fault.
9. Potential transformers with bus isolators :There are two potential
transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The potential
transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer
is to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail
information of the voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are
two main parts in it (a) measurement; (b) protection.
10. Isolators :The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer and the other
instrument in the line. The isolator isolates the extra voltage to the ground and
thus any extra voltage cannot enter the line. Thus an isolator is used after the bus
also for protection.

Isolator handle

isolator bars at feeder bus

11. Current transformer :Current transformers are used after the bus for
measurement of the current going out through the feeder and also for protection
of the instruments.
12. Circuit breaker :The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault
occurs in the circuit of the any feeders.
13. Lightening arrestors : The use of lightening arrestors after the bus is to
protect the instrument in the station so that lightening would not affect the
instruments in the station.
14. Transformer :There are three transformers (100MVA each) in the incoming
feeders of 220KV substation so that the three lines are step down at the same
time. In case of a 400kv or more kv line station auto transformers are used.
While in case of lower kv line such as less than 220kv line double winding
transformers are used. In 33KV substation two transformers( 5MVA each) are
installed in incoming feeders.

15. Lightening arrestors with earth switch : The lightening arrestors are
used with earth switch so that lightening would not pass through the
Instruments in the station.
16. Circuit breaker :The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into
and get into the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used
for putting the incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line in the
bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and
the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance
by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at
a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.

17. Current transformer :Current transformers are used to measure the current
passing through the transformer. Its main use is of protection and measurement.
18. Isolator : These are used to ground the extra voltage to the ground.
19. Bus :This bus is to carry the output stepped down voltage to the required
place.

20. Potential transformer with a bus isolator : Two PT are always connected
across the bus so that the voltage across the bus could be measured.