Human

INTRO

Rights

and

Freedoms
PRC
authorities,
their
supporters,
and
other
proponents claim that existing
policies
and
enforcement
measures
are
sufficient
to
guard against human rights
abuses.
However, other countries and
their authorities (such as the
United States Department of
State, Canada,
and India,
among
others),
international non-governmental
organizations (NGOs),
such
as Human
Rights
in
China and Amnesty
International, and dissidents
inside the country state that
the authorities in mainland
China regularly
sanction
or
create
such
abuses.
NGOs
such
as
Amnesty
International and Human Rights
Watch, as well as foreign
governmental institutions such
as the U.S. State Department,
have accused the PRC of
violating
the
freedoms
of speech, movement,
and
religion of its citizens and of
others within its jurisdiction.
Authorities in the PRC claim to
define human rights differently,
so as to include economic and
social as well as political rights,
all in relation to "national
culture"
and
the
level
of
development of the country.
Authorities in the PRC, referring
to this definition, claim that
human
rights
are
being

improved. They
do
not,
however,
use the
definition
used by most countries and
organisations.

Although there is written

in constitution the rights
PRC
politicians
have
repeatedly
maintained
that, according the PRC
Constitution,
the
"Four
Cardinal
Principles"
supersede
citizenship
rights. PRC officials interpret
the primacy of the Four Cardinal
Principles as legal basis for the
arrest of people who the
government
says
seek
to
overthrow
the
principles.
Chinese
nationals
whom
authorities perceive to be in
compliance
with
these
principles, on the other hand,
are permitted by the PRC
authorities
to
enjoy
and
exercise all the rights that come
with citizenship of the PRC,
provided they do not violate
PRC laws in any other manner.
The
state
mandates
every
aspect of the lives of its
people,
including
the
oppression and the torture of
those who dare to speak about
it and through the use of media
convinces its citizens that it is
protecting their best interests.
Holds and iron stake at the
heart of freedom.
QUESTION: do we put human

rights activists + protests need

permit here? Or after?
Govt not only has control over
Speech
/
Press/
Internet/expression
- reorder judiciary systems but govt owns
every media outlet and many
however you want xxxx
manufacturing and industrial
firms. - I think good way of
starting this section

Compute usage in china has

exploded. Currently there are 210
million internet users and over 400
million mobile phone users. There is
a huge increase of the computer
users in china and ethics of
technology
have
become
increasingly prominent over the
years. In particular, privacy and
censorship have become series
ethical issues.
The government censors the press,
the Internet, print publications, and
academic research
Freedom of internet BOLD parts in
laras research
Freedom of PRESS and speech check laras notes
Example Imprisoned Journalists (I
put in bold on the other word
document the pieces I thought were
most important)

Religion

Research this guy - Ilhan tohti (can

start with his example by linking it
back to freedom of speech and then
go into the detail below)
Although
the
constitution
guarantees freedom of religion, the
government
restricts
religious

practices to officially approved

mosques, churches, temples, and
monasteries organized by five
officially
recognized
religious
organizations.
It
audits
the
activities, employee details, and
financial records of religious bodies,
and retains control over religious
personnel
appointments,
publications,
and
seminary
applications.
Unregistered spiritual groups such
as Protestant house churches are
deemed unlawful and subjected to
raids and closures; members are
harassed and leaders are detained
and sometimes jailed.
-

rights groups have highlighted

repression
of
the
Christian ,Tibetan Buddhist,
and Falun
Gongreligious
groups.

Example Falun Gong (description

on world report)
Court in Henan province

Movement

It carries out involuntary population

relocation and rehousing on a
massive scale

Bold part in laras research

Health and Disability

Though primary school enrollment

and basic literacy rates are high,
Chinas
education
system
discriminates against children and

young people with disabilities

Decrease
environmental
pollution and related threats
related to public health not
implemented

Example of lawyer
Disabilities discrimination
employment and education

in

Mental health

Womens
policy

Rights

one

child Womens reproductive rights and

access to reproductive health limited due to chinas population
planning regulations + mention
sanctions
used to control the
reproductive choices of couples
Research
domestic
violence,
employment
discrimination
and
gender bias
Example of Li Yan
Government reaction to lack of
following of human rights (last
paragraph in world report)

One
of
( 1)Migrant and Labour Rights economically
workers
and child labour

Leading
but rights

country
of the

prohibits independent labour unions

and human rights organizations
The
severe
rights (in

lack

of worker's
particular

the hukou system which

restricts migrant labourers' freedom
of movement),
-

Allegations of discrimination
against
rural
workers
and ethnic minorities,

RTL
section
defenders)

human

rights

In November, the government

announced its intention to abolish
re-education through labor (RTL), a
form of arbitrary detention in which
the police can detain people for up
to four years without trial. There
were about 160,000 people in about
350 camps at the beginning of the
year, but numbers dwindled rapidly
as the police stopped sending
people to RTL. The official press,
however, reported that some of
these
facilities
were
being
converted to drug rehabilitation
centers,
another
form
of
administrative detention. At time of
writing it was unclear whether the
government would fully abolish
administrative detention as a way
to deal with minor offenders, or
whether it would instead establish a
replacement system that continued
to allow detention without trial.

Research more
labour camps

on

child

labour/

Workers protests examples in

robs magazines
(Migrant permit rights)

Work
place
enforced
Sexual Orientation

regulations

arent

Mental illness
No law protecting people from this
discrimination common on the work
place
Example of May 17

Human Rights activists

Some Chinese activist groups are trying to expand these freedoms,

including Human Rights in China, Chinese Human Rights Defenders, and
the China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group. Chinese human rights
attorneys who take on cases related to these issues, however, often face
harassment, disbarment, and arrest.

Chinas human rights activists often face imprisonment, detention,

torture, commitment to psychiatric facilities, house arrest, and
intimidation.
One of the most severe crackdowns on these individuals in recent years
occurred in 2013, with more than 50 activists put under criminal detention
between February and October. Human rights defenders are detained for
ill-defined crimes ranging from creating disturbances to inciting
subversion for organizing and participating in public, collective actions. In
July, authorities detained Xu Zhiyong, who is considered an intellectual
leader of the New Citizens Movement, a loose network of civil rights
activists whose efforts include a nationwide campaign that calls on public
officials to disclose their assets.
In September, Beijing-based activist Cao Shunli was detained after she
was barred from boarding a flight to Geneva ahead of the United Nations
Human Rights Council (HRC) review of China on October 22. Cao is known
for pressing the Chinese government to include independent civil society
input into the drafting of Chinas report to the HRC under a mechanism

called Universal Periodic Review (UPR). Another activist, Peng Lanlan, was
released in August after she spent one year in prison for obstructing
official business for her role in the campaign.

Capital Punishment and Genocide?

NO COMPETITION FOR THE We have to write small entry
GOVERNMENT
here saying how the govt
doesnt allow any competition
to it

Elections - one party systemno pluralism

-

Robs article number 1 of

hong kong
which also
goes into Protests

Although students are

still desperate to join the
party that is not because
they believe in Marxism
but because
they are
worried about their job
prospects
and
party
membership
can
pull
strings. Quoted from
the economist

maintains Party control over

all judicial institutions lack
of separation of power:
The Chinese Communist Party
maintains authority over all
judicial
institutions
and
coordinates
the
judiciarys
work through its political and
legal committees. The Public
Security Bureau, or police,

remains the most powerful

actor in the criminal justice
system. Use of torture to
extract
confessions
is
prevalent, and miscarriages of
justice are frequent due to
weak courts and tight limits
on the rights of the defense.
Legal
ReformsWhile
the
government rejects judicial
independence and prohibits
independent bar associations,
progressive lawyers and legal
scholars continue to be a force
for change, contributing to
increasing
popular
legal
awareness and activism.

Bo Xilai example of lack of

fair trial
China continue to lead the world in
executions - The exact number
remains a state secret, but
experts
estimate
it
has
decreased progressively from
about 10,000 per year a
decade ago to less than 4,000
in recent years.

The current constitution was

created in 1982 and been
continually revised since. The
constitution includes many
civil
rights:
free
speech,
press, worship the rights to
trial and the right to own
private property. However in

practice this constitution has

widely not been followed.
There has been very little
done to ensure that the laws
instituted
follow
this
constitution.
The
judicial
system does not provide any
particular method for review
of laws.
( Basically then go
into how this is not the rule of
law

the
xi
pinjang
administration is above the
constition)