Shortcomings of Muon Track-fitting

in Present INO-ICAL Code

Kolahal Bhattacharya

Outline

The state vector

Kalman filter algorithm

Propagator matrix in present ICAL code

Speculations done in past

How to calculate the F matrix elements

The State Vector

Charged particles follow:

The above may be written as:

m(d 2 x /dt 2 )=c 2 q (v x B)

c ds
x ' '=
[ x ' y ' B x (1+x ' 2 )B y +y ' B z ]
P dz
c ds
2
y ' '=
[(1+y ' )B x x ' y ' B y +x ' B z ]
P dz

These two are constrained by:

Standard algorithm: RK4 method, Muon Swimmer

ds 2=dx 2+dy 2 +dz 2

T

q
x =( x , y , x ' , y ' , )
P

Kalman Filter

State Eqn:

Measurement eqn:

Assume: < wk > = < k > = 0

Define: Qk=<wkwkT>; Vk=<kkT>; Cik=cov{xik-x0k}

x k =f k 1 ( x k 1)+w k 1= F k 1 x k 1 +w k 1
m k =h k ( x k )+ k =H k x k + k

Denote: xik= estimated state at kth detector plane

from the measurement done up to ith detector plane
i<k => prediction (extrapolation); i=k (filter) and
i>k => smoothing

Formalism

extrapolation of state vector:

Extrapolation of EEC:

Filtered state x follows from minimization of

The is

x k =F k 1 x k 1

T
C kk 1 =F k 1 C kk 1
F
1 k 1 +Q k 1

k
k

constructed as below:

k 1
k
k 1
[h ( x kk 1 )+H k ( x kk x kk 1 )m k ]T V 1
[
h(
x
)+H
(
x

x
) m k ]
k
k
k
k
k

+( x kk x kk 1 )T (C kk 1 )1 ( x kk x kk 1 )

It must be minimized w.r.t. x kk

Solution

Filtered state: x kk = x kk 1+C kk H k T V k 1 [ m k h ( x kk 1)]

Filtered estimation error covariance:

C kk =C kk 1 C kk 1 H k T (V k +H k C kk 1 H k T )1 H k C kk 1

To use in the next iteration:

C kk +1 =F k C kk F Tk +Q k

Summary

, C k 11) for (k-1) th layer

An apriori information of ( x k 1 ,C

Initially, we get it from a track-finder

We extrapolate ( x k 1 ,C k 1 ) to ( x k ,C k ) using physical

arguments contained in F.
C kk 1 =C k
C k is
k

is updated to C kk

used to get the filtered estimate of the state:

k

k 1

x k =f 1 (C k ) [f 2 ( mk )+f 3 ( x k

)]

The MINOS F matrix

1 0 z

0
F= 0
0
0

1
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

0.5By z

z 0.5B x z
0
By z
1
Bx z
0
1+

ICAL F matrix

Problems with ICAL Track Fitting

The definition of F matrix has been taken unaltered

from MINOS experiment.
The simplified matrix is applicable for particles
moving perpendicular to the detector plane

It cannot describe tracks that change direction

ICAL will also see events with larger zenith angle

We found substantial reconstruction problems at

larger and also tracks that change z direction not
being joined properly.

An Old Presentation

GM pointed this issues out in an earlier talk

He too, got the 'second hump' in path length method

Path Length Method

How to make amends

We must deduce the elements of F matrix that will

be proper for ICAL. The code should be transparent
to neutrinos from all zenith angles.
This needs us to solve the DE and get the F matrix
Seen so far: RK4 and another analytical iterative
method. Not sure which one to use or whether that
would be compatible with the other parts of the code
If everything else remains the same, only this
change may not improve path length method
drastically.

Acknowledgements & References

I am very grateful to Meghna and Nitali di for their

support to do this job.
I used the following references
(a) Data Analysis Techniques in High Energy
Physics by Bock, Notz, Grote and Regler
(b) John Marshall : Thesis for MINOS
(c) An analytic formula for track extrapolation in an
inhomogeneous magnetic field- I Kisel