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Solution 2
Solution 2
Homework 2
Problem 1.
~
~
We use the definition of the vector product, A B = ijk Aj Bk and the following
i
property of the Levi-Civita symbol, ijk ilm = jl km jm kl .
Part (a)
~ B)
~ (C
~ D)
~ = (A
~ B)
~ i (C
~ D)
~ i
(A
= (ijk Aj Bk )(ilm Cl Dm ) = ijk ilm Aj Bk Cl Dm
= (jl km jm kl )Aj Bk Cl Dm
= (Aj Cj )(Bk Dk ) (Aj Dj )(Bk Ck )
~ C)(
~ B
~ D)
~ (A
~ D)(
~ B
~ C).
~
= (A
Part (b)
h
i
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
C D
(A B) (C D) = ijk A B
j
Problem 2.
Note that
~ F~ = (2, 0, 2).
We are looking at F~ = (y + z)i (x + z)j + (x + y)k.
Part (a)
For this part, we can apply Stokes theorem.
I
Z
Z
~
k d = 2.
~
~
~
F dl = F d~ = (2i 2k)
Part (b)
Same thing as in the previous part:
I
Z
Z
~
j d = 0.
~
~
~
F dl = F d~ = (2i 2k)
Andriy Petrashyk
Homework 2
Part (c)
Here, we have to compute the actual integral:
I
F~ d~l =
(1,0,0)
Z
F~ i dx +
(0,0,0)
(1,0,1)
Z
F~ k dz +
(1,0,0)
(1,1,1)
Z
F~ (j) dy +
(1,0,1)
(0,0,0)
Z
dy
F~ (i + j + k)
(1,1,1)
Z0
=0+12+
2y dy = 1 1 = 2.
1
Part (d)
Again, need to compute the actual integral:
I
F~ d~l =
(0,0,2)
Z
F~ d~l +
(0,0,0)
(0,0,0)
Z
F~ k dz
(0,0,2)
Z2
[(sin t + t) sin t (1 cos t + t) cos t + (1 cos t + sin t)] dt + 0 = 2.
=
0
Problem 3.
We are looking at ~u = yz x + zx
y + zy
z.
Part (a)
Its rrotational:
x y z
~ ~u = x y z = 0.
yz zx xy
Its also solenoidal:
~ ~u = x (yz) + y (zx) + z (xy) = 0.
Part (b)
This is simple: x = yz = xyz + C; With this , we also have: y = xz, z = xy.
Thus, = yz x + zx
y + zy
z = ~u. Note that is a scalar field, while ~u is a vector field.
Andriy Petrashyk
Homework 2
Part (c)
Yes, this is true for any irrotational field. There are many candidates, but one choice is, for
example,
~ = 1 xz 2 x + x2 y y + y 2 z z .
A
2
Problem 4.
Part (a)
We are looking at the parabolic cylinder coordinates, x = 21 (u2 v 2 ), y = uv, z = z. In
terms of (u, v, z), we have:
dx = udu vdv,
dy = udv + vdu,
dz = dz;
ds2 = dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 = (u2 + v 2 )(du2 + dv 2 ) + dz 2 .
The metric is
u2 + v 2
0
0
u2 + v 2 0
gij = 0
0
0
1
From d~s = ~an dxn = (udu vdv)i + (udv + vdu)j + dz k = (ui + vj)du + (uj vi)dv + dz k,
we get
~au = u2 + v 2 eu = ui + vj,
~av = u2 + v 2 ev = uj vi,
~az = ez = k.
Part (b)
For this part, the coordinates are a bit more complicated, but the procedure is the same.
Repeating the steps above for
x = a cosh u cos v,
y = a sinh u sin v,
z = z,
3
Andriy Petrashyk
Homework 2
~az = ez = k.
Problem 5.
There are two ways to do this rigorously.
(a) The first way relies on the fact that a test function is smooth and integrable. These
two conditions together imply that the test function can be bounded from above by a
constant C = max(f ). This, in turn, implies that something called the dominated
convergence theorem can be applied.
The dominated convergence theorem states the following. Suppose that the sequence
fn of real-valued measurable functions converges to a function f and is dominated by
some integrable function
g in the
R
R sense that |fn (x)| g(x) n , x. Then f is
integrable and lim fn d = lim fn d.
n
n
2 2
en x f (x) dx = lim
n
function G(x) =
to the last integral:
Z
lim
u
1
2
eu f
du.
n
2
1 eu f
u
n
u
1
2
eu f
du =
n
u
1
2
lim eu f
du =
n
n
n
2 2
en x f (x) dx = f (0)
1
2
eu f (0) du = f (0).
Andriy Petrashyk
Homework 2
(b) The second way is conceptually much simpler and relies on the fact that we can
expand the test function f (x) in a Taylor series around 0:
Z
lim
n
2 2
en x f (x) dx = lim
n
= lim
k=0
X uk
1
2
eu
f (k) (0) du
k k!
n
k=0
Z
lim
k
1
2 u
eu k f (k) (0) du
n k!
Ck
,
n nk k!
= f (0) +
k=1
where Ck =
1 u2 u
e f
du
n
2
1 eu uk
odd k). Thus, the sum in the last expression is equal to zero in the limit n ,
meaning that
Z
lim
n
2 2
en x f (x) dx = f (0)