KFS1373 9 PARTIAL

0.4 Method of Partial Fractions

Rewriting the rational function into partial fractions. The process consists
of finding constants using undetermined coefficients.

Eg 1 Two distinct linear factors in thedenominator

Find
x+3
∫ ( x − 5)( x + 1) dx
x+3
Rewrite as partial fractions.
( x − 5)( x + 1)

x+3 A B
Let = +
( x − 5)( x + 1) ( x − 5) ( x + 1)
Then x + 3 = A(x+1) + B(x-5)
Taking x = -1, then B = - 1/3
x = 5, then A = 4/3
So the integral can then written as

x+3 4 1 1 1
∫ ( x − 5)( x + 1) dx = ∫
3 ( x − 5)
dx − ∫
3 ( x + 1)
dx

4 1
= ln( x − 5) - ln( x + 1) + C
3 3

Eg2. A repeated linear factor in the denominator

Integrate
2x + 1
∫ ( x − 1) 2
dx

2x + 1
Rewrite as partial fractions.
( x − 1) 2
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2x + 1 A B
Let = +
( x − 1) 2
( x − 1) ( x − 1) 2
Then 2x + 1 = A(x-1) + B = Ax + (A+B)
Equating the coefficients: A = 2, A + B = 1, or B = -1
The integral become

2x + 1 2 1
∫ ( x − 1) 2
dx = ∫ ( x − 1) dx − ∫ ( x − 1) 2
dx

1
= 2 ln (x-1) - + C
( x − 1)

Eg 3. An improper fraction

Integrate

2 x 3 + 3x 2 − x + 3
∫ x 2 + 2 x + 1 dx
2 x 3 + 3x 2 − x + 3
Rewrite the improper fracton in partialfracton
x 2 + 2x = 1

2 x 3 + 3x 2 − x + 3 3x − 4 3 7
= 2x - 1 - = 2x - 1 - +
x 2 + 2x = 1 x + 2x + 1
2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2
There fore

2 x 3 + 3x 2 − x + 3 1 1
∫ x 2 + 2 x + 1 dx = ∫ 2 xdx − ∫ dx − 3∫ ( x + 1) dx + 7∫ ( x + 1) 2
dx

7
= x2 - x - 3 ln(x+1) - + C
( x + 1)

Eg 4. An irreducible quadratic factor in the denominator

Integrate

3x − 5
∫ (x 2
+ 1)(2 x − 1)
dx

3x − 5
Write as partal fraction.
( x + 1)(2 x − 1)
2
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3x − 5 Ax + B C
Let = +
( x + 1)(2 x − 1)
2
( x + 1)
2
(2 x − 1)

Then 3x - 5 = (Ax + B)(2x-1) + C(x2+1) = 2Ax2-Ax+2Bx-B+Cx2+C

= (2A+C)x2 + (2B-A)x +(C-B)

Implies that 2A + C = 0, 2B – A = 3, C – B = -5

Thus A = 7/5 , B = 11/5 , C = -14/5

Therefore

3x − 5 7 2x 11 1 7 2
∫ (x 2
+ 1)(2 x − 1)
dx = ∫
10 x + 1
2
dx + ∫ 2
5 x +1
dx − ∫
5 2x − 1
dx

7 11 7
= ln( x 2 + 1) + tan −1 x − ln(2 x − 1) + C
10 5 5

SOME BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

x n -1 1
∫ x dx =
n

n -1
+C ∫ x dx = ln | x | + C

1 ax
∫ e dx = a e + C
ax
∫ sin xdx = - cos x + C

∫ cos x dx = sin x + C ∫ tan x dx = - ln | cosx | + C

∫ cot x dx = ln | sin x | + C ∫ sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C

∫ csc x dx = ln | csc x + cot x | + C

∫x
dx 1 x
= arctan + C
+a
2 2
a a
dx x dx 1 x
∫ a −x2 2
arcsin
a
+C ∫ x 2 + a 2 = sinh a + C
dx x 1
∫ = cosh -1 +C ∫ sin x dx = x/2 - 4 sin 2 x + C
2

x −a2 2 a
1
∫ tan x dx = tan x - x + C
2

∫ cos x dx = x/2 + sin 2x + C

2

4
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∫ cot x dx = - cot x - x + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
2

e ax e ax ⎧a cos bx + ⎫
{a sin bx − b cos bx} + C
ax
∫ e sin bx dx = ∫ e cos bx dx = ⎬+C
ax
⎨
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b 2 ⎩b sin bx ⎭
f ' ( x)
∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) + C

EXERCISES 0.

A.

Integrate

dx 4dx
1. ∫ x ( x + 1)
2. ∫ 1 + (2 x1) 2

dt dx
3. ∫ 4−t 2
4. ∫e x
+ e−x

2dx dx
5. ∫x 2
− 6 x + 10
6. ∫ 2x − x 2

4 2x3 4 x 3 − x 2 + 10 x
7. ∫
2 x2 −1
dx 8. ∫ x2 + 9
dx

1 1 − cos x
9. ∫ 1 + sin x dx 10. ∫ 2
dx

Integrate

∫ (x − 5 x )e x dx ∫
2
11. 12. x 2 e 4 x dx

∫x ∫e
2 x +5
13. 1 − x dx 14. dx

∫ ln( x + x ∫x
2 3
15. )dx 16. ln xdx

∫e ∫ x(ln x)
2x 2
17. sin 3 xdx 1.8 dx
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19. .Find the volume of the solidgenerated by revolvingthe region in the first
quadrant bounded by the coordinate axes, the curve y = e-x, and the
line x = 1 (a) about the y axis, (b) about the line x= 1

20.. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve y = x cos xand x axis for
π/2 ≤ x ≤ 3π/2

Integrate

dx 3x + 4
21. ∫x 2
+ 2x
22. ∫x 2
+ 3x + 2
dx

2x + 1 3x
23. ∫x 2
− 2x + 1
dx 24. ∫ (x 2
− 1) 2
dx

dx 2x + 1
25. ∫ x( x 2
+ 2)
26. ∫x 2
( 2 x 2 + 3)
dx

2x3 + x + 4 x 3 + 4x + 5
27. ∫ x + 2 dx 28. ∫ x 2 − 1 dx
dy
29. solve (x2 - 4x -5) = 3, y(1) = 1
dx

dy
30. solve (x2+x) = y+2 , y(3) = 5
dx

Integrate

dx 2 dx
31. ∫ 9+ x 2
32. ∫
2 4 + x2

1.5 dx
33. ∫0
9− x 2
34. ∫ 25 − x 2 dx

dx x3
35. ∫ 4 x 2 − 49
, x > 7/2 36. ∫ x2 + 4
dx
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dy
37. solve x = x 2 − 4 , x ≥ 2, y(2) = 0
dx

dy
38. solve, x2 − 9 = 1, x > 3, y(5) = ln 3
dx

dy
39. solve ( x 2 + 4) = 3, y(2) = 0
dx

dy
40. solve ( x 2 + 1) 2 = x 2 + 1, y(0) = 1
dx