Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

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Applied Mathematics and Computation

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/amc

Existence and stability results for nonlinear fractional order

RiemannLiouville VolterraStieltjes quadratic integral
equations q
S. Abbas a, M. Benchohra b,c, M. Rivero d, J.J. Trujillo e,
a

Laboratory of Mathematics, University of Sada, PO Box 138, 20000 Sada, Algeria

Laboratory of Mathematics, University of Sidi Bel-Abbs, PO Box 89, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbs, Algeria
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
d
Departamento de Matemticas, Estadstica e I.O., University of La Laguna, 38271 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
e
Departamento de Anlisis Matemtico, University of La Laguna, 38271 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Keywords:
VolterraStieltjes integral equation
Fractional integraldifferential equations
RiemannLiouville fractional operators
Existence and stability of solutions
Fixed point

Our aim in this paper is to study the existence and the stability of solutions for
RiemannLiouville VolterraStieltjes quadratic integral equations of fractional order. Our
results are obtained by using some xed point theorems. Some examples are provided to
illustrate the main results.
2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Fractional differential and integral equations have recently been applied in various areas of engineering, mathematics,
physics and bio-engineering and other applied sciences. There has been a signicant development in ordinary and partial
fractional differential and integral equations in recent years; see the monographs of Abbas et al. [5], Baleanu et al. [7], Diethelm [15], Hilfer [17], Kilbas et al. [18], Lakshmikantham et al. [19], Podlubny [20] and Tarasov [28], and the papers by Abbas
et al. [13,6], Qian et al. [2123], Vityuk and Golushkov [29]. Recently interesting results of the stability of the solutions of
various classes of integral equations of fractional order have obtained by Abbas et al. [4,5], Banas et al. [810], Darwish et al.
[12], Dhage [13,14] and the references therein.
In [8,10], Banas et al. proved some existence results for the following nonlinear VolterraStieltjes quadratic integral
equation

xt at f t; xt

ut; s; xsds gt; s;

t P 0;

where a : 0; 1 ! 0; 1 and f : 0; 1  R ! R are given continuous functions.

In this paper we establish some sufcient conditions for the existence of solutions of the following fractional order
RiemannLiouville VolterraStieltjes quadratic integral equations of the form

This work has been supported in part by the Government of Spain and FEDER (Grants MTM2010-16499 and MTM2013-41704).

Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses: abbas_said_dz@yahoo.fr (S. Abbas), benchohra@yahoo.com (M. Benchohra), mrivero@ull.es (M. Rivero), jtrujill@ullmat.es (J.J. Trujillo).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2014.09.023
0096-3003/ 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

ut; x lt; x

f t; x; ut; x
Cr

t  sr1 ht; x; s; us; xds gt; s;

for t; x 2 J : 0; a  0; b; a; b > 0; r 2 0; 1; l : J ! R; g : R  R ! R; f : J  R ! R; h : J 1  R ! R are given continuous functions, R 0; 1; J 1 ft; x; s 2 J  0; a : s 6 tg, and C is the Eulers Gamma function.
We present two results for the existence of solutions of the Eq. (2). The rst one is based on Schauders xed point theorem (Theorem 3.2) and the second one on the nonlinear alternative of LeraySchauder type (Theorem 3.5).
Next, we establish a sufcient condition for the existence and the stability of solutions of the following fractional order
RiemannLiouville VolterraStieltjes quadratic integral equations of the form

ut; x lt; x

f t; x; ut; x
Cr

t  sr1 ht; x; s; us; xds gt; s;

where t; x 2 J 0 : R  0; b; b > 0; r 2 0; 1; l : J 0 ! R; g : R  R ! R; f : J 0  R ! R; h : J 01  R ! R are given continuous functions and J 01 ft; x; s 2 J 0  R : s 6 tg. We use the Schauder xed point theorem for the existence of solutions of
the Eq. (3), and we prove that all solutions are locally asymptotically stable (Theorem 4.3).
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we introduce notations, denitions, and preliminary facts which are used throughout this paper. By L1 J,
we denote the space of Lebesgue-integrable functions u : J ! R with the norm

kuk1

jut; xjdxdt:
0

Let C : CJ be the Banach space of all continuous functions from J into R endowed with the norm

kukC sup jut; xj:

t;x2J

By BC : BCJ 0 we denote the Banach space of all bounded and continuous functions from J 0 into R equipped with the standard norm

kukBC sup jut; xj:

t;x2J 0

For u0 2 C or u0 2 BC and g 2 0; 1, we denote by Bu0 ; g, the closed ball in C or BC centered at u0 with radius g.
Denition 2.1 [27]. Let r 2 0; 1 and u 2 L1 J. The partial RiemannLiouville integral of order r of ut; x with respect to t is
dened by the expression

Ir0;t ut; x

1
Cr

t  sr1 us; xds;

for almost all t; x 2 J:

Analogously, we dene the integral

Ir0;x ut; x

1
Cr

x  sr1 ut; sds;

for almost all t; x 2 J:

Example 2.2. Let k; x 2 1; 1 and r 2 0; 1, then

Ir0;t t k xx

C1 k kr x
t x ;
C1 k r

for almost all t; x 2 J:

W
If u is a real function dened on the interval a; b, then the symbol ba u denotes the variation of u on a; b. We say that u is
Wb
W
of bounded variation on the interval a; b whenever a u is nite. If w : a; b  c; b ! R, then the symbol qtp wt; s indicates
the variation of the function t ! wt; s on the interval p; q  a; b, where s is arbitrarily xed in c; d. In the same way we
W
dene qsp wt; s. For the properties of functions of bounded variation we refer to [24].
If u and u are two real functions dened on the interval a; b, then under some conditions (see [24]) we can dene the
Stieltjes integral (in the RiemannStieltjes sense)

utdut

of the function u with respect to u. In this case we say that u is Stieltjes integrable on a; b with respect to u. Several conditions are known guaranteeing Stieltjes integrability [24,26]. One of the most frequently used requires that u is continuous
and u is of bounded variation on a; b.

S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

321

In what follows we will use a few properties of the Stieltjes integral contained in the below given lemma ([25], Section
8.13):
Lemma 2.3 [25]. If u is Stieltjes integrable on the interval a; b with respect to a function u of bounded variation then

 Z
Z
!

 b
t
b
_


utdut 6
jutjd
u :


 a
a
a
In the sequel we will also consider Stieltjes integrals of the form

utds gt; s;

and RiemannLiouville Stieltjes integrals of fractional order of the form

1
Cr

t  sr1 usds gt; s;

where g : R  R ! R; r 2 0; 1 and the symbol ds indicates the integration with respect to s.

Let ; X  BC, and let G : X ! X, and consider the solutions of equation

Gut; x ut; x:

Inspired by the denition of the attractivity of solutions of integral equations (for instance [9]), we introduce the following
concept of attractivity of solutions for Eq. (4).
Denition 2.4. Solutions of Eq. (4) are locally attractive if there exists a ball Bu0 ; g in the space BC such that, for arbitrary
solutions v v t; x and w wt; x of Eq. (4) belonging to Bu0 ; g \ X, we have that, for each x 2 0; b,

limv t; x  wt; x 0:

t!1

When the limit (5) is uniform with respect to Bu0 ; g \ X, solutions of Eq. (4) are said to be uniformly locally attractive (or
equivalently that solutions of (4) are locally asymptotically stable).
Lemma 2.5 [11]. Let D  BC. Then D is relatively compact in BC if the following conditions hold:
(a) D is uniformly bounded in BC,
(b) The functions belonging to D are almost equicontinuous on R  0; b, i.e. equicontinuous on every compact of R  0; b,
(c) The functions from D are equiconvergent, that is, given  > 0; x 2 0; b there corresponds T; x > 0 such that
jut; x  lim ut; xj <  for any t P T; x and u 2 D.
t!1

3. Local existence results

Let us start in this section by dening what we mean by a solution of the Eq. (2).
Denition 3.1. We mean by a solution of Eq. (2), every function u 2 C such that u satises Eq. (2) on J.
The following hypotheses will be used in the sequel:
H1 The function f is a continuous and there exists a positive function p 2 C such that

jf t; x; u  f t; x; v j 6 pt; xju  v j;
H2
H3
H4
H5

t; x 2 J;

u; v 2 R:

For all t1 ; t2 2 0; a such that t1 < t2 the function s # gt2 ; s  gt 1 ; s is nondecreasing on 0; a.
The function s # g0; s is nondecreasing on 0; a0.
The functions s # gt; s and t # gt; s are continuous on 0; a for each xed t 2 0; a or s 2 0; a, respectively.
The function h is continuous and there exist continuous functions q qt; x; s : J 1 ! R ; U : R ! R such that U is
nondecreasing and

jht; x; s; uj 6 qt; x; sUjuj;

t; x; s 2 J 1 ;

u 2 R:

Set

l : sup lt; x;
t;x2J

f : sup f t; x; 0;
t;x2J

g  sup

t
_

gt; k;

t20;ak0

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S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

t  sr1 qt; x; s
:
Cr
t;x;s2J 1

p : sup pt; x

and q : sup

t;x2J

Now, we shall prove the following theorem concerning the existence of a solution of the Eq. (2), based on Schauders xed
point theorem [16].
Theorem 3.2. Assume that the hypotheses H1  H5 and the following hypothesis hold
H6 There exists a constant g > 0, such that

l q g  Ugf  p g 6 g.

Then the Eq. (2) has at least one solution in the space C.
Proof 3.3. Let us dene the operator N : C ! C such that, for any u 2 C,

Nut; x lt; x

f t; x; ut; x
Cr

t  sr1 ht; x; s; us; xds gt; s;

t; x 2 J:

It is clear that the operator N maps C into C. The problem of nding the solutions of the Eq. (2) is reduced to nding the
solutions of the operator equation Nu u. Hypothesis H6 implies that N transforms the ball Bg : B0; g into itself.
Indeed, for any u 2 Bg , and for each t; x 2 J we have

jf t; x; 0j
Cr

t  sr1 jht; x; s; us; xjjds gt; sj

!
Z t
s
_
r1
t  s jht; x; s; us; xjds
gt; k


jNut; xj 6 jlt; xj

k0


6 l


f
Cr
t

t  sr1 qt; x; sUjus; xjds

!
gt; k

k0

r1

t  s

s
_

s
_

qt; x; sUjus; xjds

jf t; x; ut; x  f t; x; 0j
Cr

pt; xjut; xj
Cr

gt; k

k0


6 l q g  UkukC f p kukC 6 l q g  Ugf p g 6 g:

Hence, Nu 2 Bg . We shall show that N : Bg ! Bg satises the assumptions of Schauders xed point theorem [16]. The proof
will be given in several steps.
Step 1: N is continuous.
Let fun gn2N be a sequence such that un ! u in Bg . Then, for each t; x 2 J, we have

jNun t; x  Nut; xj 6 jf t; x; un t; x  f t; x; ut; x:j

jf t; x; ut; xj

Z
0

0
t

t  sr1
jht; x; s; un s; xjds gt; sj
Cr

r1

t  s
Cr

jht; x; s; un s; x  ht; x; s; us; xjjds gt; sj



6 p q g  Ukun kC jun t; x  ut; xj

!
s
_
 ht; x; s; us; xjds
gt; k

f p kukC
Cr

k0


f p g
6 p q g  Ugjun t; x  ut; xj
Cr
!
s
_
 ht; x; s; us; xjds
gt; k :

t  sr1 jht; x; s; un s; x

t  sr1 jht; x; s; un s; x

k0

Since un ! u as n ! 1 and h is continuous, (7) gives

kNun  NukC ! 0 as n ! 1:
Step 2: NBg is bounded.
This is clear since NBg  Bg and Bg is bounded.
Step 3: NBg is equicontinuous.
Let t 1 ; x1 ; t 2 ; x2 2 J; t 1 < t 2 ; x1 < x2 and let u 2 Bg . Thus we have

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S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

jNut 2 ; x2  Nut 1 ; x1 j 6 jlt 2 ; x2  lt1 ; x1 j jf t 2 ; x2 ; ut 2 ; x2  f t1 ; x1 ; ut1 ; x1 j

!
Z t2
s
_
t 2  sr1
gt 2 ; k

jht2 ; x2 ; s; us; x2 jds
Cr
0
k0

Z
Z t1

 t2 t  sr1
t 1  sr1


2
ht2 ; x2 ; s; us; x2 ds gt 2 ; s 
ht 1 ; x1 ; s; us; x1 ds gt 1 ; s:
jf t1 ; x1 ; ut 1 ; x1 j

 0
Cr
C
r
0
Thus

jNut 2 ; x2  Nut 1 ; x1 j 6 jlt 2 ; x2  lt1 ; x1 j q g  Ugjf t 2 ; x2 ; ut2 ; x2  f t1 ; x1 ; ut 1 ; x1 j


Z
Z t1

 t2 t  sr1
t1  sr1


2
p g
ht 2 ; x2 ; s; us; x2 ds gt2 ; s 
ht1 ; x1 ; s; us; x1 ds gt 1 ; s:

 0
Cr
Cr
0
Hence

jNut 2 ; x2  Nut 1 ; x1 j 6 jlt 2 ; x2  lt1 ; x1 j p q g  Ugjut2 ; x2  ut1 ; x1 j



t1

t1

p g
Cr

!


s
_
p g


r1
r1
gt 1 ; k
t2  s ht 2 ; x2 ; s; us; x2 t1  s ht 1 ; x1 ; s; us; x1 ds
C
r
k0
jt 2  sr1 ht2 ; x2 ; s; us; x2 jjds gt 2 ; s  gt1 ; sj p q gUg

t2
_

gt2 ; k:

kt 1

From continuity of l; g; h and as t1 ! t 2 and x1 ! x2 , the right-hand side of the above inequality tends to zero. As a
consequence of Steps 1 to 3 together with the ArzelAscoli theorem, we can conclude that N : Bg ! Bg is continuous
and compact. From an application of Schauders theorem [16], we deduce that N has a xed point u which is a solution
of the Eq. (2). h
In the sequel, we need the following theorem.
Theorem 3.4 ([16] Nonlinear alternative of LeraySchauder type). By U and @U we denote the closure of U and the boundary of
U respectively. Let X be a Banach space and C a nonempty convex subset of X. Let U be a nonempty open subset of C with 0 2 U and
T : U ! C completely continuous operator. Then either
(a) T has xed points. Or
(b) There exist u 2 @U and k 2 0; 1 with u kTu.
Now, we present another result based on the nonlinear alternative of LeraySchauder type (Theorem 3.4).
Theorem 3.5. Assume that the hypotheses H1  H4 and the following hypothesis holds
H7 The function h is continuous and there exist continuous functions k1 ; k2 : J 1 ! R such that

jht; x; s; uj 6 k1 t; x; s

k2 t; x; s
;
1 juj

t; x; s 2 J 1 ;

u 2 R;

with


ki : sup

t;x;s2J 1

Cr

t  sr1 ki t; x; s;

i 1; 2:

If


p g  k1 < 1;

then the Eq. (2) has at least one solution in the space C.
Proof 3.6. We shall show that the operator N dened in (6) satises all the conditions of Theorem 3.4. As in Theorem 3.2, we
can show that N is completely continuous.
A priori bounds.
We shall show there exists an open set U # C with u kNu, for k 2 0; 1 and u 2 @U. Let u 2 C be such that u kNu for
some 0 < k < 1. Thus for each x; y 2 J, we have

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S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

jut;xj 6 jklt;xj

jkf t;x; 0j
Cr

t  sr1 jht; x;s;us; xjjds gt; sj

!
Z
s
_
jkjjf t;x; ut; x  f t; x;0j t
r1

t  s jht; x; s;us;xjds
gt; k
Cr
0
k0
!


 Z t
s
_
f
k2 t; x;s
ds
t  sr1 k1 t;x; s
gt;k
6 l
1 jus; xj
Cr 0
k0
!


Z
s
_
pt; xjut; xj t
k2 t; x;s





r1
ds
t  s
k1 t; x;s
gt;k 6 l f g  k1 k2 p g  k2 p g  k1 kukC :

1 jus;xj
Cr
0
k0
Then,


kukC 6 l f g  k1 k2 p g  k2 p g  k1 kukC :
Thus, by (8) we get

kukC 6

l f  g  k1 k2 p g  k2



1  p g  k1

: M:

Set

U fu 2 C : kukC < M 1g:

By our choice of U, there is no u 2 @U such that u kNu, for k 2 0; 1.
From Theorem 3.4, we deduce that N has a xed point u in U which is a solution to the Eq. (2). h

4. Global existence and stability of solutions

Denition 4.1. We mean by a solution of Eq. (3), every function u 2 BC such that u satises Eq. (3) on J 0 .
The following hypotheses will be used in the sequel:
H01 The function l is in BC. Moreover, assume that lim lt; x 0; x 2 0; b.
t!1
H02 The function f is a continuous and there exists a positive function p 2 BC such that

jf t; x; u  f t; x; v j 6 pt; xju  v j;

t; x 2 J;

u; v 2 R:

Moreover, assume that lim f t; x; 0 0; x 2 0; b.

t!1
H03 For all t 1 ; t 2 2 R such that t1 < t 2 the function s # gt 2 ; s  gt 1 ; s is nondecreasing on R .
0
H4 The function s # g0; s is nondecreasing on R .
H05 The functions s # gt; s and t # gt; s are continuous on R for each xed t 2 R or s 2 R , respectively.
H06 The function h is continuous and there exist continuous functions q : J 01 ! R ; U : R ! R such that U is nondecreasing and

t; x; s 2 J 01 ;

jht; x; s; uj 6 qt; x; sUjuj;

Moreover, assume that lim

t!1

Rt
0

u 2 R:

t  sr1 qt; x; sds gt; s 0.

Remark 4.2. Set

l : sup lt; x; f  : sup f t; x; 0;

t;x2J 0

p : sup pt; x and

t;x2J 0

t;x2J 0

1
t;x2J0 Cr

q : sup

t
0

t  sr1 qt; x; sds

s
_

!
gt; k :

k0

From hypotheses, we infer that l ; f ; p and q are nite.

Now, we shall prove the following theorem concerning the existence and the stability of a solution of the Eq. (3).
Theorem 4.3. Assume that the hypotheses H01  H06 and the following hypothesis hold
H07 There exists a constant g > 0, such that

l q Ugf  p g 6 g.

S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

325

Then the Eq. (3) has at least one solution in the space BC. Moreover, if there exists a constant g > 0, such that


q f p gUg q f p q g g Ug g 6 g ;
then solutions of the Eq. (3) are locally asymptotically stable.
Proof 4.4. Let us dene the operator N 0 such that, for any u 2 BC,

N0 ut; x lt; x

f t; x; ut; x
Cr

t  sr1 ht; x; s; us; xds gt; s;

t; x 2 J 0 :

The operator N 0 maps BC into BC. Indeed the map N 0 u is continuous on J 0 for any u 2 BC, and for each t; x 2 J 0 we have

jf t; x; 0j
Cr

t  sr1 jht; x; s; us; xjjds gt; sj

!
Z t
s
_
r1
t  s jht; x; s; us; xjds
gt; k


jN0 ut; xj 6 jlt; xj

k0


6 l


f
Cr

t  sr1 qt; x; sUjus; xjds

t  s

r1

s
_

!
gt; k

k0
s
_

qt; x; sUjus; xjds

jf t; x; ut; x  f t; x; 0j
Cr

pt; xjut; xj
Cr

gt; k

k0

!
Z

s
_
f UkukBC t
p kukBC UkukBC
r1
6l
t  s qt; x; sds
gt; k
Cr
Cr
0
k0
!
Z t
s
_
t  sr1 qt; x; sds
gt; k



k0


6 l q UkukBC f p kukBC :
Thus,


kN0 ukBC 6 l q UkukBC f p kukBC :

0

10
0

Hence, N u 2 BC. This proves that the operator N maps BC into itself.
The problem of nding the solutions of the Eq. (3) is reduced to nding the solutions of the operator equation N 0 u u.
Hypothesis H07 implies that N 0 transforms the ball Bg : B0; g into itself. We shall show that N 0 : Bg ! Bg satises the
assumptions of Schauders xed point theorem [16]. As in the proof of Theorem 1, we can show that N 0 is continuous, N 0 Bg
is uniformly bounded, and equicontinuous on every compact subset 0; a  0; b of J 0 ; a > 0.
Step 1: N 0 Bg is equiconvergent.
Let t; x 2 R  0; b and u 2 Bg , then we have

jf t; x; 0j
Cr

t  sr1 jht; x; s; us; xjjds gt; sj

!
Z t
s
_
t  sr1 jht; x; s; us; xjds
gt; k


jNut; xj 6 jlt; xj

jf t; x; ut; x  f t; x; 0j
Cr

k0

!
 Z t
s
_
f
pt; xjut; xj
r1
6 jlt; xj
t  s qt; x; sUjus; xjds
gt; k
Cr 0
Cr
k0
!
Z t
s
_
t  sr1 qt; x; sUjus; xjds
gt; k

0

k0


6 jlt; xj

Ugf p g
Cr


t  sr1 qt; x; sds

Thus, for each x 2 0; b, we get

jNut; xj ! 0;

as t ! 1:

Hence,

jNut; x  Nu1; xj ! 0;

as t ! 1:

s
_

!
gt; k :

k0

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S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

As a consequence of Step 1 together with Lemma 2.5, we can conclude that N 0 : Bg ! Bg is continuous and compact.
From an application of Schauders theorem [16], we deduce that N 0 has a xed point u which is a solution of the Eq. (3).
Step 2: The local asymptotic stability of solutions.
Now we investigate the local asymptotic stability of solutions of the Eq. (3). Let us assume that u0 is a solution of the
Eq. (3) with the conditions of this theorem. Taking u 2 Bu0 ; g , we have

jN0 ut; x  u0 t; xj jN0 ut; x  N0 u0 t; xj



6 p q Ug g jut; x  u0 t; xj
!
s
_
 ht; x; s; u0 s; xjds
gt; k

f p g
Cr

k0


6 p q Ug g jut; x  u0 t; xj
!
s
_
Uju0 s; xjds
gt; k

f p g
Cr

t  sr1 jht; x; s; us; x

t  sr1 qt; x; sUjus; xj

k0


6 p q g Ug g q f p gUg Ug g  6 g :
Thus we observe that N 0 is a continuous function such that

N0 Bu0 ; g  Bu0 ; g :
Moreover, if u is a solution of the Eq. (3), then

jut; x  u0 t; xj jN0 ut; x  N0 u0 t; xj

6 p Ug g jut; x  u0 t; xj 


t  s

r1

1
Cr

t  sr1 qt; x; sds

p g Ug g
Cr

s
_

jht; x; s; us; x  ht; x; s; u0 s; xjds

Z

t  sr1 qt; x; sds

Uju0 s; xjds

s
_

s
_

f p g
Cr

gt; k

k0

gt; k

k0

f p g
Cr

t  sr1 qt; x; sUjus; xj

gt; k

k0
 

gt; k

k0

s
_

6 p g Ug g f p gUg Ug g  

!
s
_
t  sr1
qt; x; sds
gt; k :
Cr
k0

Thus


jut; x  u0 t; xj 6 p g Ug g f p gUg Ug g  

Z
0

!
s
_
t  sr1
qt; x; sds
gt; k :
Cr
k0

11

By using (11) we deduce that

lim jut; x  u0 t; xj 0:

t!1

Consequently, all solutions of the Eq. (3) are locally asymptotically stable.

5. Examples
As applications and to illustrate our results, we present two examples.
Example 1. Consider the following fractional order RiemannLiouville VolterraStieltjes quadratic integral equations

ut; x lt; x
where r 14 ;

f t; x; ut; x
Cr

Z
0

lt; x 2t1 2 ; t; x 2 0; 1,

t  sr1 ht; x; s; us; xds gt; s;

for t; x 2 J : 0; 1  0; 1;

12

S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

f t; x; u

ext juj
;
1 juj

t;

x 2 0; 1; u 2 R;

gt; s s;

t;

ht; x; s; u

3
cxjuj
t  s4 sin t sin s;
1 juj

C14
8e

327

s 2 0; 1;
t; x; s 2 J 1 ;

J 1 ft; x; s 2 0; 13 : s 6 tg:

and

The function f is a continuous, f 0, and

jf t; x; u  f t; x; v j 6 ext ju  v j;

t;

x 2 0; 1; u;

v 2 R:

xt

Then, the assumption H1 is satises with pt; x e ; t; x 2 0; 1, and then p e. Also, we can easily see that the function
g satises the hypotheses H2  H4 .
The function h satises the assumption H5 . Indeed, h is continuous and

jht; x; s; uj 6 qt; x; sUjuj;

t; x; s 2 J 1 ;

u 2 R;

where U : R ! R : Uw w, and
3

qt; x; s cxt  s4 sin t sin s;

t; x; s 2 J 1 :

Then,
3

t  s 4 qt; x; s
1
:
8e
C14
t;x;s2J 1

q sup

Finally, we can see that the hypothesis H6 is satises with g 1. Indeed, we have

l 12 ; g  1 and the inequality

l q g  Ugf  p g 6 g
implies

1 1 2
g 6 g;
2 8
which is satises for g 1. Consequently, by Theorem 3.2, the Eq. (12) has a solution dened on 0; 1  0; 1.
Example 2. Consider now the following fractional order RiemannLiouville VolterraStieltjes quadratic integral equations

ut; x lt; x
where r 14 ;

t  sr1 ht; x; s; us; xds gt; s;

for t; x 2 J 0 : R  0; 1;

13

lt; x 2t1 2 ; t; x 2 J0 ,

f t; x; u

ext juj
;
1 juj

ht; x; s; u

8eC14

t; x 2 J 0 ;

u 2 R; gt; s s; t; s 2 R2 ;

p
3
cxs 4 juj sin t sin s
;
1 t2 2 juj

ht; x; 0; u 0;
c

f t; x; ut; x
Cr

t; x 2 J

t; x; s 2 J 01 ;

s 0 and u 2 R;

and u 2 R;

and J 01 ft; x; s 2 J  R : s 6 t;

First, we can see that lim

t!1

f 0, and

1
2t 2

0, then the assumption H01 is satises and

jf t; x; u  f t; x; v j 6 ext ju  v j;
H02

x 2 0; 1g:

t; x 2 J 0 ;

l 12. Next, the function f is a continuous,

u; v 2 R:
xt

Then, the assumption

is satises with pt; x e ; t; x 2 J, and then p e. Also, we can easily see that the function g
satises the hypotheses H03  H05 .
The function h satises the assumption H06 . Indeed, h is continuous and

328

S. Abbas et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 247 (2014) 319328

t; x; s 2 J 01 ;

jht; x; s; uj 6 qt; x; sUjuj;

u 2 R;

where U : R ! R : Uw w, and

qt; x; s

p
3
cxs 4 sin t sin s
;
1 t2

t; x; s 2 J 01 ;

s 0;

t; x 2 J 0 :

qt; x; 0 0;
Then,

!
 Z t
Z t
s
_
p
p Z t


3
3 3
3
 t  sr1 qt; x; sds gt; s 6
4
4
t  s cxs j sin t sin sjds
gt; k 6 cxj sin t j
t  s 4 s 4 ds


0

k0

p
2 1 
4 sin t 

2 1
4

cxC
p

cxC

p 6 p !0 as t ! 1;
p  t 
pt

and

1
q : sup
t;x2J Cr


r1

t  s

qt; x; sds

k0

Finally, we can see that hypothesis



s
_

H07

!
gt; k

p

cxC1 sin t  cC1
1
6 sup p4  p  p4 :
p
p 8e
t
t;x2J

is satises with g 1. Indeed, the inequality

l q Ugf p g 6 g
implies 12 18 g2 6 g, which is satises for g 1. Moreover, the inequality


q f p gUg q f p q g g Ug g 6 g
is satises with g g 1 and gives 58 6 1. Consequently, by Theorem 4.3, Eq. (13) has a solution dened on R  0; 1 and
all solutions are locally asymptotically stable on R  0; 1.
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