Grammar Book

Estefania

Table of Contents

Present -ar, er-, -ir endings (Pgs: 3-4)

Stem Changers (Page: 5)

Saber v. Conocer (Page: 7)

Se impersonal (Page: 9)

Dipthongs with accents (Page: 11)

Irregular yo (Page: 6)

Reflexives (Page: 8)

Verbs like Gustar (Page:10)

Verbs like -ger/-gir, -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir (Page: 12)

Hace +____+ que +___ (Page: 13)

Preterite (Page: 17)

Cucaracha Verbs ()

Comparatives and Superlatives ()

Imperfecto (Page:14-16)

Car/Gsr/Zar (Page: 18)

Snake/ Snakey ()

Futuro ()

Present (ar, er, ir)

In the present tense for verbs ending in -ar

Person talked about

Replaces -ar at the end

Yo

as

l/Ella/Usted

Nosotros

amos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

an

In the present tense for verbs ending in -er

Person talks about

Replaces -er at the end

Yo

es

l/Ella/Usted

Nosotros

emos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

en

Present (ar, er, ir) CONT.

In the present tense for verbs ending

in -ir.
Pereson talked about

Replaces -ir at the end

Yo

es

l/Ella/Usted

Nosotros

imos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

en

Stem Changers

Also called Boot Verbs, it changes in all but the

nosotros.
More than just the ending changes. The vowel in the
stem changes.

3 catergories: e

Common e

ie verbs: Tener, Preeferir

Common o

ue verbs: Dormir, Poder, Jugar

*Common e

i verbs: Decir, Repetir, Servir.

ei, o

ue, and e

*This stem change only happens in -ir verbs

Irregular yo

Caber (to fit): yo quepo

Caer (to fall) yo caigo

Conducir (to drive): yo

conduzco
Conocer (to know): yo
conozco
Escoger (to choose): yo
escojo
Dirigir (to direct): yo dirijo

Hacer (to do, to make): yo

hago

Poner (to put, to place): yo

pongo
Saber (to know
something-a fact): yo s
Salir (to leave): yo
salgo
Traer (to bring): yo
traigo
Valer (to be worth):
yo valgo
Ver (to see): yo veo

Saber v. Concer

When using saber, it mean that you know a fact or

how to do something.
When using conocer, it means you know a person
or are familiar with something.

Reflexive

When referring to a person doing an action.

Person talked about

Reflexive Pronoun

Yo

me

te

l/Ella/Usted

se

nosotros

nos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

se

Se impersonal

The impersonal se is used with a third person

singular verb. (one, you, people, or they).
Used to indicate people in general, not one person.

For Example:

Cmo se dico rjo en espaol?

How does one say red in Spanish

Verbs like Gustar

Gustar

To like

Molestar

To be bother

Fascinar

To be fascinating
to

Aburrir

To bore

Importar

To be important to

Interesar

To be interesting
to

Disgustar

To hate
something

Doler (e-ue)

To be painful

Encantar

To love
something

Quedar

To remain

Gustar is unique because

it's only conjugated two
ways: Gusta and Gustan.
Which form of gustar used
depends on whether the
direct object is singular or
plural

Dipthong with Accents

The stronger weak vowels in the word next to each other.

a,e,o are the strong vowel sounds

i,u,y are the weak vowel sounds

Examples:

Puerto

Tierra

Siete

Hay

Cuida

Labio

Hacia

paisano

Verbs, like ger/-gir/-uir/-guir, -cer/cir

For verbs that end in ger/gir, in the first person

changes the g to a j.
In guir verbs, in the yo form, the gu changes to
g.
In uir verbs add a y before a,e, and o.
For cer/cir verns, in the yo form, change the c
to a z

Hace+___+que+___

The first blank is filled with an expression of time.

While, the second blank is to be filled with a verb
in eith the present or preterite form.
Shows length of time in which the action has taken
place.

Hace+ (time) + que +(Present tense form of verb)

Imperfecto

A past tense form for events without a specific

time.

For -er/-ir ending

Person talked about

Replaces -er/-ir at the

end

Yo

as

l/Ella/Usted

Nosotros

amos

Ellos/Ellas/ustedes

an

Imperfecto CONT.

For -ar endings.

Person talked about

Replaces -ar at the end

Yo

aba

abas

l/Ella/Usted

aba

Nosotros

bamos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

aban

Imperfecto CONT.

Trigger Words

Irregulars

Trigger
Words

Translations

A meundo

Often

A veces

Sometimes

Cada da

Everyday

Cada ao

Every year

Siempre

Always

Ser

Ir

Ver

Era

iba

Vea

Eras

ibas

Veas

Era

iba

Vea

ramos

bamos

Veamos

Eran

iban

Vean

Preterite
-ar

amos

aste

-er/ir

imos

iste
o

ieron

aron

Preterite is used for

actions that were
completed in the past.
The ending for preterite
are conjugated by being
affixed to the end of the
infinitives.

Car/Gar/ Zar Verbs

Verbs ending -Car, -Gar, and -Zar have their

endings replaced in the yo form in order to keep
the diphthong.
Examples:
Pagar
(To pay)

Sacar
(To get)
Saqu

Sacamos

Sacaste
Sac

Pagu

Pagamos

-car becomes -qu

Pag

Cruc

Cruzamos

Cruzaste

Pagaste
Sacaron

Cruzar
(To cross)

Pagaron

-gar becomes -gu

Cruz

Cruzaron

-zar becomes -c

Cucarachas
Verb

Infinitive

Andar

Anduv-

Estar

Estuv-

Poder

Pud-

Poner

Pus-

Querrer

Quis-

Saber

Sup-

Tener

Tuv-

Venir

Vin-

Conducir

Conduj-

Producir

Produj-

Traducir

Traduj-

Traer

Traj-

Decir

Dij-

Cucaracha verbs are

irrregular preterite
verbs that have the
infinitive changed/

-imos

-iste
-o

-ieron