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Network Assignment
Network Assignment
Assignment
Submitte by : Ahamd
Munib;.
Class : Afghan Students
6th Semester
Class_RollNo: 73
Department: ICIT Gomal
University DI.Khan
IP - Internet Protocol
IP specifies the format of packets, also called datagrams, and the addressing scheme.
Most networks combine IP with a higher levelprotocol called Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a
source.
IP by itself is something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package
and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link between you and the recipient.
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TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a connection between two hosts so that they
can send messages back and forth for a period of time.
A DNS server is part of the internet's infrastructure. It translates your URL requests (such as
"http://www.yahoo.com") into numeric IP addresses (such as "98.139.183.24") needed to
complete your request and connect you to whatever it is you're trying to reach.
DNS is an acronym for Domain Name Server, and is the system used to translate word-based
addresses of systems (such as WWW.EXAMPLE.COM) to the numerical IP (Internet Protocol)
address of the computer or system that should be located at that address. All computers and
systems on the Internet use addresses that look similar to: 5.8.15.16
When you use an alphanumeric address such as WWW.EXAMPLE.COM, your
computer needs to understand what numerical IP addresses it needs to contact, and
this is accomplished through DNS servers. The answer is delivered back to the
requesting computer via the DNS listed for the domain name.
How it works?
Yahoo.com
Memory/Cache
(10)
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Browser
O.S
(9)
(6)
(8)
(3)
(5)
(7
(4)
ANS server
Process:
Browser asks from O.S that where the IP Address is
Located.
O.S asks from Resolving Name Server which is built
in computer that do you have information about the
yahoo IP address.
Resolving Name Server will check whether it is
presented in the Memory/Cache or not.
Resolving Name Server asks from the Root Name
Server of the IP of Yahoo, the Root Name Server tells
that I dont know the IP address of yahoo but I know
that where to find it.
Root Name Server tells that go to the TLD (Top Level
Domain) name server which is .com.
TLD tells that I dont know the IP address of yahoo but I
know that where to find it then it tells that go to ANS
Server.
Then ANS tells that this is the IP address for the yahoo
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provider) or your organizations network admin or third party resolving name servers.
Resolving name servers directly finds out information about the root servers, top
level domains and authoritative name servers. It also speed up queries by caching
results locallly as configured by hostmater in their domains TTL field.
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Master server (primary name server) A master server stores the original
master copies of all zone records. A hostmaster only make changes to master
server zone records. Each slave server gets updates via special automatic
updating mechanism of the DNS protocol. All slave servers maintain an identical
copy of the master records.
2.
master server. It is used to share DNS server load and to improve DNS zone
availability in case master server fails. It is recommend that you should at least
have 2 slave servers and one master server for each domain name.
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"edu" is one of the top-level domain names that can be used when choosing a
domain name. It generally describes the entity owning the domain name as a fouryear college or similar educational institution. (Educational institutions below fouryear colleges are encouraged to use the geographic "us" top-level domain name.)
Along with the second-level domain name (for example: "umich" in umich.edu), the
top-level domain name is required in Web and e-mail addresses.
What is a .org ?
The domain name org is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name
System (DNS) used in the Internet. The name is truncated from organization. It was
one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public
Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was originally intended for non-profit
entities, but this restriction was not enforced and has been removed. The domain is
commonly used by schools, open-source projects, and communities, as well as by forprofit entities. The number of registered domains in org has increased from fewer
than one million in the 1990s, to ten million as of June, 2012.
OR
The domain org was one of the original top-level domains,
[1]
with com, us, edu, gov, mil and net, established in January 1985. It was originally
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Q4. Define
IP ?
Ans :
Classless IP Addressing:
Classless addressing uses a variable number of bits for the network and host portions
of the address.
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Classless addressing treats the IP address as a 32 bit stream of ones and zeroes,
where the boundary between network and host portions can fall anywhere between
bit 0 and bit 31.Classless addressing system is also known as CIDR(Classless InterDomain Routing).Classless addressing is a way to allocate and specify the Internet
addresses used in inter-domain routing more flexibly than with the original system of
Internet Protocol (IP) address classes.CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing),
defines arbitrarily-sized subnets solely by base address and number of significant bits
in the address. A CIDR address of 192.168.0.0/24 defines a block of addresses in the
range 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.0.255, while 192.168.0.0/20 would define a
network 16 times as large - from 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.15.255.
Classful IP Addressing:
Network is a term that is used to describe the network architecture of the Internet
until around 1993. It divided the address space for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
into five address classes. Each class, coded by the first three bits of the address,
defined a different size or type (unicast or multicast) of the network.
OR
A classful network is a network addressing architecture used in the Internet from
1981 until the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing in 1993. The method
divides theaddress space for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) into five address
classes. Each class, coded in the first four bits of the address, defines either a
different network size, i.e. number of hosts for unicast addresses (classes A, B, C), or
a multicast network (class D). The fifth class (E) address range is reserved for future
or experimental purposes.
private IP Addressing:
A private IP address is the address space allocated by InterNIC to allow organizations
to create their own private network. There are three IP blocks (1 class A, 1 class B
and 1 class C) reserved for a private use. The computers, tablets and smartphones
sitting behind your home, and the personal computers within an organizations are
usually assigned private IP addresses.
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public IP address
A public IP address is the address that is assigned to a computing device to allow
direct access over the Internet. A web server, email server and any server device
directly accessible from the Internet are candidate for a public IP address. A public IP
address is globally unique, and can only be assigned to an unique device
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