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    Petrophysics is defined as the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids. It aims to describe oil and gas distributions and reservoir production capacity using data about pore systems and fluid interactions. There are four key requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir: a source rock containing organic material, an impermeable barrier or seal above the reservoir rock, a reservoir rock with storage capacity and permeability, and hydrocarbons that have migrated upward from the source rock into the reservoir rock. Common reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks like sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. Petrophysicists interpret data like well logs, cores, and pressures to determine properties of the reservoir including porosity, thickness, fluid saturations, and depths of

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    1 Introduction

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    Petrophysics is defined as the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids. It aims to describe oil and gas distributions and reservoir production capacity using data about pore systems and fluid interactions. There are four key requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir: a source rock containing organic material, an impermeable barrier or seal above the reservoir rock, a reservoir rock with storage capacity and permeability, and hydrocarbons that have migrated upward from the source rock into the reservoir rock. Common reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks like sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. Petrophysicists interpret data like well logs, cores, and pressures to determine properties of the reservoir including porosity, thickness, fluid saturations, and depths of

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    Petrophysics

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    Petrophysics is defined as the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids. It aims to describe oil and gas distributions and reservoir production capacity using data about pore systems and fluid interactions. There are four key requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir: a source rock containing organic material, an impermeable barrier or seal above the reservoir rock, a reservoir rock with storage capacity and permeability, and hydrocarbons that have migrated upward from the source rock into the reservoir rock. Common reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks like sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. Petrophysicists interpret data like well logs, cores, and pressures to determine properties of the reservoir including porosity, thickness, fluid saturations, and depths of

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    57 views14 pages

    1 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    bayoakac
    Petrophysics is defined as the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids. It aims to describe oil and gas distributions and reservoir production capacity using data about pore systems and fluid interactions. There are four key requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir: a source rock containing organic material, an impermeable barrier or seal above the reservoir rock, a reservoir rock with storage capacity and permeability, and hydrocarbons that have migrated upward from the source rock into the reservoir rock. Common reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks like sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. Petrophysicists interpret data like well logs, cores, and pressures to determine properties of the reservoir including porosity, thickness, fluid saturations, and depths of

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    of 14

    1 Introduction

    Instructor: Graham Webber

    18/11/2015

    Petrophysics: Definition

    The study of rock properties and their interactions with


    fluids.

    The description of oil and or gas distributions and the


    production flow capacity of reservoirs, from interpretations
    of pore systems and fluid interactions using all available
    data.

    The aim

    Requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir

    Source rock
    The origin of the hydrocarbons trapped in
    the reservoir is organic material in shales.
    The source rock is not necessarily in direct
    contact with the reservoir.

    Impermeable bed

    Reservoir rock
    A rock with both storage capacity and the
    ability to allow fluids to flow is required to
    store the hydrocarbons.
    A seal
    A seal is required since without it the
    hydrocarbon would be lost from the
    reservoir over geological time.

    Hydrocarbons migrate upward from the


    source beds until they escape to surface
    or are trapped by an impervious barrier.

    Oil and gas accumulates by expelling


    water from the porous rocks.

    Gas
    Oil
    Water
    Porous bed

    Reservoir Rocks

    In nearly all cases reservoirs are found in sedimentary rocks:


    Clastics composed of fragments of rock

    Sandstones
    Conglomerates
    Silts
    Shales

    Biogenic
    Coal
    Reef limestone

    Chemical

    Chalk
    Limestone
    Dolomite
    Evaporite
    5

    Origin of sandstones: clastic depositional environments

    Component rocks in clastic reservoirs

    Reservoir rock

    Non-Reservoir rock
    & Seal

    Source Rock

    Sandstone (most often)


    SiO2 (quartz)

    Shale

    Silicate rock with small


    particle sizes silt-clay.

    Contain a variable clay


    component.

    Contain organic material.

    Sediments containing organic material: Shale

    Component rocks in carbonate and evaporite reservoirs

    Reservoir rock

    Non-Reservoir rock
    & Seal

    Source Rock

    Limestone
    CaCO3

    Dolomite
    MgCa(CO3)2

    Tight limestone or dolomite

    Halite (Salt)
    NaCl

    Anhydrite
    CaSO4

    Shale

    Sediments containing organic material: Shale


    8

    Carbonate depositional environments

    Petrophysical data

    Logging while drilling data


    Wireline logs
    Core coverage and depth shifts
    Core data
    Conventional
    Special

    Formation pressure data


    Directional survey data
    Formation tops
    Fluid contacts
    Formation evaluations
    Perforation intervals
    The petrophysicist is
    Etc
    responsible for building and
    maintaining a database of all
    of the petrophysical data for a
    field or prospect.

    10

    Petrophysics: What do we interpret from well logs?

    Depth
    Location of permeable formations
    Porosity
    Thickness of reservoirs
    Net Sand / Net Pay
    Subsurface Pressures
    Fluid phases, gas, oil, water
    Fluid saturations Sw, So, Sg
    Moveable Hydrocarbons
    Depth of formations
    Environment of Deposition
    Lithology
    Temperature
    Velocity/Time
    Seismic responses
    Correlation with other wells

    11

    Petrophysics place in the subsurface world

    Geophysics
    -sonic and density
    -fluid subs

    Geology

    Reservoir
    Engineering
    -permeability
    -saturation-height
    -pressure

    -reference depths
    -rock composition
    -deposition
    -facies

    Petrophysics
    Drilling
    -logging and
    sample planning
    -pore pressure

    Geomechanics
    -rock strength
    -stress orientation

    Production
    Technology
    -well completion
    design
    -perforation depths
    12

    12

    Petrophysics contribution to calculating hydrocarbon in


    place

    N
    1
    STOIIP = GRV (1 S w )
    G
    B0
    Geophysicist Geologist

    Stock Tank Oil initially in place

    Petrophysicist Reservoir Engineer (PVT)

    STOIIP

    Gross rock volume

    GRV

    Gross reservoir `

    Net reservoir

    Logs, well tests, core (permeability)

    Porosity

    Logs, core, (stressed porosity)

    Water Saturation

    Sw

    Logs, core, (Archie m & n, Dean Stark Sw


    Saturation-height (core capillary pressure)

    Oil Formation volume Factor B0

    PVT lab measurements (generally between 1 and 2)

    The petrophysicists contribution to Reservoir modelling

    Modelling a reservoir is a complex and integrated task.

    Petrophysics contributes in many ways:

    Clay/Shale Volume (a key for well correlation and facies determination).

    Porosity estimation at well locations.

    Water Saturation at well locations.

    Estimates of Rock Types or Facies.

    Permeability estimates and models.

    Saturation Height relationships models.

    14

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