CHAPTER

R-7

Grid Management
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7.1

Organisation of Power Grid

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2
7.2

Grid Management

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the load DQGJHQHUDWLRQWKURXJKD6FKHGXOLQJPHFKDQLVP8QGHUWKLVPHFKDQLVPSRZHU
VWDWLRQV DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ XWLOLWLHV LQIRUP WKHLU LQWHQGHG TXDQWXP RI JHQHUDWLRQ DQG GUDZDO
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drawal of all utilities in their control area with reference to the power transfer capability and






Operating transmission lines at high voltages reduces transmission losses due to heating and allows power to be shipped
economically over long distances. Further it is economical to transport electricity than transport fuel for generating
power.
Synchronization is the process of matching the speed and frequency of a generator or other source of electricity generation
to a running network.
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originates at the energy consuming equipment of the consumers.



An electrical system bounded by interconnections (tie-lines), metering and telemetry, where it controls its
generation and / or load to maintain its interchange schedule with other control areas whenever required to
do so and contribute to frequency regulation of the synchonously operating system. There are 150 control
areas in the country.



Transfer capability refers to the amount of electric power that can be passed through a transmission network from one
place to another having regard to reliability considerations.

39

Report No. 18 of 2014

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Annexure 7.3IRUVPRRWKIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKH*ULGPRQLWRUWKHSRZHURZVZLWKLQWKHLUFRQWURO
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7.3

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WKDW*'VRIKLJKHUFDWHJRU\*'DQGDERYHRFFXUUHGRQRFFDVLRQV per cent of total
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*'VWR*'VPDUJLQDOGHFUHDVHLQ*'VLQFUHDVHLQ
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IXUWKHUVFRSHIRULPSURYHPHQWDVGHWDLOHGEHORZ


Category GD-1 When less than 10 per cent of the antecedent generation or load in a regional Grid is lost;
GD2-When 10 per cent to less than 20 per cent of the antecedent generation or load in a regional Grid is lost;
GD3-When 20 per cent to less than 30 per cent of the antecedent generation or load in a regional Grid is lost;
GD4-When 30 per cent to less than 40 per cent of the antecedent generation or load in a regional Grid is lost;
GD5-When 40 per cent or more of the antecedent generation or load in a regional Grid is lost.



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40

Report No. 18 of 2014

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(b) Grid standards did not capture seriousness in cases where load is lost in more than one
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7.4

Major Grid Disturbances of 30 and 31 July 2012

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consequences in the future.
The major GD of 30 and 31 July 2012 were preceded by a near-miss situation on 29 July 2012.
As per CEAs Grid Standards, the disturbance on 30 July 2012 falls under category GD-5 (GD 5 pertains to those
disturbances when 40 per cent or more of the antecedent generation or load in a regional Grid is lost). On 31 July 2012
the disturbances were of GD 5 in three regions viz. NR, ER and NER and GD 1 in WR.



Delhi, UP, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, J & K, Uttaranchal and Chandigarh.



Delhi, UP, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, J & K, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, Tripura, Mizoram,
Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa and parts of Madhya
Pradesh and Union Territory of Chandigarh.

41

Report No. 18 of 2014

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As displayed on website of CERC.

Bina-Gwalior link (double circuit) is the feeder link in WR for the Gwalior-Agra inter-regional link.
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and above energy charges if demand for power exceeds TTC.
Shutdown of Agra-Gwalior I line was allowed from 0800 hours to 1900 hours of 26 July 2012 for preparatory work. For
Bina-Gwalior II upgradation, shutdown was allowed from 1000 hours of 27 July 2012 to 1800 hours of 29 July 2012; for
Agra-Gwalior II, shutdown was allowed from 1000 hours of 28 July 2012 to 1800 hours of 29 July 2012.

42

Report No. 18 of 2014

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The advantage of such coordination is that the users of the network are aware of transfer capability that would be
affected by the shut down and can seek deferment of shut downs if it affects their requirements and the RPC can take a
considered decision.

43

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7.4.2 Handling of the disturbance by System Operators at NLDC/RLDCs
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(States of Power System80)

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condition in which control action is being taken to reconnect all the facilities and to restore system load.



Source: As provided by POSOCO.

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Total Transfer Capability of a transmission network means the amount of electric power that can be
transferred reliably over the inter-control area transmission system under a given set of operating conditions
considering the effect of occurrence of the worst credible contingency. Here credible contingency means
the likely-to-happen contingency, which would affect the Total Transfer Capability of the inter-control area
transmission system.



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to ensure that the interconnected network is secure under a reasonable range of uncertainties in system conditions.

44

Report No. 18 of 2014

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 1/'&GLGQRWUHYLVH77&IURP0:WR0:WKRXJKWKHOLQHXQGHUVKXW

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-XO\








Single contingency means the worst single outage event of transmission line, generator, transformer, or substation bus
bar.
CERC (Measures to relieve congestion in real time operation) Regulations, 2009
(i) 400 kV Zerda-Kankroli, (ii) 200 kV Badod-Morak and (iii) 200 kV Badod-Kota
The probability of extension of shut down was very high in this case because against three days shut down requested by
PGCIL for up gradation work at Gwalior end, two days shut down was allowed.
As per the basis used by NLDC for declaring TTC, effect of the outage of Badod-Kota and Zerda-Kankroli links on TTC
would have been to the extent of 200 MW reducing the ATC to 1600 MW. e.g. while declaring TTC for 15.9.2012 to
25.9.2012, TTC was enhanced by 100 MW due to restoration of 400 kV Zerda-Kankroli line. Similarly, while declaring
TTC for 16.1.2013 to 17.1.2013, TTC was reduced by 100 MW due to shutdown of 220 kV Kota-Badod line.

45

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Excluding loading on Mundra- Mohindergarh line for which TTC and scheduling is done separately.

46

Report No. 18 of 2014

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Hydro power plants had the advantage of abrupt tripping unlike thermal generators which are gradually backed down.
Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board

47

Report No. 18 of 2014

(c)

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Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

49

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among hydro, gas and some thermal power stations to start producing power, add loads step by step and build blocks of
restored areas;
Top down approach - Take power from other regions which remain connected to initiate restoration in the affected
region.
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be either Light Diesel Oil or Low Sulphur Heavy Stock or Heavy furnace Oil) depending on the boiler design. Only after
this process is complete, the steam turbine can be rolled and the generator synchronized to the main grid.
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Building the grid after a grid disturbance
Chamera Unit II started at 1017 hours i.e. 0744 hours after the blackout at 0233 hours.

50

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Congestion charge may be imposed on a regional entity or entities causing congestion and paid to any
regional entity or entities relieving congestion. The rate of congestion charge is `5.45 per unit which was in
the nature of a commercial deterrent in bringing down congestion.

51

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corridors (illustrated in Annexure 7.9
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availability, the generating company gets a higher payment. In case the average availability achieved is
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UI in a time block is the difference between actual and scheduled generation or actual and scheduled drawal for a
JHQHUDWRURUDEHQHFLDU\UHVSHFWLYHO\

The fundamental parameter that measures the stability of the grid is its frequency which depends on the number of
revolutions per minute (RPM) of the generators that are connected to the Grid. Frequency remains the same throughout
an AC electrical system and if the frequency is 50 Hz, it means that all the generators connected to the grid are operating
at the same speed. Closer the frequency is to 50 Hz, the better it is both for the power generating equipments at the power
stations and the appliances at the consumer end. If persistent under frequency occurs it means that somewhere there is
OHDQLQJRQWKHJULGLHGUDZDORIXQVFKHGXOHGHOHFWULFLW\IURPWKHJULGZKLFKGHSUHVVHVV\VWHPIUHTXHQF\7KHJUDGHG
UI table is designed in such a way that in case of low frequency, the Discoms are encouraged to underdraw while the
generators are encouraged to over inject. On the other hand, when the frequency is higher than the permitted range, it
means that there is less demand for power or the tendency to detach from the grid. Under such conditions, the UI charges
encourage the Discoms to overdraw and the generators to back down.

Grid operators UI brought about frequency control and promoted grid stability; Discoms- Commercial incentives
for underdrawals and the facility of overdrawing from the grid depending on the frequency; Generators- Commercial
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Report No. 18 of 2014

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power as compared to the power scheduled for them, it was possible for power surplus
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(iv) Inter play between UI and congestion mitigation measures
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CERC has levied (May 2006) a token penalty of ` one lakh on UPPCL for in-disciplined over drawal from the Grid.

55

Report No. 18 of 2014

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they were reluctant to reduce under drawals or over injection as is evident from communication
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56

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57

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