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Impact of Industrialization On The Environment
Impact of Industrialization On The Environment
water pollution are, thus, the main problems in the environment. The
establishment of more industries increase the major difficulties of degrading
the water and soil.
The impact of industrialization on the environment needs to be emphasized
with more intensity and feeling as the world is quietly but surely facing
destruction from man-made follies. For example, did you know that in three
Pennsylvania river basins, there is a growing population of mutated fish?
Male fish have female parts and vice versa, open sores, and unusual
blotches on their bodies and it doesnt make national news. This is because
extreme animal mutations, tons of dead birds, farm animals, and fishes
have become a common occurrence around the world in the past 5 years.
Its no longer headlines news because its become commonplace.
Before you assume that these events are caused by prophetic stories from
way back in history, there is a more logical reason: unhampered or
merciless industrialization.
Some of the major effects of industries on environment are as
follows:
Industrialization contributes major part for the economic development and
prosperity of a country. On one hand it provides employment opportunities
and wealth generation while on other hand it leads to following
environmental deterioration:
1. It leads to the depletion of natural resources.
2. It leads to air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.
1. Water Pollution: The effects of industrial pollution are far reaching and
liable to affect the eco-system for many years to come. Most industries
require large amounts of water for their work. When involved in a series of
processes, the water comes into contact with heavy metals, harmful
chemicals, radioactive waste and even organic sludge.
These are either dumped into open oceans or rivers. As a result, many of
our water sources have high amount of industrial waste in them which
seriously impacts the health of our eco-system. The same water is then
used by farmers for irrigation purpose which affects the quality of food that
is produced.
Water pollution has already rendered many ground water resources
useless for humans and wildlife. It can at best be recycled for further usage
in industries.
2. Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is creating problems in agriculture and
destroying local vegetation. It also causes chronic health issues to the
people that come in contact with such soil on a daily basis.
3. Air Pollution: Air pollution has led to a steep increase in various
illnesses and it continues to affect us on a daily basis. With so many small,
mid and large scale industries coming up, air pollution has taken toll on the
health of the people and the environment.
4. Wildlife Extinction: By and large, the issue of industrial pollution shows
us that it causes natural rhythms and patterns to fail, meaning that the
wildlife is getting affected in a severe manner. Habitats are being lost,
species are becoming extinct and it is harder for the environment to recover
from each natural disaster. Major industrial accidents like oil spills, fires,
leak of radioactive material and damage to property are harder to clean-up
as they have a higher impact in a shorter span of time.
5. Construction Industry
Construction industries take up the work of construction of buildings,
bridges, roads, dams, canals, etc. This industry is different from all other
types of industry because in case of other industries goods can be
produced at one place and sold at another place. But goods produced and
sold by constructive industry are erected at one place.
6. Service Industry
In modern times service sector plays an important role in the development
of the nation and therefore it is named as service industry. The main
industries, which fall under this category, include hotel industry, tourism
industry, entertainment industry, etc.
Industries: Classification of Industries in India!
Industries can be classified into several groups. The following table gives
an understanding about them.
Industries which employ a large number of labourers in each unit are called
large-scale industries. Cotton or jute textile industries are large scale
industries.
2. Medium Scale Industries:
The industries which employ neither very large nor very small number of
labourers are put in the category of medium scale industries. Cycle
industry, radio and television industries are some examples of medium
scale industries.
3. Small Scale Industries:
Industries which are owned and run by individuals and which employ a
small number of labourers are called small scale industries.
II. On the Basis of Raw-Material and Finished Goods:
Industries classified on the basis of raw materials and finished goods are:
1. Heavy Industries:
Industries which use heavy and bulky raw-materials and produce products
of the same category are called heavy industries. Iron and steel industry
presents a good example of heavy industries.
2. Light Industries:
The light industries use light raw-materials and produce light finished
products. Electric fans, sewing machines are light industries.
III. On the basis of Ownership:
Since the start of the planned development of Indian economy in 1951,
industries are divided in the following four classes:
The industries that receive raw materials primarily from minerals such as
iron and steel, aluminium and cement industries fall in this category.
3. Pastoral-Based Industries:
These industries depend upon animals for their raw material. Hides, skins,
bones, horns, shoes, dairy, etc. are some of the pastoral-based industries.
4. Forest Based Industries:
Paper card-board, lac, rayon, resin, tanning of leather, leave- utensils,
basket industries are included in this type of industries.
V. Miscellaneous Industries:
Industries are also classified into the following miscellaneous categories.
1. Village Industries:
Village industries are located in villages and primarily cater to the needs of
the rural people. They usually employ local machinery such as oil
extraction, grain grinding and agricultural implements.
2. Cottage Industries:
Industries which artisans set up in their own houses, work with wood, cane,
brass, stone, etc. are called cottage industries. Handloom, khadi and
leather work at the artisans house fall in this category.
Working on the locally available raw materials and with the skills and tools
handed over to them by their forefathers, the village artisans produced
products of high aesthetic quality with ease and efficiency.
Generations of such workers provided India with a long and glorious
tradition of artistic handicrafts of a varied nature. Among all the industries of
early times, the textiles, especially the cotton textile industry, had the place
of pride both in India and in the outside world.
There is enough evidence to show that the Indians knew weaving some
1,500 years before Christ, when the Europeans were still covering
themselves with animal skins. Pyrard, the 17th century Portuguese writer
has recorded that everyone from the Cape of Good Hope to China was
clothed from head to foot in Indian made garments.
The fine Dhaka muslin was the envy of the world for centuries together.
Iron and Steel industry was also in advanced stage at that time. The iron
column near Qutab Minar in Delhi is standing in the open and is exposed to
sun, rain and weathering over 1,500 years old and it still looks fresh. It
seems that this column will continue to stand there till eternity.
This rare monument is a testimony to the forging and fabricating ingenuity
of ancient India. It is believed that the famous Damascus swords were
made from steel imported from India. In addition to cotton textiles and steel
industries; wood, stone and ivory carvings, silk textiles, pottery, bronze,
brass, silver and copper works, dyeing and calico printing were also
famous throughout the world.
Industrial Revolution in Europe resulted in modem factories. With this the
scale of manufacturing goods increased tremendously leading to
mechanisation. As a result migration of workers occurred from villages to
cities. The barter system of goods with goods came to an end, exchange of
goods with money started.
It is correct that a revolution occurred in the manufacturing sphere but the
traditional village handicrafts and cottage industries witnessed their death
toll. Thousands of artisans were rendered jobless as their manufacturers
could not compete with the fine and low cost goods manufactured in
modem industries. A near chaos prevailed in villages. Goldsmiths,
blacksmiths and weavers began to starve. Thus, modem industry eroded
the strong traditional industrial base.
The Rise of Modern Industry:
The decline of the traditional industry and the rise of the modem industry in
India were neither simultaneous nor casually connected. The beginning of
modem large scale industry in India dates back to 1830 when the first
charcoal fired iron making was attempted in Tamil Nadu.
However, this venture collapsed in 1866. Therefore, the real beginning of
the modem industry in India is recognised with the establishment of cotton
textile industry at Mumbai in 1854. This industry grew tremendously in
1870s due to a spurt in demand in the wake of the American Civil War. By
1875-76, the number of cotton textile mills rose to 47.
The first jute mill was set up at Rishra near Kolkata in 1855. Since the
geographical conditions were very much favourable for jute industry in the
Hugli basin, this industry flourished well and there were 64 mills in 1913-14,
providing employment to over two lakh persons.
Among the other industries which appeared on the industrial scene of India
before the outbreak of World War I in 1914 were woollen textiles, paper and
breweries. The main industrial centres were port cities of Mumbai, Kolkata
and Chennai. This pattern of industrial location was conceived by the
British rulers to facilitate imports and exports. The sole inland industrial
centre of any consequence was Kanpur, the base of military equipment
production.
Inter War Period:
Indian industries made rapid strides during the First World War (1914-18)
due to rise in demand for industrial goods by the Armed Forces. However,
the real spurt was provided by the Indian Fiscal Commission set up in
1921-22. This gave the much needed protection to industries like iron and
steel, textiles, cement, sugar, paper and metals.
One of the most prominent features of Indian industrial scene during this
period was the dispersal of cotton textile industry away from Mumbai. In
1875-76, 61.7 per cent of cotton textile mills were located in Mumbai and
by 1938-39 only 17.5% per cent of the mills remained in Mumbai.
In fact this industry gained a lot as a result of war. On the eve of the war,
India had emerged as the fourth largest cotton manufacturing country next
to the USA, the U.K. and Japan in that order. Jute industry on the other
hand, continued to concentrate in the Hugli basin only. However, the
number of jute mills rose from 64 in 1913-14 to 107 in 1938-39.
World War II:
While Indian industry prospered during World War I, the Second World War
created problems for Indian industry. India became an active participant in
war and the entry of Japan in the hostilities brought war to Indias doorstep.
However, the impact of war was short-lived and the industry was quick to
recover from the initial shock and exploited the opportunities offered by the
war.
A programme costing Rs. 4 crore for the manufacture of armaments and
explosives was launched in 1941 to meet the immediate requirements of
Ye
ar
19
39
19
45
Cott
on Jute
Gene Texti Texti Ste Chemic Sug Cem Pap
ral
le
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ar ent er
104.
108
121.
105.4 3
90.3 .0 84.4
88.7 124.8 0
120.
142
196.
120.0 0
84.4 .9 134.1 85.5 196.6 5
It is clear from the table that the overall performance of industry was
satisfactory. Steel, chemicals, cement and paper industries recorded
impressive gains. Cotton textile industry also showed considerable
improvement. However, jute and sugar industries suffered decline.
computer science and engineering, and trains mathematics students how to apply
mathematical analysis to problems arising in these areas. An industrial
mathematician has strong analytical and problem-solving skills built upon a
background of computing, mathematics, statistics, and basic science. In addition,
industrial mathematics emphasizes written and oral skills along with teamwork,
skills which are valued highly in industry, but are not part of most traditional
mathematics programs. Since these skills are necessary for graduates to work
effectively with less mathematically inclined co-workers, they are an essential part
of industrial mathematics.
Mathematics and Operations Research in Industry
Students majoring in mathematics might wonder whether they will ever use
the mathematics they are learning, once they graduate and get a job. Is
any of the analysis, calculus, algebra, numerical methods, combinatorics,
math programming, etc. really going to be of value in the real world An
exciting area of applied mathematics called Operations Research combines
mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics, engineering,
economics, and social sciences to solve real-world business problems.
Numerous companies in industry require Operations Research
professionals to apply mathematical techniques to a wide range of
challenging questions, Operations Research can be defined as the science
of decision-making. It has been successful in providing a systematic and
scientific approach to all kinds of government, military, manufacturing, and
service operations. Operations Research is a splendid area for graduates
of mathematics to use their knowledge and skills in creative ways to solve
complex problems and have an impact on critical decisions.
INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY
Industrial technology is the use of engineering and manufacturing
technology to make production faster, simpler and more efficient.The
industrial technology field employs creative and technically proficient
individuals who can help a companyachieve efficient and profitable
productivity.[1]
Industrial Technology programs typically include instruction in optimization
theory, human factors, organizational behavior, industrial processes,
industrial planning procedures, computer applications, and report and
presentation preparation.[2][3]
Planning and designing manufacturing processes and equipment is a main
aspect of being an industrial technologist. An Industrial Technologist is
often responsible for implementing certain designs and processes.
Industrial Technology involves the management, operation, and
maintenance of complex operation systems.
Industrial Technologist
Industrial Technology program graduates obtain a majority of positions
which are applied engineering and/or management oriented. Since
"Industrial Technologist" is not a common job title in the United States, the
actual bachelor's degree or associate's degree earned by the individual is
obscured by the job title he/she receives. Typical job titles for industrial
technologists having a bachelor's degree include quality systems
engineer, manufacturing engineer, industrial engineer, plant manager,
production supervisor, etc. [1] [5] Typical job titles for industrial technologists
having a two year associate's degree include project technologist,
manufacturing technologist, process technologist, etc.
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