Energy Efficiency

Opportunities in Buildings

Building Operation
Building Envelope
HVAC Systems
HVAC Distribution Systems
Water Heating Systems
Lighting Systems
Power Systems
Energy Management Control Systems
Heat Recovery Systems

Building Operation
When the building is not occupied, the
building systems should be turned off
or their operation reduced to a
minimum.

Building Envelope
Energy is saved when the heat exchange
between the building and the outside
environment is reduced and/or solar and
internal heat gains are controlled.
Insulation
Infiltration control
Roof color
Solar gains

Window shading
Landscaping
Window quality
Set points

Building Envelope
Insulation

1) Cushion,
2) Beam rafter,
3) Roofmate* PS thermal resistance board
4) Water proofing membrane
5) Tilling battens
6) Counter battens
7) Face wood
8) Roof cover (roof tiles, schingle)
Source:http://www.bulak.net/dow_r
oofmate_ps_Eng.asp

Building Envelope
Insulation:
Multilayer Plane Walls

T ,1 T , 2

Q=
Rtotal
Rtotal = Rconv ,1 + Rwall ,1 + Rwall , 2 + Rconv , 2
=

1
1
L
L
+ 1 + 2 +
h1 A k1 A k 2 A h2 A
U-value = 1/Rtotal

Such that:

Q = U A (T ,1 T , 2 )

Building Envelope
Windows:
Multi-glazing Windows

Radiation heat transfer:

4
Q rad = A Ts4 Tsurr

Heat losses through windows:

Q = U A (T ,1 T , 2 )

Building Envelope
Example: Heat loss through a single pane window
Glass area: A = 0.8m 1.5m = 1.2 m2
k = 0.78 W/m-oC.
1
1
o
=
=
0.08333
C/W
2 o
2
h1 A (10W/m . C)(1.2m )
L
0.008m
Rglass = =
= 0.00855o C/W
o
2
k (0.78W/m. C)(1.2m )
1
1
Ro = Rconv ,2 =
=
= 0.02083o C/W
2 o
2
h2 A (40W/m . C)(1.2m )
Ri = Rconv ,1 =

Rtotal = Rconv ,1 + Rglass + Rconv ,2 = 0.08333 + 0.00855 + 0.02083

= 0.1127o C/W
T ,1 T ,2 [20 (10)]o C

Q=
=
= 266W
Rtotal
0.1127o C/W

T T
o

Q = ,1 1 T1 = T1 QR
conv ,1 = 2.2 C
Rconv ,1

Formation of fog or frost on the

surface

Building Envelope
Example: Heat loss through a double pane window
1
= 0.08333o C/W
h1 A
L
R1 = R3 = Rglass = 1 = 0.00427o C/W
k1 A
L
R2 = Rair = 2 = 0.3205o C/W
k2 A
1
Ro = Rconv ,2 =
= 0.02083o C/W
h2 A
Rtotal = Rconv ,1 + Rglass ,1 + Rair + Rglass ,2 + Rconv ,2 = 0.4332o C/W
Ri = Rconv ,1 =

Q =

T ,1 T ,2
Rtotal

[20 (10)]o C
=
= 69.2W
o
0.4332 C/W

which is 1/4th of the previous result.

Inner surface temperature of the window:
o

T1 = T1 QR
conv ,1 = 14.2 C

no fogging

HVAC Systems
Equipment efficiency
Ventilation requirements
Distribution system
Controls
Hours of operation
Building envelope

Water Heating Systems

Water heating energy is conserved by
reducing load requirements, reducing
distribution losses, and improving the
efficiency of the water heating systems.
Flow Restrictors
Tank and Pipe Insulation
Supply Temperatures

Leaks and Drips

Seasonal Operation
Equipment Efficiency

Lighting Systems

Proper lighting levels

Higher lamp efficiency
Reduced operating hours
Daylighting
Lighting maintenance

Power Systems
Power Factor Correction
(High efficiency motors, ballasts, correction devices)

Improving Efficiency
(Transformers, motor sizing, efficiency, and VSD)

Demand Control
Cogeneration
100 MWh
Fuel

Cogeneration
40 % Electrical efficiency
50 % Thermal efficiency

40 MWh
Power
50 MWh
Heat

Energy Management Control

Systems
Minimize occupant control.
Operate equipment only when needed.
Eliminate or minimize simultaneous
heating and cooling.
Supply heating and cooling according to
needs.
Supply heating and cooling from most
efficient source.

Heat Recovery Systems

Heat recovery opportunities exist where
there is a need to reject heat from a
constant supply of high energy fluid such
as air, water, or refrigerant.
Boiler Stack & Blowdown
Exhaust Air
Laundry Air & Water
Refrigeration & Process Loads

Heat Recovery Systems

Exhaust air heat recovery systems

Heat Recovery Systems

Recuperator: A recuperator is a special purpose counter-flow
heat exchanger used to recover waste heat from exhaust gases. In
many types of processes, combustion is used to generate heat,
and the recuperator serves to recuperate, or reclaim this heat, in
order to reuse or recycle it. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org)

Flue type recuperator

Radiation type recuperator

(Source: www.koreathermal.co.kr)

Office Building Energy Use

Energy Use in Office Buildings

Range (%)

Norm(%)

Space Heating

45-65

50

Air Conditioning

20-30

25

Lighting

15-25

20

5-10

Special Functions
(elevators/escalator, general
power, security lights, domestic
hot water, refrigeration, cooking)

Hotel Energy Use

Energy Use in Hotels/Motels

Range (%)

Norm (%)

45-70

60

Lighting

5-15

11

Air Conditioning

3-15

10

Refrigeration

0-10

Special Functions
(laundry, kitchen, restaurant,
swimming pool, elevators,
security lighting, hot water)

5-20

15

Space Heating

Retail Store Energy Use

Energy Use in Retail Stores

Range (%)

Norm(%)

Lighting

40-75

60

HVAC

20-50

30

5-20

10

Special Functions
(elevators/escalator, general power,
security lights, domestic hot water,
refrigeration, cooking)

Hospital Energy Use

Energy Use in Hospitals

Range (%)

Norm (%)

Environmental Control

40-65

58

Lighting

10-20

15

Laundry

8-15

12

Food Service

5-10

Special Functions

5-15

Supermarket Energy Use

Energy Use in Supermarkets

Range (%)

Norm (%)

Refrigeration

40-50

45

Lighting

17-24

20

Fans & Anti-Sweat Devices

10-15

12

HVAC

8-14

12

Special Functions

8-12

10

School Energy Use

Energy Use in Schools

Range (%)

Norm (%)

HVAC

45-80

65

Lighting

10-20

15

Food Service

5-10

Hot Water

2-5

Special Functions

0-20

10

Restaurant Energy Use

Energy Use in Restaurants

Table

Fast food

HVAC

32

36

Lighting

26

45

27

12

Food Preparation
Refrigeration
Sanitation
Other

Apartment Building Energy

Use
Range (%)

Norm(%)

50-80

70

10-20

15

Hot Water

2-8

Special Functions
(laundry, swimming pool,
elevators, security lighting)

5-15

10

Energy Use in Apartment

Buildings
Environmental Control
Lighting/Plug Load