Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Τεχνολογία Δικτύων 1 Σημειώσεις μέρος Α
Τεχνολογία Δικτύων 1 Σημειώσεις μέρος Α
1.1
19
20
3 /
1.1
.
1.1
,
1.1
.
,
1 , .
,
2
2 ,
,
3x2 = 6
3x2/2= 3 .
1.1
,
3
3 ,
,
4x3=12 4x3/2 = 6 .
1
3
4
6
5
4
1.1
,
4
5 ,
,
5x4=12 5x4/2 = 10 .
1
3
, ,
-1
10
(-1)/2 .
1000 (=1000),
999(-1)
499.500( (-1)/2 ) !
1.1
: 10(=10) ;
:
-1= 10-1= 9
*(-1)/2= 10*(10-1)/2= 45
1.1
, ,
(telephone network),
ork)
etw
ne n
pho
le
(te
1.1
,
,
, ,
.
1.1
1.1
.
.
, ,
,
(data networks).
1.1
,
, (resources)
( 1-2).
1.1
, , ,
.
,
,
,
,
.
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node (
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
1.1
, , ,
,
,
,
.
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node (
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
1.1
, , , :
.
, .
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node (
node ()
node ()
node ()
1.1
,
.
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node ()
node (
node ()
node ()
node ()
1.1
.
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
(. , )
,
(Internet).
.
, , , , .
1.1
:
1..2
,
.
:
( )
( ).
,
.
,
, , .
1..2
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
1..2
.
,
.
, ,
.
1.3
.
,
, .
,
(
, .).
,
, .
1.3
1
, 2 Mbits (2Mbps).
1.3
.
, ,
(printer server).
,
(file server).
, .. Internet, ,
(e-mail),
,
(file transfer),
, .
1.3
' , , .
, .
, 2,
bits.
bits .
1.3
, bits
.
.
,
1.3
, bits
.
bit ( ),
bits (0 1 ).
, .
,
, .
,
,
, .
1.3
bits
,
, , , .
1.3
bits
,
, , , .
, .
,
,
,
,
.
1.3
.
,
, .
.
1.3
.
(connectionless service), ,
, ,
. , .
'
, .
.
1.3
.
.
, , ,
.
- - ,
.
, , ,
.
,
( ).
1.3
,
.
bits ,
(.. , ).
1.3
,
(.. ).
,
,
(.. ,
).
1.4
,
.
1.4
(switching),
, , ,
.
1.4
, , ,
,
.
1.4
,
.
1.4
.
, ,
, , .
1.4
, .
. , ,
, 1.
, 3, 5 6 4 6, .
1.4
, :
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
, .
, ,
.
1.4
(multiplexing) ,
,
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.4
, .
( ).
, (multiplexer).
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.4
(demultiplexer).
, .
()
.
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
D
E
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.5
,
(circuit switching)
(packet switching).
() ,
1.5
1.5.1
,
,
.
.
:
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
1.5
1.5.1
.
, () ( ).
, 1, 1 3,
3 6 6 .
, , .
1.5
1.5.1
. , ,
. , .
, , , ,
, , .
, ( )
-1, 1, 1-3,
3, 3-6, 6
6-.
1.5
1.5.1
.
. , ,
, , .
.
1.5
1.5.1
.
, ,
, .
, , 100% (
). ,
.
1.5
1.5.1
, , .
, ,
(
, ,
, , ).
1.5
1.5.1
(Public Switched Telephone Network, PSTN).
,
, ( )
modems, .
1.5
1.5.2
, ,
, ,
( , ,.),
, .
Comp_1
E D C
Comp_2
, ,
, .
1.5
1.5.2
,
:
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, , .
.
1.5
1.5.2
, ,
.
bytes.
1000 bytes.
(destination address)
(sequence number).
1.5
1.5.2
, (Packet Switching Node, PSN),
, .
,
, .
1.5
1.5.2
1.5
1.5.2
:
.
A
1, .
,
,
2.
1.5
1.5.2
.
, ,
.
, , .
' ,
(store and forward).
1.5
1.5.2
:
.
, ,
, , , .
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
1.5
1.5.2
:
.
, ,
.
1.5
1.5.2
:
,
.
, ,
( ).
,
.
1.5
1.5.2
:
. , ,
, .
, ,
.
1.5
1.5.3
,
, .
.
, , .
1.5
1.5.3
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
.
, '
.
1.5
1.5.4
, ,
, ,
, - .
, , ,
.
:
1.5
1.5.4
(datagram),
.
, .
, (.. ) .
1.5
1.5.4
.
, , ,
.
1.5
1.5.4
( )
, .
, ,
,
.
1.5
1.5.4
,
.
, ,
.
1.5
1.5.4
(Internet, TCP/IP).
1.5
1.5.4
(virtual circuit),
1.5
1.5.4
1.5
1.5.4
.25
(.. Hellaspac).
1.5
1.5.4
1.5
1.5.4
, .
.
, ,
,
1.5
1.5.4
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
1.6
' 1.4,
( ),
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.6
' 1.4,
MULTIPLEXER
( ),
DE
MULTIPLEXER
1.6
' 1.4,
MULTIPLEXER
( ),
MULTIPLEXER
DE
MULTIPLEXER
DE
MULTIPLEXER
1.6
, ' , .
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
1.6
, ,
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
(300 Hz 3400 z)
.
, ,
( ),
1.6
:
1.
2. .
(frequency division multiplexing, FDM)
.
.
, 1 -16.
: 4
FDM
frequency
time
,
,
.
1.6
MULTIPLEXER
1.6
(time division multiplexing, TDM)
o (timeslots).
.
, .
: 4
TDM
frequency
time
1.6
.
.
.
1.6
(synchronous TDM).
TDM synchronous TDM
FDM
FDM TDM ,
.
1.6
TDM ,
A
Idle
C
Idle
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.6
TDM, ,
.
.
' , (buffers)
.
A
Idle
C
Idle
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.6
, .
, .
A
Idle
C
Idle
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.6
, , .
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
A
Idle
C
Idle
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
1.7
,
,
,
.
1.7
,
, ,
, , .
1.7
,
,
(communication protocol)
(protocol).
,
(communication protocol)
1.7
, (entities),
.
e-mail.
1.7
, (entities),
.
, .
.
1.7
,
, ,
,
1.7
,
(standardized actions) .
, , , , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
1.7
,
,
,
,
(network architecture).
1.7
, ,
(layers) (levels).
.
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
1.7
:
.
,
.
#7
#6
#5
#4
#3
#2
#1
1.7
,
,
,
,
.
1.7
, ,
,
,
(interface])
.
,
,
.
.
1.7
,
.
(System Network Architecture, SNA) IBM,
OSI ( OSI) ISO,
TCP/IP, .
1.8 OSI
.
1984, (International Standard Organization, ISO)
,
.
(Open Systems Interconnection reference model, OSI RM).
(open systems) ,
.
,
1.8 OSI
, (layering),
ISO.
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
1.8 OSI
O ISO ,
.
, , OSI, ,
,
.
.
,
.
1.8 OSI
OSI
,
,
1.8 OSI
1.8 OSI
1.8 OSI
,
,
.
1.8 OSI
1.8 OSI
1.8 OSI
.
,
.
1.8 OSI
bits.