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1

1.1

19

20
3 /

1.1


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1.1


,

1.1
.

,

1 , .
,

2
2 ,
,

3x2 = 6

3x2/2= 3 .

1.1

,
3
3 ,
,

4x3=12 4x3/2 = 6 .

1
3

4
6
5
4

1.1

,
4
5 ,
,

5x4=12 5x4/2 = 10 .

1
3

, ,

-1

10

(-1)/2 .

1000 (=1000),
999(-1)
499.500( (-1)/2 ) !

1.1
: 10(=10) ;
:

-1= 10-1= 9

*(-1)/2= 10*(10-1)/2= 45

1.1
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(telephone network),

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(data networks).

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1.1
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1.1
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1.1
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(printer server).
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bits.

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1.4
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1.4
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1.5
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(circuit switching)
(packet switching).

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1.5
1.5.1
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:

Router

Router

Router

Router

Router

1.5
1.5.1

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3 6 6 .
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1.5
1.5.1

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1.5.1

(Public Switched Telephone Network, PSTN).
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modems, .

1.5
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1.5
1.5.2
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bytes.
1000 bytes.

(destination address)

(sequence number).

1.5
1.5.2
, (Packet Switching Node, PSN),
, .
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1.5
1.5.2

1.5
1.5.2
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1.5.3

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(datagram),
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1.5
1.5.4

(Internet, TCP/IP).

1.5
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(virtual circuit),

1.5
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1.5
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MULTIPLEXER

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MULTIPLEXER

1.6
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MULTIPLEXER

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MULTIPLEXER

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MULTIPLEXER

1.6
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1.6
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: 4
FDM
frequency

time
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1.6

MULTIPLEXER

1.6
(time division multiplexing, TDM)
o (timeslots).
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: 4

TDM
frequency

time

1.6

.

.
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1.6
(synchronous TDM).
TDM synchronous TDM

FDM
FDM TDM ,

.

1.6
TDM ,

(statistical time division multiplexing, statistical TDM).

A
Idle

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1.6
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1.7
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1.7
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1.7
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(communication protocol)
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1.7
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e-mail.

1.7
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(standardized actions) .

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(layers) (levels).


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1.7
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#7

#6
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1.7


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1.7
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1.7
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(System Network Architecture, SNA) IBM,
OSI ( OSI) ISO,

TCP/IP, .

1.8 OSI



.
1984, (International Standard Organization, ISO)
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(Open Systems Interconnection reference model, OSI RM).

(open systems) ,
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1.8 OSI
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ISO.
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1.8 OSI

1.8 OSI

1.8 OSI


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1.8 OSI


bits.

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