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Fieldwork 1 CE121
Fieldwork 1 CE121
Fieldwork 1 CE121
Elementary Surveying
ADVANCE FIELD MANUAL
FIELDWORK NO. 1
LAYING A SIMPLE CURVE BY TRANSIT AND TAPE
(THE INCREMENTAL CHORDS AND DEFLECTION ANGLE METHOD)
CE121F / B2
Submitted by
Cayanan, Jonas I.
2013102552
Group 3
Cayanan, Jonas I.
October 8, 2015
Submitted to
Engr. Valerie Ira Balmoris
GRADE
Table of Contents
Introduction
Procedures
Computations
11
13
16
Conclusion
18
Introduction
Straight (tangent) sections of most types of transportation routes, such
as highways, railroads, and pipelines, are connected by curves in both the
horizontal and vertical planes. An exception is a transmission line, in which a
series of straight lines is used with abrupt angular changes at tower locations if
needed.
This fieldwork tackles about some properties of circle and taught us on
how to survey on a curve path. In this fieldwork we used two methods namely
the incremental method and the deflection angle method.
In this fieldwork, students are expected to practice on to verify the
known formula in getting a chord by getting the actual length of the chord
using the deflection angle of the given data.
Objectives
1. To be able to lay a simple curve by deflection angle.
2. To master the skill in leveling, orienting and using the transit
effectively.
Instruments
Range Poles
Surveying instrument
straight rod painted in
alternate red and white
wide. Used for sighting by
consisting of a
bands of
each one foot
surveyors
Chalk
is a soft, white, porous sedimentary carbonate
rock, a form of limestone composed of the
mineral calcite.
50 meter tape
used in surveying for measuring
Horizontal, vertical or slope distances.
issued in various lengths and widths
graduated in variety of ways.
Tapes are
and
Marking Pins
These are made either of iron, steel or
brass wire, as preferred. They are about
fourteen inches long pointed at one end
to enter the ground, and formed into a
ring at the other end for convenience in
handling.
Theodolite
An instrument similar to an ordinary surveyor's
level but capable of finer readings and including
a prism arrangement that permits simultaneous
observation of the rod and the leveling bubble.
PROCEDURES
Procedure:
1. The professor gives the following data:
a. R =
___________m
b. Backward Tangent Direction =
___________
c. Forward Tangent Direction =
___________
d. Station of the Vertex =
___________
e. Adopt Full Chord Length=
___________m
2. The student compute the elements of the simple curve using the following
formulas:
If the azimuths of the backward and forward tangents are given, the
intersection angle I can be solved using:
I = azimuth of the forward tangent - azimuth of the
tangent
backward
The length of the first sub chord from PC, if PC is not exactly on a full
station (otherwise C1 = a full chord length):
C1 = first full station on the curve - Station PC
The length of the last sub chord from PC, if PC is not exactly on a full
station (otherwise C2 = a full chord length):
C2 = Station PT - last full station on the curve
The value of the first deflection angle d1:
d1 = 2*sin-1 ( C1 / 2R )
The value of the last deflection angle d2:
D2 = 2*sin-1 ( C2 / 2R )
3. Set up the transit/theodolite over the vertex V, level the instrument and
sight/locate PC and PT using the computed length of the tangent
segments. Mark the position of PC and PT by marking pins if on soft
ground or chalk if on pavement.
4. Transfer the instrument over PC, level and start locating points of the
curve using the following procedures:
a. Initialize the horizontal vernier by setting to zero reading. Tighten the
upper clamp and adjust it with the upper tangent screw.
b. Using the telescope, sight the vertex or PI with the vernier still at
zero reading.
c. Tighten the lower clamp and focus it using the lower tangent screw.
d. With the lower tangent screw already tight, loosen the upper clamp
and start to measure half the first deflection angle. Mark the direction
with a range pole. Along this line, using a marking pin/chalk, mark
point A measured with a tape the length of the first subchord.
e. Locate the next point B, a full chord length from point A but this time
intersecting the line sighted at an angle of half the sum of d1 and the
COMPUTATIONS
If the azimuths of the backward and forward tangents are given, the
intersection angle I can be solved using:
I = azimuth of the forward tangent - azimuth of the
tangent
backward
The length of the first sub chord from PC, if PC is not exactly on a full
station (otherwise C1 = a full chord length):
Data Supplied:
R1 =
Backward TangentDirection:
Forward Tangent Direction:
Station of the Vertex:
Adopt Full Chord Length:
Station
80m
48030
113o30
30 + 001
20m
Occupied
Observed
Incremental
Chord
PC
10
Central
Incremental
Angle
o
7 943.1
PC
20
14o1926.2
PC
20
14o1926.2
PC
PC
D
PT
20
20
14o1926.2
14o1926.2
Deflection
Angle From
Back Tangent
3O3459.96
10o4443.06
17o5426.16
o
25 49.26
32o30
Computations
I = Front Azimuth - Back Azimuth
= 113o30 48o30
= 65o
T = R tan (I/2)
=80 tan (65o/2
=50.9656m
Lc = IR
=80 (65pi/180)
=90.7571m
C = 2R sin (I/2)
= 2*80*sin (65/2)
=85.9679m
Station PC = Station V - PT
=30+001 - 50.9656
=29+950
Station PT = Station PC + Lc
=29+950 + 90
=30+040
Sketch
Data Supplied:
R1 =
Backward TangentDirection:
Forward Tangent Direction:
Station of the Vertex:
Adopt Full Chord Length:
Station
80m
48030
113o30
30 + 001
20m
Occupied
Observed
Incremental
Chord
PC
PC
A
B
10
20
Central
Incremental
Angle
o
7 943.1
14o1926.2
PC
20
14o1926.2
PC
PC
D
PT
20
20
14o1926.2
14o1926.2
Deflection
Angle From
Back Tangent
3O3459.96
10o4443.06
17o5426.16
o
25 49.26
32o30
Computations
I = Front Azimuth - Back Azimuth
= 113o30 48o30
= 65o
T = R tan (I/2)
=80 tan (65o/2
=50.9656m
Lc = IR
=80 (65pi/180)
=90.7571m
C = 2R sin (I/2)
= 2*80*sin (65/2)
=85.9679m
Station PC = Station V - PT
=30+001 - 50.9656
=29+950
Station PT = Station PC + Lc
=29+950 + 90
=30+040
Sketch
Set-up of the Theodolite on the vertex of the two
tangent lines
PC by measuring
actual chord
computed chord
arcs of different
length of tangent
centers on the
tangent to each
of the alignment.
the curve)
curve)
midpoint on a
from the
Conclusion
This fieldwork taught me on how to get deflection angles that we used to
create the curve path. Also in this fieldwork we apply our knowledge on our
pace factor, this helped me to know the use our own pace factor on farther
distances. I also improved my knowledge on using the breaking the tape
method which made our fieldwork easier.
This fieldwork is very challenging for us especially we encounter many
problems. First, since we had a hard time in finding a position for the vertex
since we need a large area that has fewer obstacles, this consumes us time
since we need to pace the distance to make sure that it will be enough for the
fieldwork. Next is the error that cannot be control which are the error due to
sag, temperature and pull that will have a very small discrepancy in the data.
And lastly is the computation, we had a mistake in solving for the incremental
chord of the station PC - PT that had an effect on the measurement of the
actual length of the chord when we measured.
Some recommendation to make sure that the data will be accurate. First is
to pace the needed distance to make sure there will be no obstacle in doing
your fieldwork. Second, make sure that the theodolite is set-up properly and
balance to the ground. This will help to get an accurate data. Third, it is also
better to use the breaking the tape method in measuring large distances
especially to avoid the error due to sag and pull that will affect the data
gathered. Fourth, to make sure that you are still on the correct path, you can
use the range poles to verify if you are on the straight line or you can use the
theodolite to sight if your position is correct on the deflection angle needed.
Fifth, before starting the fieldwork make sure that you understand and know
what to do in the field already and make sure you are on the right track. It is
also advisable to solve the unknowns beforehand since the needed data are
already given before the fieldwork.