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EET1016 Lab Sheet
EET1016 Lab Sheet
EET1016 Lab Sheet
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
LABSHEET
Energy Conversion I
EET10166
TRIMESTER 2
Page 1 of 14
The secondary winding is connected to the load and is physically and electrically isolated
from the primary winding. The voltage and current that flow in the secondary are related
to the primary voltage and current by the transformer turns ratio N1/N2 (or NP/NS). The
ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage equals N1/N2, while the ratio of primary to
secondary current is equal to the inverse of the turns ratio, N1/N2 . This can be written as
EP
N
E N2
1 , ES P
ES
N2
N1
IS
N
I N1
1 , IS P
IP
N2
N2
Transformers are normally designed with fixed ratios between primary and secondary
voltages, and are widely used to step-up (increase) or step-down (decrease) voltages and
currents. The single-phase transformer module used in this exercise has its nominal
ratings indicated on the front panel. It has two secondary windings which can be used
independently or connected in series.
and,
Page 2 of 14
is found by subtracting the ohmic loss in the primary, which is usually very small and
may be neglected.
The easiest way to calculate the values of RC and XM is to find first the admittance of the
excitation branch.
YE GC jB M
1
1
j
RC
XM
The magnitude of the excitation admittance (referred to the primary circuit) can be found
from the open-circuit test voltage and current as follows:
I
YE O
VO
The angle of the admittance can be found from knowledge of the circuit power factor.
The open-circuit power factor (PF) is given by:
PO
PF cos
VO I O
and the power factor angle is given by:
PO
cos 1
V
I
O
O
The power factor is always lagging for a real transformer, so the angle of the current
always lags the angle of the voltage by degrees. Therefore, the admittance YE is
I
1
1
YE
j
O
RC
X M VO
from which it is possible to determine the values of RC and XM.
Short-Circuit Test:
In the short-circuit test, the secondary terminals of the transformer are short-circuited,
and the primary terminals are connected to a fairly low voltage source. The input voltage
is adjusted until the current in the short-circuited winding is equal to its rated value. The
input voltage, current, and power are again measured.
Since the input voltage is so low during the short-circuit test, negligible current flows
through the excitation branch. If the excitation current is ignored, then all the voltage
drop in the transformer can be attributed to the series elements in the circuit. The
magnitude of the series impedances referred to the primary side of the transformer is
V
Z SE SC
I SC
The power factor is given by:
PSC
PF cos
VSC I SC
and is lagging. The overall impedance angle is:
PSC
cos 1
V
I
SC
SC
Page 3 of 14
Therefore,
VSC
( R P a 2 RS ) j ( X P a 2 X S )
I SC
It is possible to determine the total series impedance referred to the primary side by using
this technique, but there is no easy way to split the series impedance into primary and
secondary components.
Z E Req jX eq
IP
jXeq
Req
IS/a
+
+
Ih+e
VP
IM
RC
jXM
aVS
Open-circuit test
Short-circuit test
Equipments
Single-phase transformer,
Voltmeter (2 Nos.),
Ammeter (1 No.),
Wattmeter (1 No.), and
Equipment platform.
Single-phase transformer,
Wattmeter (1 No.),
Voltmeter (1 No.),
Ammeter (1 No.), and
Equipment platform.
Page 4 of 14
Single-phase transformer,
Variable load resistor (1 No.),
Voltmeter (2 Nos.),
Ammeter (2 Nos.),
Wattmeter (1 No.), and
Equipment platform
Load test
PROCEDURE:
1.
Io
Po
3
5
N2
Vo
V2-0
V
N1
N3
0V
2. Switch on the power supply to the transformer. Adjust the supply voltage such that,
Vo =220 V. Measure the no-load current Io, no-load power Po, and no-load voltages
Vo and V2-0. Record the values on the table.
Vo / V
Io / mA
Po / W
V2-0 / V
Page 5 of 14
....
....
....
SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Establish the connections according to the circuit diagram shown below.
(0 - 24V) ~
ISC
PSC
N2
VSC V
N1
N3
0V
2. Switch on the power supply to the transformer. Increase the supply voltage
starting from 0 V until a rated current of 0.91 A flows in the primary winding.
Measure the primary voltage (VSC ) and the input power (PSC) at the rated current (ISC)
and tabulate them.
VSC / V
ISC / mA
PSC / W
Page 6 of 14
....
....
....
4. Equivalent circuit of the transformer, referred to its primary side is:
LOAD TEST
1. Modify the circuit according to the circuit diagram shown below for performing the
load test.
(0 - 220V) ~
P1
I1
I2
N2
V1
V2 V
V
N1
RL
N3
0V
2. Switch on the power supply to the transformer. Adjust the supply voltage such that,
V1 = 220 V. Adjust the loading resistor (RL), starting from the maximum resistance
value, slowly towards 0 until the rated current, I2 = 0.91A, flows in the secondary
side. Measure the primary current I1, primary input power P1, the secondary voltage
V2 and the secondary current I2.
Page 7 of 14
3. Vary the load in steps and record I1, P1, V2 and I2 for different load currents in the
table below.
Load
current, I2
(A)
V1 (V)
I1 ( A)
P1 (W)
V2 (V)
P2 (W)
0.91
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
4. Calculate the current transformation ratio of the given transformer at the rated
secondary current.
5. Calculate P2 and efficiency, for different load currents using the formula:
P2 = V2 I2
= ( P2 / P1 ) x 100%
6.
Plot
Page 8 of 14
I2 versus
and
I2 versus V2
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST
1. What is the function of no-load current in a transformer?
2. What components compose the excitation current of a transformer? How are they
modeled in the transformers equivalent circuit?
3. What is the function of no-load power input P0 in a transformer?
4. Comment on the results obtained in procedure step 3.
SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST
1. Comment on the low value of supply voltage during short-circuit condition.
2. Why does the short-circuit test essentially show only i2R losses and not excitation
losses in a transformer?
LOAD TEST
1. Why does the transformer draw more current on load than at no-load?
2. Why does the power output, P2 is less than power input P1?
3. Explain why the secondary voltage of a transformer decreases with increasing
resistive load?
4. Comment on the two curves which you have drawn.
Page 9 of 14
Page 10 of 14
It is the relative motion of the rotor compared to the stator magnetic field that produces
induced voltage in a rotor bar. The velocity of the upper rotor bars relative to the
magnetic fields is to the right, so the induced voltage in the upper bars is out of the page,
while the induced voltage in the lower bars is into the page. This results in a current flow
out of the upper bars and into the lower bars. However, since the rotor assembly is
inductive, the peak rotor current lags behind the peak rotor voltage. The rotor current
flow produces a rotor magnetic field BR .
Therefore, the induced torque in the machine (motor) is given by
ind = kBR x BS
Since the rotor induced torque is counterclockwise, the rotor accelerates in that direction.
In normal operation both the rotor and stator magnetic fields BR and BS respectively
rotate together at synchronous speed nsync, while the rotor itself turns at a slower speed.
Equipment required:
Power supply,
Pendulum machine (brake),
Control unit,
Circuit breaker,
on/off switch,
Coupling collar,
Coupling cover,
Shaft end cover,
Voltmeter,
Ammeter,
Watt meter,
Power factor meter,
Three phase induction motor with squirrel cage rotor.
Page 11 of 14
PROCEDURE:
1. Establish the connections for recording the load characteristics in star connection
according to the current diagram shown below:
2. Before starting the motor, adjust the operating elements of the control unit in the
following manner:
Type of power
300 W
off
Mconst.
10 Nm
1500
Step 3:
Switch the function selector from off to nconst. , Mconst . The corresponding
green LED lights up. ( The speed of the pendulum machine automatically
adjusts to the motor speed).
Adjust the given load at the control unit of the pendulum machine by pressing
the push button down. When exceeding the selected value, press push button
up.
Read the corresponding values measured. Enter the measured values on the
table- 1.
Table 1:
Input Voltage, V =
>0
M
Nm
0.4
0.8
Mechanical shaft
Measurement
speed, n (min-1)
I (A)
Cos
P1(W)
P2 (W)
S (VA)
Calculation
Slip, s (%)
M .n.2
60
P2 =
S = V . I.
Page 13 of 14
1.2
1.6
2.0
The efficiency
= P2/ P1
The slip
= P2 / 3 P1
ns n
100% (relative speed expressed on a pu
ns
or percentage basis )
1500 n
x 100 %
1500
How will the speed and the slip of the motor change, with increasing load?
What do you mean by synchronous speed of an induction motor?
What type of starter is used in the above induction motor load test?
What happens when the speed of an induction motor reaches the synchronous speed?
What is the purpose of starter in a three-phase induction motor?
Describe the efficiency of the motor as a function of load within the range of noload/rated load.
CONCLUSION:
Page 14 of 14