Length Specific Gravity – Liquids Specific Gravity – Gases Flow Rate 1 in. = 25.4 mm 1 mile = 5280 ft • mass units 1 in. = 2.54 cm 1 mile = 1.609 km density of liquid density of gas 1 lb/hr = 0.4536 kg/hr Gl = 1 in. = 0.0254 m 1 km = 3281 ft density of water at reference condition (at pressure and temperature of interest) 1 metric tonne/hr = 2205 lb/hr Gg = 1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 m = 39.37 in. density of air Commonly used relations are: (at same pressure and temperature) • liquid volume units Area density of liquid r (lb/ft3) 1 U.S. gpm = 34.28 BOPD 1 in.2 = 645.2 mm2 1 m2 = 10.76 ft2 Gl = = Because the relation between density, pressure and BOPD = barrels oil per day 1 in.2 = 6.452 cm2 1 m2 = 1550 in.2 density of water at 60°F 62.38 (lb/ft3) temperature does not always behave in an ideal way 1 U.S. gpm = 0.8327 Imp. gpm and atmospheric pressure (i.e., ideally, density is proportional to pressure 1 ft2 = 144 in.2 1 U.S. gpm = 0.2273 m3/hr and divided by temperature, in absolute units), use of the 1 U.S. gpm = 3.785 liters/min density of liquid r (kg/m3) Volume Gl = = above relation requires that the pressure and tem- 1 m3/hr = 16.68 liters/min 1 in.3 = 16.39 cm3 1 m3 = 35.31 ft3 density of water at 4°C 1000 (kg/m3) perature of interest be specified. This means that the 1 ft3/s = 448.8 U.S. gpm 1 ft3 = 1728 in.3 1 m3 = 264.2 U.S. gal. and atmospheric pressure specific gravity of a gas as defined may vary with • mixed units 1 U.S. gal. = 231 in.3 1 m3 = 220 Imp. gal. pressure and temperature (due to w(lb/hr) = 8.021 q(U.S. gpm) x r(lb/ft3) 1 U.S. gal. = 0.1337 ft3 1 m3 = 1000 liters For practical purposes, these specific gravities may “compressibility” effects). w(lb/hr) = 500 q(U.S. gpm of water at 70°F or less) 1 U.S. gal. = 0.8327 1 liter = 61.02 in.3 be used interchangeably, as the reference densities Imp. gal. 1 liter = 1000 cm 3 are nearly equivalent. Frequently, specific gravity is defined using: In the following: 1 U.S. gal. = 3.7854 liters STP (standard conditions) refers to 60°F, 14.73 psia 1 ft3 = 28.32 liters 1 ml = 1 cm3 Specific gravities are sometimes given with two tem- molecular weight of gas Mw NTP (normal conditions) refers to 0°F, 1.0135 bar peratures indicated, e.g., Gg = = molecular weight of air 28.96 abs Density 1 lb/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3 60°F 15.5°C Gl 60°F/60° If this relation is used to calculate density, one must molecular weight of gas Mw Gl , Gl , Gg = = 1 lb./ft3 = 0.01602 g/cm3 60°F 4°C be careful to consider “compressibility” effects. molecular weight of air 28.96 1 lb./in.3 = 1728 lb/ft3 When the pressure and temperature of interest are at The upper temperature is that of the liquid whose or near “standard” conditions (14.73 psia, 60°F) or w(lb/hr) = 60 q(scfm of gas) x r(lb/ft3) at STP density = specific gravity x reference density specific gravity is given, and the lower value “normal” conditions (1.0135 bar abs, 0°C), w(lb/hr) = q(scfh of gas) x r(lb/ft3) at STP density = 1/specific volume indicates the water temperature of the reference den- specific gravities calculated from either of the above w(lb/hr) = 4.588 q(scfm of gas) x Gg sity. If no temperatures are shown, assume that the relations are essentially equal. w(lb/hr) = 0.07646 q(scfh of gas) x Gg Specific Volume commonly used relations apply. w(lb/hr) = 3186 q(MMscfd of gas) x Gg specific volume = 1/density Mmscfd = millions of standard cubic feet per Pressure Head G Temperature For petroleum liquids having an “API degrees” spec- ification: 1 foot of water at 60°F = 0.4332 psi day w(kg/hr) = q(normal m3/hr of gas) x r(kg/m3 at NTP) w(kg/hr) = 1.294 q(normal m3/hr of gas) x Gg T(°F -32) Gl 60°F/60° = 141.5 r(lb/ft3) x h(feet of liquid) T(°C) = p(psi) = 1.8 131.5 + API degrees 144 T(°F) = 1.8 T(°C) + 32 T(°R) = T(°F) + 460 Pressure r(kg/m3) x h(meters of liquid) p(N/m2) = T(°K) = T(°C) + 273 1 Mpa = 145 psi 1 psi = 6895 Pa 0.1020 T(°R) = 1.8 T(°K) 1 pond = 1 gf 1 psi = 6895 N/m2 1 std atm = 14.696 psi 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 r(kg/m3) x h(meters of liquid) p(bar) = where: 1 std atm = 1.0133 bar 1 bar = 14.50 psi 10200 °C = degrees Celsius 1 std atm = 1.0133 x 1 bar = 100,000 N/m2 °F = degrees Fahrenheit 105 N/m2 1 kgf/cm2 = 14.22 psi 1 meter of water at 20°C = 9.790 kN/m2 °K = degrees Kelvin (absolute temperature) 1 std atm = 760 torr absolute pressure = 1 meter of water at 20°C = 97.90 mbar °R = degrees Rankine (absolute temperature) gage pressure + atmospheric pressure 1 meter of water at 20°C = 1.420 psi
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