3rd Period (28)

Teotihuacan

1. Pallavi

Maya

2. Hadar

Toltec

3. Emma B

Aztec

4. Chloe

Anasazi

5. Lauren

Hopewell/Mississippian

6. Audrey

Chapter 11, Section 1, end before Moche (including

the Chavin)

7. Michael Sprott

Moche

8. Michael N.

Tiwanaku/Wari

9. Aditi

Inca

10. Akash

Early Mongolian Conquerors

11. Matthew K

Il Khanate

12. Emma F

Golden Horde

13. Drake

Yuan Dynasty

14. Robert W

Timurids

15. Annie

Novgorod

16. Declan

Ming Dynasty

17. James

Korea

18. Matthew H

Japan

19. Alex

Vietnam (Annam)

20. Svea

Delhi Sultanate

21. Daniel C

Mali

22. Daniel J

Swahili Coast & Zimbabwe

23. Nikki

Aden

24. Stephen

Gujarat

25. Sam

Malacca

26. Induja

Tropical Lands & Peoples (Ch 13, Section 1)

27. Caroline

Religious Conversion (p. 336)

28. Lindsey

Teotihuacan
Name: Pallavi Kenkare- Teotihuacan
Sources:

Geography
Political
Intellectual

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan#Origins_and_foundation
http://www.sunofmexico.com/teotihuacan_mexico.php
http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/District/811814
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/pyramids/teotihuacan.html
http://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=inquiry_2007
http://wideurbanworld.blogspot.com/2013/11/teotihuacan-and-origins-of-market.html
Valley of Mexico, highland plateau surrounded by mountains and
Physical Landscape
volcanoes, swampy land good for growing crops.
Location
Located in Central America in the Valley of Mexico in Mexico.
Many farm families were forced by elite to relocate to urban core of
Teotihuacan, so many of citys residents depended on agriculture. Elites
Political Geography
organized citys growing labor resources to bring land into agriculture
production
Elite drained swamps, constructed irrigation canals, terraced hillsides, and
Human/Environmen
constructed chinampas (raised field constructed along lake shores to
tal Interactions
increase agriculture yield)
Nations/States
Teotihuacn was a huge city-state.
Type of
No one is sure what kind of government Teotihuacn had. It may have had
Government
an oligarchy, ruled by elite families.
There is no evidence of a single ruler. It is possible that alliances among
Leaders
elite families or weak-puppet kings controlled by these families ruled
Teotihuacn.
The city elite forced farm families to relocate to the urban core, and
Government
constructed much infrastructure to help with agriculture, sustaining the
Policies
regions growing population.
Members of the elite controlled the state bureaucracy, tax collection, and
Government
commerce. They also organized the citys growing labor resources to bring
Actions
land into agriculture production.
Social elite had rights over farmers; famers were at mercy of social elite.
Rights
No structured government depicting rights of people though.
In a sense, the farmers of Teotihuacan were somewhat persecuted, since
Persecution of
they were bullied and under the power of the city elite. However, there is
others
no evidence of persecution with people not from Teotihuacan.
Teotihuacan had no walls or defensive structures surrounding it,
suggesting that it initially enjoyed relative peace. However, evidence
Wars
shows the city created a powerful military to [protect long distance trade
and to compel peasant farmers to transfer their surplus product to the
city.
Teotihuacan engaged in commerce with other centers, and there is
Diplomacy
evidence they expanded into Mayan territories and influenced Mayan
politics.
Philosophy
Great belief in astronomy and divine power.
The inhabitants of Teotihuacan would have to be very good at engineering
and architecture to build pyramids on such a gigantic scale. Probably
Science
extensive study of astronomy, since city pattern was based on star
movement. Herbal medicine.
Intellectual
None known of
Movements

Religious

Religion

Beliefs

Artistic

Relation with other

religions
Music
Literature
Painting
Architecture

Technology

Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools
Jobs
Economic Policies

Economic

Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization

Trade

The Family
Children
Women

Teotihuacan was significant as a major religious center, and its name

means place where the gods are born. Worship of many gods and lesser
spirits. Enormous pyramids dedicated to the Sun and Moon (also pyramids
dedicated to other gods) line central avenue. Other powerful gods are
Quetzalcoatl (originator of agriculture and arts) who has a huge temple,
storm god Tlaloc, and a powerful female god associated with fertility. The
people of Teotihuacan practiced human sacrifice, and sacrifice was seen
as a sacred duty to the gods, essential to the well being of society.
Strong beliefs in astronomy (city center aligned with movements of stars)
and agriculture, as shown by the worship of a fertility goddess and
Quetzacoatl.
None known of, though the inhabitants of Teotihuacan may have
influenced and attempted to expand into Mayan territory.
None known of
Apparent lack of writing system
Many murals depicting Gods in mostly red, but also blue green and yellow.
The style is flat and liner, with geometric patterns.
Much religious architecture, Huge pyramids dedicated to the Sun and
Moon, 20 smaller temples to lesser gods and spirits. Gigantic temple
dedicated to Quetzacoatl
The sculptures are mainly of symbolic animals (ex. Jaguar, feathered
serpent), pottery
None known of
Extensive trade across Mesoamerica, but no specific known method of
communication
Obsidian tools. Construction of giant pyramids must have taken a huge
construction effort using many building tools, but these tools are not
known.
Agricultural laborers (farmers) merchants, military, bureaucrats, social
elite who ruled city.
Possible market economy.
Huge part of life, 2/3 of citys residents retained agricultural dependency,
walk out from urban residences to their field. Played crucial role in
sustaining regions growing population.
None known of
Peasants labored in the fields to produce food for growing population
Rapid growth in urban population because of set of volcanic eruptions that
disrupted agriculture. City lite increased their power ad forced farm
families from small villages throughout region to move to urban core. n
Extensive trade across Central America, extending all the way to
Guatemala and Mayan territories. Especially influenced Mayan culture
(architecture and art styles). Teotihuacan was a big exporter of obsidian,
gaining prestige throughout Mesoamerica.
Most of the families were based on agriculture. In farming families, men,
women and children labored in the fields, while in higher class merchant
and social elite families, the men mostly held the public positions.
In farming families, they most likely labored in the fields while in higher
class families they were probably take care of by their mothers.
In farming families, worked in the fields and raised children. In higher
class families, probably raised children and supervised domestic affairs
behind the scenes.

Gender Roles

Education

Social- THERE WAS NO INFORMATION ON THIS. I AM INFERRING.

Social Classes

Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Men most likely upheld agricultural labors and public positions, while
women raised children and supervised domestic and occasionally financial
affairs behind the scenes. Most likely, in lower class families woman could
work in the fields. Both men and women could take religious stations.
Most likely, there was no education, but most inhabitants had a basic
religious understanding, since religion was an extremely prominent part of
Teotihuacan culture.
Social Elite controlled trade, bureaucracy, and agriculture. Lower class
consisted of peasant farmers, who worked hard and were at mercy of city
elite.

It was probably a patriarchal society, since men were seen as the

dominant sex because of their hard physical work in the fields.

Intellectual

Political

Geography

Maya
Name: Hadar Gendelman
Sources:
1. http://bu.edu
2. The Earth and its Peoples
3. http://tarlton.law.texas.edu
4. http://history.com
5. http://indians.org
6. http://wikipedia.org
Physical Landscape
Fragile soil, tropical climate
Mesoamericamodern Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern
Location
Mexico.
Political Geography
South of Teotihuacan
Human/Environmen Environmental degradation due to constant abuse of land and swidden
tal Interactions
agriculture
Nations/States
Not a unified state; kingdoms competed in a power struggle.
Type of
Cities with the most power controlled a region of other cities as well as an
Government
agricultural zone.
Were both priests and secular figures. Communicated with beings from
other worlds in order to lead their respective state. Each state also had a
Leaders
supreme military commander called a nacom, who served a three-year
term and was responsible of military strategy and conquests.
Government
Policies
Government
Actions
Rights
Persecution of
Done so in order to secure a group to slave.
others
Fought to secure captives rather than to obtain land. Celebrated and seen
Wars
as a religious act.
Individual city-states often allied with other city-states for mutual benefit
Diplomacy
or protecting against other city-states.
Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements
Religion
Religious

Centered a philosophy around the sun

Developed the solar year as well as the ritual cycle and long count, were
using a numerical system while Europe was struggling with Roman
numerals

Beliefs

Relation with other

religions
Music

Everyone believed in the same religion, which was centralized to the

different aspects of nature.
There are three layers of the universe: the heavens (characterized by a
sky-monster), earth, and the underworld. A sacred tree ran through all the
layers. Temples were often elaborately decorated and resembled essential
elements to their religion.
There was no other religion in the civilization, and they stayed in their
lane so they didnt really feel the need to practice tolerance versus
intolerance.
No music, but over one thousand dance forms were created, and many of
them are still practiced today.

Artistic

Literature

Painting

Technology

Architecture
Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools
Jobs
Economic

Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization
Trade
The Family
Children

Social

Women
Gender Roles
Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Writing was a form of hieroglyphics, featuring characters that signified

both entire words and phonetic sounds. Scribes recorded everything from
records to religious text, and onto buildings and altars, making Maya cities
sacred texts.
Used glittery paint based from mica to create paintings and decorate
buildings.
Built pyramids, which were seen as sacred mountains to heaven, while
their doors led to the underworld. Chechen Itza is an example.
Various altars and monoliths were erected.
Corn tortilla, chocolate, rubber, and a religious ball game.
Amongst city-states, but no reaching out to other civilizations.
No access to pulleys, carts, wheelbarrows, or metal tools. Instead, used
rubber, levers, and stone tools.
Most jobs were agricultural or religious professions. Scribes, merchants,
and more also thrived.
Uhm.
Practiced swidden agriculture, in which they periodically burned
everything to the ground and then started over.
Agriculture required thousands of people to sustain the population due to
the status of the land.
Lots.
When some land lost value, it became part of the city.
Self-sustained.
Managed exclusively and entirely by women.
Were under their parents supervision until the age of marriage.
Not many women did, but a few directly ruled some Mayan kingdoms
(example: Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau)
Women were typically expected to adhere to the same gender norms that
we all know and love today.
Common children were only educated to their parents careers, but
children of nobility were highly educated in all subject matters.
Typically organized by clan.
Patriarchy intact, but matrilineal noble relevance sometimes outshone
patrilineal status, so children to whom that applied could use their
mothers heritage to rise in class.

Toltec (900-1175 C.E.)

Emma Blome, GPIRATES Chart, 3rd Period, October 27, 2014
Geography
Located in central Mexico, from north of Mexico City to Central America
Gulf of Mexico on the East and Pacific Ocean on the West, in the Valley of Mexico
Political capital at Tula (originally called Tollan)
Other core cities included Teotihuachan, Tulancingo, and Huapalcalco
Political
One state influenced from the capital Tula
Monarchy
The first Toltec leader was Ce Tcpatl Mixcoatl, but his son Ce Acatl Topilitzin would become more
famous and come to be known as the great god Quetzalcoatl
Leaders were called Tlatoani which means king
Some sources say power was divided between two kings or chieftains
Governors were chosen from nobles and made up a council that would elect a king from a pool of
candidates hoping to be named heir
These governors would also collect tribute from allied cities or regions
Driven out of Teotihuachan and forced to migrate to Tula by Humac 1
Intellectual
Discovered pulque or octli, a traditional Mexican drink made from the fermented sap of the maguey
plant
Credited with producing huge maize crops and colored cotton in blue, red, yellow, and green
Religion
Polytheistic religion with native gods
Although they worshipped many gods, there were two main gods: Quetzlcoatl who represented
culture, fertility, and holiness and Tezcatlipoca who represented the opposite of Quetzlcoatl, war,
tyranny, and evil
Mostly focused on human sacrifices in which they would cut the heart out of the body while it was
still beating
Toltecs also played a game similar to basketball called tlatchli as a part of their religion
Believed souls left the body after death to join other souls and become one, whole being
Artistic
Often had snakes, skulls, and Chak-mool (reclining figures) on the walls
Built enormous statues of Atlantes, men carved into columns
Many sculptures of rulers had elongated noses possibly because they wore nose pieces as a sign of
wealth
Had many pyramids as temples for the gods
It was common to use statues as columns
Toltecs had barely any written language so literature was either stories or songs
One song about the circle of life was passed down from the Toltecs to the Aztecs
Technology
Used agricultural techniques such as irrigation and hill terracing to grow their crops
Also known for their accurate use of herbal medicines
Highly skilled in metallurgy and pottery
Economic
The Toltec economy depended on agriculture and trade.
Maize, beans, and chili peppers were the main crops
Artisans used obsidian to create weapons which were exported to other civilizations
Textiles and ceramics were also exported
Their main imports included beans, cacao, and mushrooms.
Majority of people were farmers; other popular jobs were merchants, artists, craftsmen, priests, and
warriors.
Social

Husbands would support the family and teach children until the age of ten when the sons and few
daughters would be sent to a temple for religion and military training. Most daughters would stay
home and learned from their mothers to perform household duties.
Most emperors were men and boys received more education, but women were allowed in the
military.
Military officers and priests were the valued the most behind the king.
Artists, craftsmen, and merchants were also held in high value.
Farmers made up the middle class, which was the largest
Slaves were the lowest ranked, but could be freed if physically abused, pregnant, or married.
Sources
The Earth and Its Peoples AP World History Textbook
http://www.saylor.org/site/HIST101-Subunit-8.2.3-Toltecs-FINAL.pdf
https://sites.google.com/site/tolteccivilization/social-structure
http://www.ancient.eu/Toltec_Civilization/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec_Empire#Society

Aztec
Anasazi

Hopewell/Mississippian
Name: Audrey Fried
Sources:
1
http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/hopewell/who_were_hopewell.html
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition
2
http://www.earthworksconservancy.org/hopewellearthworks/
3
The Earth and its Peoples 5th edition
4
http://bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm
5
http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/mississ.html
6
http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/m_tech.html
7
http://www.naturealmanac.com/fixtures/sidebars/mississippians.html#who
8
http://www.silverbuffalo.org/NSA-NativeScience.html

Physical Landscape

Location
(continent, region,
modern country)

Geography

Political Geography

Human/Environment
al Interactions
Political

Formed from glaciers that carved its channel, valley, and broad
watershed.
The region has rolling hills that range between 660 ft. to 1310 ft. above
sea level.
Appeared along the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys of what is now the
United States in North America.
Spread west to the current states of Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, east to
New York and Ontario, and south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Florida.
Hopewell and Mississippian tradition was not confined to a specific
location with set political boundaries.
The cultures spread through civilizations in modern day North America.
The approximate boundaries are shown on the map.

Nations/States

Type of Government

Leaders

Government Policies

Known for their monumental earthworks and mounds that were used for
religious ceremonies.
The enormous earthworks were highly complex, precise, geometrical,
and were astronomically aligned with the stars.
Mississippian and Hopewell cultures were located in multiple settlements
that were connected through trade along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.
In the current states of Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, east to New York
and Ontario, and south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida.
Chiefdom- a form of political organization with rule by a hereditary
leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns.
Chiefs organized rituals of feasting and gift giving to link diverse kinship
groups and guarantee access to specialized crops and craft goods.
They also managed long-distance trade for luxury goods and additional
food supplies.
The position of chief was hereditary.
The chief was responsible for its civilization's individual policies.
The chief's most important action was organizing a group of men to
build mounds for religious burials.

Government Actions

Rights

Persecution of
others

Wars

Diplomacy

Intellectual

Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements

Religious

Religion

Beliefs
Relation with other
religions
Music
Literature

Artistic

Painting

Architecture

Sculpture

Chiefs organized rituals and celebrations, managed long-distance trade,

controlled the military, led expeditions, and organized the construction
of mounds and earthworks.
Women could either chose their marriage partners or they were
assigned by her parents when she was a little girl.
Women had the right to divorce their husbands under certain
circumstances.
Civilizations along the Hopewell Exchange System had different
variations of Mississippian and Hopewell cultures, so tribes were often
accepting of other people's views.
Some researchers believe that different religious positions led to wars.
Wooden stockades surround the later Mississippian sites, which is
evidence of warfare between neighboring tribes.
The reasons for war remain unknown, however, it most likely for
religious purposes.
The chief was in charge of diplomatic relations with other tribes.
They controlled trade within the region and offered gifts to other leaders
to maintain peace.
Religious philosophy shows belief in an afterlife and the importance of
the natural environment.
Worshiped many gods, including the sun god.
Studied cycles and patterns within the world, and believed they could be
understood using mathematics.
They understood the movement of the sun and the phases of the moon.
Used these patterns to determine the time of the day and the day of the
month.
Believed that aspects of the natural environment held a special
importance.
Worshiped aquatic animals as well as male and female gods, which they
idolized at ceremonies.
Believed in an afterlife, and they built mounds for deceased leaders.
Buried leaders in vaults surrounded by valuable river pearls, copper
jewelry, and sacrificed women to accompany a dead chief in the
afterlife.
Differences in religious belief was most likely the cause of war between
civilizations. However, there is no evidence to support this theory.
Made panpipes out of copper
Panpipes are musical instruments that are made from a row of short
pipes tied together. They are blown across the top to produce a sound.
Neither Hopewell nor Mississippian culture had a writing system.
Artists painted images related to fertility, military cults, and ancestral
worship onto objects such as copper plates and conch shells.
They used natural materials such as berries, flowers, and blood to make
the paint.
They constructed enormous, geometrical, astronomically aligned
earthworks.
They also built mounds that reflected sunrise and moonrise patterns.
Towns had common characteristics including square or rectangular
houses built out of timber, mud, and thatch aligned in orderly patterns,
centrally located plazas, and stockades or embankments surrounding
the town
The Hopewell created intricate works out of grizzly bear teeth, freshwater pearls, sea shells, shark's teeth, bone, wood, copper, and silver.
They crafted pottery, pendants, carvings, mats, earthworks, and pipes
with religious significance.

Technology

Inventions

The Hopewell and Mississippian cultures added crushed freshwater

mussel shells to the mixtures of clay which made pots and ceramic
pieces thinner, smoother, and lighter.
Hopewell and Mississippian peoples communicated with other tribes
through trading along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.
It is unclear whether each civilization spoke a different language or
different dialects of the same language.
Used tools such as bow and arrows, knives, sharp objects made of flint
and obsidian, and bone hooks.
Hopewell and Mississippian cultures had specialists such as metal
workers, artists, mound builders, warriors, engineers, and merchants.
Complex economies.
Trade was important for the civilizations, and goods from civilizations
have been found all over North America, hundreds of miles away from
their original location.
Craft production was significant in interregional trading.
Improved agriculture led to population growth.
In the Ohio Valley, people depended on locally domesticated seed crops
such as maize, beans, and squash.
Maize was the dietary staple.
Industry was centered around agriculture.
Labor in Hopewell and Mississippian culture included building mounds,
making pottery and other forms of art, growing food, hunting and
gathering, and trading with other regions.
Improved agricultural productivity required less people to farm, and
people moved into urban areas.
Hopewell and Mississippian civilizations were connected by a common
network of trade routes called the Hopewell Exchange System. S
ocieties exchanged goods by means of waterways, especially the
Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, all over the United States.
Items that were traded include copper, silver, flint, shells, shark teeth,
iron, pipes, pottery, and mica.
The family was made up of blood related and non-blood related kin,
extended family, and tribal community.
Mississippian and Hopewell children helped their parents with everyday
tasks.
They were given a basic education about culture, but most of their time
was spent learning skills such as farming and craftmaking.
Women were responsible for child-rearing, cooking, crop cultivation,
processing animal skins, pottery making.
Women usually tended to the crops, prepared meals, and maintained the
needs of the family such as cleaning the house.
Men hunted and fought in battles.
Children were educated through myths and stories told orally by older
members in the civilization.
Boys learned how to hunt from their fathers, and girls learned
household skills from their mothers.
social ranks were a fundamental part of Hopewell and Mississippian
cultures.
The two groups were the elites and the commoners.
Elites had a higher social standing than commoners.

Mississippian and Hopewell cultures were matriarchal.

Communications

Tools
Jobs

Economic Policies

Economic

Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization

Trade

The Family

Social

Children

Women

Gender Roles

Education

Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarch
y

Economic Technology

Artistic

Religious Intellectual

Political

Geography

Chapter 11, Section 1, end before Moche (including the Chavin)

Name: Michael Sprott
Sources:
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Physical Landscape
South American Andes mountain range
Location
(continent, region,
South America, Andes mountain range,
modern country)
Political Geography
Chile, Ecuador
Human/Environmen The mountains forced the natives to create technologies to adapt to their
tal Interactions
environment
Nations/States
None, only loosely associated clans or kingships
ayllu Andean lineage group
mita- organized groups of
Type of
ayllu
Government
or kin-based community.
Or
Leaders
Ayllu made decisions collectively
Government
Mita organized ayllu into alliance groups
Policies
Government
N/A
Actions
Rights
N/A
Persecution of
N/a
others
Wars
N/A
Diplomacy
Mita organized ayllu
Philosophy
N/A
Science
Domestication of quinoa, a local grain
Intellectual
Movements

None

Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions
Music
Literature
Painting
Architecture
Sculpture
Inventions
Communications

No organized form
N/A

Tools

-------------

Jobs
Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization

---------------------------------------------------Grew quinoa, local grain

---------------------------------------------------------

N/A
N/A
N/A
---------------------------------No viable examples remain
N/A
Presumably some form of early oral language

Social

Trade
The Family
Children
Women
Gender Roles
Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Unknown
Clan groups dominated political ARENA
--------------Gatherers, child bearers
Men were hunters
--------------------------------------------------unknown

Economic Technology

Artistic

Religious

Intellectual

Political

Geography

Moche
Name: Michael Noel
Sources:
1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386887/Moche
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_culture
3. AP World History Textbook The Earth and Its Peoples
Physical Landscape
Hot and arid
Location
Northern coast of modern day Peru
Political Geography
Human/Environmen
Created canals and complex irrigation systems
tal Interactions
Nations/States
No unified political structures
Type of
Had urban centers, possibly run in Theocracy
Government
Leaders
Rulers were often military or religious leaders
Government
Forced commoners to maintain irrigation systems that supplied fields with
Policies
water
Government
Actions
Rights
Persecution of
others
Wars
The Moche launched military conquests against neighboring lands
Diplomacy
Philosophy
Skilled metal smiths made tools and objects out of various metals
Science
including gold and silver. Craftsmen and women also made textiles
through weaving.
Intellectual
Movements
Religion held a key place in Moche society. Priests were of high social
Religion
status and power.
They believed in an afterlife, and executed servants when elites passed
Beliefs
away so that the servants could serve them in the afterlife.
Relation with other
religions
Music
Literature
They painted many murals on walls. These murals depicted many parts of
Painting
Moche life.
The Moche were known for crafting multipurpose pyramid shaped
Architecture
buildings known as Huacas. These were typically found in urban centers.
The Moche are very well known for their ceramics in the form of pottery
Sculpture
and sculptures.
Inventions
Communications
Tools

The Moche people sometimes used molds to make their pottery.

Jobs

Most people worked as subsistence farmers. Many also worked as

artisans, making textiles, metallurgy, and ceramics.

Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry

Moche cultivated maize, quinoa, beans, manioc, and sweet potatoes

They were known for producing textiles as well as metal tools and jewelry

Labor
Urbanization
Trade
The Family
Children

Social

Women
Gender Roles

Rulers forced labor to be done by the commoners and servants.

Women likely held status equal or greater of that than men, as many
female Moche rulers have been excavated.
Both men and women worked as farmers and could hold elite status.
Women also produced textiles as a special role.

Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Priests and military leaders were at the top of the social chain, and held
most of the power and influence.

Geography

Tiwanaku/Wari
Name: _____Aditi Choudhury___________
Sources:
The Wari Culture http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/taidemuseo/arkisto/peru/800/wari_en.htm
-Surrounded by lakeside marshes
Physical Landscape
-Altiplan: dry desert-like area to
Location
(continent, region,
Near Lake Titicaca in Bolivia
modern country)
-Wari was close to Tiwanaku and might have started as a dependency
then evolved to a competing state
Political Geography
-They could have both formed independently and shared elements from
an earlier group of people
Human/Environmen
tal Interactions

Artistic

Religious

Intellectual

Political

Nations/States
Type of
Government
Leaders
Government
Policies
Government
Actions
Rights
Persecution of
others
Wars
Diplomacy
Philosophy
Science

-Drained marshes for agriculture

-Used llamas for a trade
-Tiwanaku(300-1000 CE) and Wari were separate cities
-They both rose and fell around the same time
- Tiwanaku (the city) was center of an empire
- Wari empire was network of city states
-Hereditary elite led stratified socieity
-Hereditary elite

-Used people from other lands for human sacrifices

-Military conquests provided resources from distant regions

-astrology

Intellectual
Movements

Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions
Music
Literature
Painting
Architecture
Sculpture
Inventions

-Deities related to agriculture

-Major deities: Viracocha
- Possible ancestor worship
- human sacrifice
-City of Tiwanaku was moral and religious center of Tiwanaku culture
-Influenced a lot of later civilizations, especially the Inca

- Tiwanaku: advanced stone masonry

- Terraced Pyramids
- Kalyasasa and Akapanu pyramids
- Distinctive Wari pottery style that spread to other cultures
-Suka kollus flood-raised field agriculture
-artificial ponds

Technology
Economic
Social

Communications

-No written language

-Puquina language, now extinct, is probably what they spoke

Tools

-They dragged the stones used in their buildings from quarries

Jobs
Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization
Trade
The Family
Children
Women
Gender Roles
Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Geography

Inca
Name: Akash Mandavilli
Sources:
1. http://www.ushistory.org/civ/11c.asp
2. http://incas.mrdonn.org/geography.html
3. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/incas/collier.htm
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Inca_Empire
5. http://www.shareintl.org/archives/religion/rl_plesoteric-Inca.htm
6. http://enloehs.wcpss.net/projects/candc/merg/ememerg7/ememerg7.html
7. http://incas.mrdonn.org/professions.html
8. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/farming-like-the-incas-70263217/?no-ist
In their land the Inca had rich coastal area, high mountains, tropical rain
forests, and a few deserts here and there. In their land they had the Andes
mountains. The Amazon Jungle and a desert coastline. Overall the Inca
Physical Landscape
had a very diverse landscape that they used to their advantage by
camping in the mountains and using the jungle and deserts as natural
barriers.
It stretched 2,500 miles from Quito, Ecuador, to beyond Santiago, Chile.

Location
(continent, region,
modern country)

Political Geography

Human/Environmen
tal Interactions

The Incas did not have much of a political geography that would be
familiar to us, since they had occupied various parts of different countries
whose names may or may not be the same now, but to list the lands they
occupied and protected it would be: part of Ecuador, Brazil, Chile, and
many more that we may or may not know about.
The Incas were incredibly intelligent; they used their environment to their
advantage, even though it was highly diverse and tough terrain. By tough
I mean hard to maneuver or establish civilization in. They made their
cities high up in the mountains and used bridges to connect cities, but in a
time of invasion they burned down their bridges so no one could enter.
Also, they used the desert and the jungle to their advantage since they
served as natural barriers on either side of the mountain.

Nations/States

Type of
Government

Political

Leaders

Government
Policies

Government
Actions

Rights

Persecution of
others

Wars

Intellectual

Diplomacy

Philosophy

Science

The Incas called their state Tawintin-Suyu which also means four
quarters in their language. Anti-Suyu was the land east of Cusco; it
contained the mountains and forests. Cunti-suyu was all the lands on the
west of Cusco; this state included all the conquered empires. Colla-Suyu
was the largest, and was the South of Cusco and contained modern
regions like Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Chincha-Suyu was the region
north of Cusco that encompassed all the lands and tribes to the north. As
you can see the regions are based as Cusco being the middle of
everything.
The Inca Empire is considered federalist/monarchy because it consisted of
a large central government with the Sapa Inca at its head, who controlled
everything and did everything he wanted to. Then there was the four
quarters or states, that were listed above, which were ruled over by a
governor. Also, every time a new tribe or enemy was conquered, an Incan
governor was put in charge and expected to report back to the central
government and the Sapa Inca.
The leader in Inca civilization was the Sapa Inca, an all-powerful leader
who made all the laws, owned everything, and ruled everything. After the
Sapa Inca there were regional governors of the four quarters and also of
the conquered peoples.
Government policies in the Inca Empire were primarily concerned with
taxes and people not paying them. If people did not pay their taxes there
were very harsh punishments ranged from mutilation up to death. Taxes in
the Inca were a little bit different though, they did not ask for money but
manual labor as taxes. Besides taxes the Inca were also concerned about
stealing, murder, and also cursing the gods.
The only government action that the Inca had was a large bureaucracy to
collect taxes and distribute it throughout the government. Also they
created laws which highly restricted the freedom of the common people.
Incan women were able to become leaders and warriors as well as
become a housewife until the conquest of the Spaniards. The common
people had little to no freedom, there were laws limiting movements,
bathing and eating, and also laws that required a majority of time to be
spent working.
The Incas were very strict with their punishments, especially for higher
level crimes. Just for robbery a hand was cut off, anything higher than
robbery usually resulted in death or imprisonment for life which was not
as common as death.
The Inca had many wars but they were usually for purposes of conquest,
but they also did wage war with the Spaniards when they came. Also, the
Incas had a few civil wars that were fought by two brothers fighting for the
title of Sapa Inca.
The Incas were diplomatic in some cases, they did have peaceful conquest
when the tribe or people they were conquering accepted the Inca and
pledged allegiance to the Sapa Inca, but it was not as common as violent
conquests.
The Inca were a very intellectual people and came up with complex
theories such as reciprocity which is in our daily lives we function within
a worldwide system of exchange. These early people have already hinted
at money-minded world. Also, the Inca had three major commandments:
search for the truth, work hard, and respect every form of life.
Although the Inca were a very advanced people they lacked basic
scientific inventions such as the wheel for transport, a writing system, or

Intellectual
Movements

Religious

Religion

Beliefs

Artistic

Relation with other

religions
Music

Literature

iron tools. They did have quipos which were a type of writing using knots
that were knotted a special way or were a special length. They were also
able to create sturdy stone buildings, suspension bridges, and pontoon
bridges. Also, one of there more important inventions would have been
aqueducts.
The Inca had little to no intellectual movements, because the commoners
were highly restricted in what they could do and were not exposed to any
higher level concepts.
The Incas worshipped many nature deities, but some of the more
important were Inti, the sun god, Viracocha, the creator, Pachamama, the
earth goddess, and many more that represented various natural forces.
The Incas believed in nature goddess that required sacrifices and rituals to
be appeased. They also believed that if they pleased their gods they
would have a good harvest year, and a good overall year.
The Inca religion is not unlike many other nature based religions that
evolved around a certain main god, in this case Inti, the sun god.
The Inca had many instruments such as the Charango (a guitar-like
instrument), the Zampona (a type of pan pipe), and many types of flutes
and drums. These instruments were played at all ceremonies and were
used to entertain high leveled officials in the empire.
The Incas mostly had literature based on their gods. This literature was
naturalistic and very myth-like; it usually explained a natural phenomenon
such as the coming of spring or the rising of the sun.
The Inca had lots of art that were drawn in caves, houses, and dwellings of
the leaders. Although they did have a lot of art, they had even more
pottery and metal sculptures. Also, most of their paintings revolved

Painting

Architecture

around nature and the gods.

The Inca had the most significant pre-Columbian architecture. Their
buildings were made out of semi-worked stone blocks or adobe. They had
many types of buildings such as temples, palaces, and even houses for
commoners. Most Incan architecture had rectangular rooms that could be
expanded into more rectangular rooms. Also, they created many types of
bridges between mountains or cities such as the pantoon bridge.

The Inca were very famous for the metal sculptures and diverse pottery.
Most pottery followed a single design with few variations and usually
consisted of large jars with wide necks. They also had there metal
sculptures that were created by taking a piece of precious metal such as
gold and carving it into a shape or jar, but only high leveled officials and
priests had these pieces of art.

Technology

Sculpture

The Inca invented many things such as aqueducts, a network of roads and
bridges, khipus which were string arrangements that could be read by
trained officials, it served as a writing system, they also invented terrace
farming that allowed them to farm on the mountains, and finally they also
developed freeze drying such as the one used by NASA.
Inventions

Communications

The Inca had a highly sophisticated network of roads and bridges and
efficient messengers. These messengers had their family and life
threatened if they messed up a message or could not deliver something,
this is why they were very careful and efficient with their job.

The Inca had tools made of hard stone or bronze such as chisels, knifes,
and stakes. They also used large ramps made of dirt to raise large stones.
Their tools were not as developed as other civilizations since their home
on the mountains was not convenient for mining which led them away
from the use of steal.

Tools

Jobs

Economic Policies

Economic

Agriculture

Industry

Labor

Urbanization

Social

Trade

The Family

Most people in the Inca were farmers, some people were lucky enough to
become government officials. There were also warriors, herders,
fishermen, craftsmen, weavers, sorcerers, and chosen women.
The Inca were not very diverse when it came to economics. Their main
economic priority was collecting taxes, which was done by an extensive
bureaucracy who collected then distributed the taxes. They had many
punishments for anyone who did not pay their taxes or tried to use
loopholes to get out of paying taxes.
The Inca were very good at farming; they used terrace gardens, and
developed fertilizer to use. They mostly grew tough crops that could
withstand the high altitudes of the Andes such as potatoes, quinoa, and
corn.
The Incas had one of the greatest textile industries in the world, they used
cotton form alpacas and llamas and sometimes even rare wool found from
vicunas and guanacos. Textiles played a very important role in trade and
even conquering, because whenever a new area was conquered a textile
was given to the ruler symbolizing the acceptance of the Inca.
The Inca had a mandatory public service known as Mita. This actually
served as a tribute to the Incas; all citizens who could perform labor were
required to do so for a set number of days every year.
The most visible sign of the Incas urbanization would be the development
of roads and buildings. The Inca created a very effective system of roads
which made it easy to develop an empire that had substituents that could
be easily contacted. Also, seen at Machu Pichu, there was increased
terracing showing the increase of population and movement in to the
cities.
The Inca had no currency, instead they traded through agriculture. The
Inca economy was based off of trade, and in turn they built lasting trade
routes which were extensions to there already effective road system. The
main trading routes were from the North down to the South in Chile. They
also traded with other close peoples whom they eventually ended up
conquering.
The family unit for the Incas was named ayllu. The Incas lived with their
extended family and called themselves a clan. The leader of their clan was
a Mallcu who was advised by a group of family elders. Men were the
soldiers and farmers in this family unit whereas the others usually did
housework.

Children

Women

Gender Roles

Education

Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Children in the Inca usually helped with house work, but they also had
another more important purpose. They were used as sacrifice for many
important rituals and were literally thrown in to volcanoes to please the
gods. This sacrifice was usually done to beautiful or important children
who were drugged then thrown into the volcano.
Women in a family were responsible for child birth, and they also weaved
in the family. Common women actually had very good opportunities to
move up in society, actually more so than men if they were good weavers.
The good weavers usually ended up marrying rich men and living a
privileged life.
Men were the warriors and farmers while women did the childbirth and the
housekeeping. Rich women seldom did anything, because they had slaves
and workers to do it for them.
Education was mainly useful for boys because they learned military
tactics, religious ceremonies, and how to use quipu. Only privileged girls
got to learn, and all they learned was weaving, cooking, and sometimes
religion.
At the top of the social hierarchy was the Sapa Inca or the emperor. Then
the highest priests, royal family, and other bureaucratic related jobs. Then
came the public administrators and finally the commoners.
The Incas had a definite patriarchy; women were regarded to as
housewives or sat in the house doing nothing if they were privileged. Also
the role of Sapa Inca passed from father to son.

Geography

Early Mongolian Conquerors

Name: Matthew Kee
Sources:
1. En.wikipedia.org: Mongol States, Mongol Empire, Mongol Invasions and Conquests,
2. http://mongols.mrdonn.org/: Ancient Inventions: Gifts the Mongols Gave the World
3. www.discovermongolia.mn : Post and Communication
4. ryanwolfe.weebly.com : Weapons
5. http://www.everyculture.com/: Mongols - Economy
Physical Landscape

Location
Political Geography
H/E Interactions
Nations/States
Type of
Government

Political

Leaders

Government
Policies
Government
Actions
Rights
Persecution of
others

Religious Intellectual

Wars

Diplomacy
Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements
Religion
Beliefs
Relation w/ other
religions

Mountain-forest steppe
Mountain steppe
Semi-desert
Desert
Landlocked plateau of Central Asia between China and Russian Siberia,
Mongolia.
Mostly nomadic
Swift at invading nearby cities for resources.
Xiongnu
Xianbei
Nirun
Khitan

Great Khan-Absolute Monarchy

Genghis Khan
Ogedei Khan
Guyuk Khan
Mongke Khan
Kublai Khan
Those who were loyal were placed in high positions
Supreme judge was part of bloodline
Literacy was encouraged

Government did not care for specifics as long as order was maintained

Death sentences and threats kept people in line

Any who rebelled died
Weak depended on the strong
No segregation apart from labor camps of prisoners
1205-Invasion of Western Xia
1207-Conquest of Siberia
1211-1234-Conquest of Northern China
1222-1327-Mongol Invasions of India
1231-1259-Invasion of Korea
1235-1279-Conquest of Song Dynasty
Diplomatic Immunity was stressed heavily under the Mongols
Ensured complete religious freedom
Bows
Catapults
Flaming Weapons

House of Wisdom

Shamanistic
All religions could be practiced

Did not care for other religions, but did not try to convert as well

Social Classes

Long song
Horse-head fiddle
Throat singing
Heroic epics in the forms of xiqin and dombra
The Secret History of the Mongols
Heavily influenced by religious works
Yurts
Tents
Kurgan Stelae
Deer Stone
Applique
Whistle Arrows
Gers
Salty Tea
Developed Postal Service
Composite Bows
Halberds
Sabres
Merchants
Warriors
Slaves
Attempted paper money, failed
Copper became the staple coinage
Pastoralists: focused on livestock such as sheep, goats, cattle, horses,
and camels
Gold, Silver, Iron, Wood, Leather, and Textiles
Focused more on maintaining the Silk Road
Herders
Women and Children perform the cooking such as butter, cook, sew,
child-caring
Early Mongols focused more on urbanizing other civilizations such as
Russia, China, Iraq, and Iran.
Silk Road was heavily used. Ended up spreading the plague.
Patriarchal
Became pawns of diplomacy. Parents could wield political power
through arranged marriages as young as the age of 8.
Could obtain political power from their children. Rank the same risk of
assassination or execution.
Males ruled while females focused on the succession process for a son
or a male relative
After invading China, civil service exams were suspended temporarily
due to the paranoia of the Mongols
Mongolians were on top
Prisoners of war or refuges

Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Patriarchy although women could heavily influence the lineage

Artistic

Music
Literature
Painting
Architecture

Technology

Sculpture

Inventions
Communications
Tools

Jobs

Economic

Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization
Trade
The Family
Children
Women
Social

Gender Roles
Education

Artistic

Religious

Intellectual

Political

Geography

Il Khanate
Name: Emma
Sources:
1
2
3
4

Farnham

Textbook
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Il-Khan_dynasty
http://www.waset.org/publications/1584
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternPersia.htm
mountainous area with broad basins (plateaus) where many cities are
Physical Landscape
constructed
Location
(continent, region,
Based at Tabriz [primarily in Persia]; controlled much of Iraq and Iran
modern country)
Political Geography
Controlled Iran, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and parts of Armenia
Human/Environmen
started out as a nomadic group, living and working off of the land
tal Interactions
Nations/States
one unbroken empire with an indigenous Muslim population
Type of
monarchy; khan (ruler) had absolute power over all subjects
Government
Hulegu, Ghazan (not the only two, but by far contributed more to the
Leaders
history of the Il-Khanate)
granted concessions to interests of local peoples (especially within Persia);
Government
they were technically under the control of the Mongol Great Khan,
Policies
although they lost contact with him
Government
Ghazan promised to reduce taxes, which never became reality because of
Actions
the need for revenue
Rights
tolerant of other religions (until conversion to Islam)
Persecution of
When Ghazan converted to Islam, Jews and Christians especially were
others
treated as lower-class
civil war between later Mongol factions destabilized the government;
Wars
engaged in open warfare with the Mongols in Russia; near-constant state
of war with the Mamluk Sultanate
talks w/ Pope Nicholas IV; efforts to remove inter-Mongol tension; Hulegu
Diplomacy
made repeated efforts to ally himself with the French and English kings
Nasir al-Din, in addition to being a mathematician and scholar, also wrote
Philosophy
about philosophy and ethics
model of planetary motion (Earth moves around the sun); geometric
Science
models of lunar motion
Intellectual
in addition to advancements in astronomy, there was the creation of
Movements
decimal notation and a more precise understanding of the value of pi
at first gravitated toward indigenous shamanism; eventually became
Religion
Muslim in following Ghazans example
Beliefs
worshipped Buddhist/shamanist idols at first before conversion to Islam
Islam was an early point of tension but was eventually accepted by the IlRelation with other
khanate at large; after widespread conversion, followers of other religions
religions
became a point of contention
Music
not much documented; what there was most likely lost to time
historians Juvaini (narrative of Ghenghis Khans empire) and Rashid al-Din
Literature
(attempted to write the first history of the world); Nasir al-Din wrote about
history, ethics, poetry, and religion
Painting
miniature paintings accompanied some of Rashid al-Dins work; Chinese
composition techniques inaugurated a period of Islamic miniature
paintings

Technology

Architecture
Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools

platforms, instruments for decimal notation, and armillary spheres

Jobs

craftsmen, merchants, military

reinstituted paper money (which failed, putting the economy into
depression)
peasants worked the farmland; the government used tax farming the
goal of which was to collect as much revenue as possible
many farmed; scholars found success, especially in mathematics;
merchants were also prosperous
peasants worked the farmland, but harsh taxation practices including
soliciting payment via torture and pillaging created intolerable conditions
for those peasants
Il-khan rulers initially maintained their nomadic lifestyle, but eventually an
urban culture replaced the nomadic ways. More and more people settled
down in more permanent locations.
caravans and small industries (funded by money collected from taxes);
expansion of trade routes led to cross culturalization/cultural diffusion
between Iran and China
all family members deferred to the father/male head of the household
children, no matter who their mother was, were all considered legitimate
and could claim an inheritance; oldest child usually inherited more from
parents
divorce was uncommon; women played prominent roles but lost more of
their freedom as Islam became more prevalent
men were dominant in society, but women were also valued

Economic Policies

Economic

Agriculture
Industry
Labor

Urbanization

Trade
The Family
Children

Social

engineering and mathematical advancement progressed together; the

Mongols were impressed with the idea of colorful architectural decoration,
although colorful buildings became noticeably fewer after the introduction
of Islam; mostly religious centers
not many documented, considering they started out as nomads
new foundations for algebra and trigonometry
Rashid al-Din collaborated widely to bring together administrative
techniques that resembled those used in Russia and China

Women
Gender Roles
Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Khan and powerful/important families were considered the elite;

peasants and slaves were at the very bottom with everyone else falling
somewhere in the middle
patriarchal society; males dominated, although women could still have
less prominent roles

Artistic Religious Intellectual

Political

Geography

Golden Horde
Name: Drake Mackley
Sources:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde#Early_rulers_under_the_Great_Khans_.281241.E2.80.931
259.29
2. http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/21.htm
3. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/237647/Golden-Horde
4. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-was-the-golden-horde.htm
5. The Earth and Its Peoples 5th Edition AP
Flat steppes
Physical Landscape
NE of the Caspian Sea there are the Ural Mtns.
S are the Tian Shan and Caucus Mtns.
Location
Western Asia, mostly present day Russia
Capital was Sarai Batu
Political Geography
Made of modern day Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, China and Poland
Human/Environmen
Conquerors, Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism
tal Interactions
It was a Khanate (province) of the Mongol Empire
10 states 2 big ones: Blue Horde, controlled the East (Khazarla and
Nations/States
Volga-Bulgaria), White Horde, controlled the West (Ulus Shiban and Ulus
Tok-Timur)
Type of
Semi-elective monarchy Hereditary Monarchy Muscovite Autocracy
Government
Batu Khan, Guyuk, Alexander Neveski (Kiev) and Andrey Neveski (ValimirLeaders
Suzdal)
Government
Indirect rule through local leaders, Yassa law code
Policies
Government
Said they would reduce taxes, but never did
Actions
Rights
Harsh code of laws, tolerant of other religions unless they rebelled
Persecution of
Cities were destroyed and slaughtered at any sign of resistance
others
Constantly conquering, but Civil war (1260-1280) between Khublai Khan
Wars
and Ariq Boke. Jochids joined Kublai Khan (1262) Large tax collector
massacre
Dual-Leadership (1281-1299) between Tde Mngke and Kublai Khan after
Tode returned Kublai Khans sons to him. Peace between Mamuluks and
Diplomacy
the Hordes as well as the Byzantines helped push the Ill-Khanate back into
the Middle East
Philosophy
Nasir al-Din Tusi (Persian)
Nasir al-Din Tusi (Persian) invented the decimal for more accurate
Science
measure of solar eclipses. Down to fractions of a day.
Intellectual
Nasir al-Din Tusi (Persian) starting intro to science through his interest in
Movements
poetry, ethics and religious standpoints.
Tengrism (A.W.) , Shamanism, Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism (1240-1313)
Religion
and Islam (1313-1502)
Beliefs
Ancestor Worship, mixed with mono and poly theistic values
Relation with other
Islam was state religion in 1313 and the entire Khanate was converted by
religions
1315 and other religions were taxed higher.
Music
Moved professionals from other countries to where they were needed.
Long Songs 10 words 4 minutes Topics: philosophical, religious,
romance, or celebratory
Horse Head Fiddle 2 strings, horse head carving at top, symbol of the
country

Literature
Painting

Architecture

Technology

Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools
Jobs

Economic

Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization
Trade
The Family
Children

Social

Women

Gender Roles

Moved professionals from other countries to where they were needed, but
historians were active throughout the country. Nasir al Din Tusi was a
famous poet and writer. (1227) The Secret History of the Mongols oldest
text
Moved professionals from other countries to where they were needed.
Preferred to build in wood because it was more comfortable, but they
fortified important buildings with stone ramparts. Moscows Kremlin was
built entirely out of stone. Moved professionals from other countries to
where they were needed. After stating Islam as their main religion,
populations were urbanized. Houses were built after Yurts (nomadic tents).
Bullet shaped domes for Mosques.
Moved professionals from other countries to where they were needed.
Ceramics can still be found today,
Passport, Horse-Head fiddle, upgraded catapult, new mathematical
equations in astronomy, decimal
Passports were a symbol of identification for merchants, goods and
diplomats (normally in Turkish) could travel 152mils a day on Horseback
Improved bow, used stirrup, plumb line and armillary sphere
Merchants and Warriors normally, but farmers were also great additions to
the populations
Paper money (1227) backed by precious metals and silk. Chinese silver
ingot was used as a public account. Gold, silver and copper coins were
used more often in Russian area (1253). Tax release to Merchants.
About 75% of agriculture was pastoral herding and cropping
Common jobs were Merchants, Buddhist lamas and warriors
Members of the Golden Khanate family were given rights to a percentage
of the captured booty from conquering.
After stating Islam as the states official religion, populations became
denser around trading centers.
Was promoted highly by Mongols due to their bringing of necessary
supplies, could travel from one side of the Empire to the other without
being robbed.
Patriarchal, daughters were married off and sons have wives brought to
them, eldest son considered the most noble.
Taught to ride on donkeys and small children by the age of 6, they were
required to pull much of their own weight in early years
Power to influence society, married women wore headdresses to signify
they were married, first wife placed her yurt to the east and the rest
followed towards the west, widows allowed to remarry
(Great Khan) Encouraged wives to sit with him and encouraged them to
voice their opinions, arranged marriages, physical work for both genders
(tough),

Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Senior and Junior lineages, Elite and peasants based on how direct your
bloodline was.
Wife-giving clans were inferior to wife-taking clans. Bigger and Older =
better than smaller and younger

Yuan Dynasty

Name: Robert Williamson

Sources:
1.

Yuan Dynasty
http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/

2.

Chinese History-Yuan Dynasty

http://www.chinaknowledge.de

3.

Window on Asia
http://asia.isp.msu.edu/

4.

The Earth and Its People 5th Edition

The Role of Women in Yuan Dynasty Disciplines

Mongolian and Tibetan Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3

Political

Geography

The Yuan dynasty was founded in China by Khubilai Khan after his family refused to accept
him as the Great Khan. Khubilai then moved his court to Beijing.He established the Yuan Empire
and ruled until his death in 1294. The Yuan lasted from 1271 to 1387 after surrendering to the
Ming Dynasty.

Physical Landscape
Location
(continent, region,
modern country)
Political Geography
Human/Environmenta
l Interactions
Nations/States
Type of Government
Leaders
Government Policies
Government Actions

Ranged from desert to monotonous to being heavily forested.

Included all of China, Korea, parts of the Middle East, and of course
Mongolia.
Capital in Beijing, China
Mining and deforestation for timber.

China, Korea, Tibet, many provinces.

Autocratic, but it had elements of the Chinese bureaucracy.
Khubilai Khan, Khulug Khan
taxation and census taking
Census and Tax collection emphasized, organized China into
provinces, used local governors to gain complete control.
Rights
Based on ethnic class. Mongols were at the top and had the most
rights, followed by Semu (Central Asians), Northern Chinese (Han),
and Southern Chinese
Persecution of others Southern Chinese given less rights and seen as inferior.
Wars
Conquered China and Korea, invaded Japan and Vietnam but was
unable to conquer them.

Social

Economic

Technology

Religious

Intellectual

Diplomacy
PhilosophyScienceIntellectual
Movements
ReligionBeliefsRelation with other
religionsInventionsCommunicationsTools
Jobs
Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization

Arranged for Annam and Champa to pay tribute after failure to

conquer both regions.
Mongols were kind to each other generally but hostile toward others.
The used terror tactics to conquer their enemies.
Unprecedented progress in science and mathematics.

Shamanism combined with primarily Tibetan Buddhism.

Nature spirits and idol, as well as Buddhist beliefs.
Had conflicts with the primarily Muslim Golden Horde
flamethrower, cannons, trebuchets, mangonels,perfection of
moveable type, dominoes.
Many ethnic minorities migrated and spread, use of postal service
tea pots, iron and steel tools.

farming, military jobs, government positions, arts, artisans

ports opened for trade, foreign good welcomed to domestic market
rice and other grains, cotton
cotton textiles
practiced debt slavery, commoners did agricultural work
established capital in Beijing, other cities include Shandu and
Kaiping
Trade
Silk road and Indian Ocean trade
The Family
some practice Confucianism which is very family oriented
Children
helped with labor around the house
Women
footbinding, expected to obey their husbands
Gender Roles
men were warriors, women were expected to take care of the home
Education
the elite were educated
Social Classes
(High to low on social ladder) Mongols, Semu, Hans, and southern
Chinese
Matriarchy/Patriarchy patriarchal society

Religious Intellectual

Political

Geography

Timurids
Name: _Annie Lim
Sources:
1. The Earth and its Peoples: 5th Edition
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg
3. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/courts-and-courtiers-v
4. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?
auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/v039/39.2.lapidus.html
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty
6. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm
7. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596414/Timurid-dynasty
8. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/economy-vi-in-the-timurid-period
9. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Timurid_Dynasty
10. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/economy-vi-in-the-timurid-period
11. http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm
12. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/carpets-viii
Steppe-prairies, good for herding but not farming; much land is arid and
Physical Landscape
unproductive
Location
Iran, Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia,
(continent, region,
Pakistan, Syria, India Anatolia
modern country)
Samarkand, capital, was the crossway of Europe and Asia; Caucasus is
Political Geography
crossway between Middle East and Eastern Asia/Europe
Human/Environmen Conquered to control Silk Road (trade East to West and vice versa)
tal Interactions
Irrigation systems installed, repaired, maintained
After death of Timur, empire fragmented (b/c princes wanted to establish
their own kingdom which led to civil war). Most fell from neighbors and
Nations/States
only 2 remained: Khorasan and Tranoxina and ruled by separate branches
of the family
Type of
Hereditary seat amir (Muslim prince) who is ideally subordinate to khan
Government
but in reality, chooses khans who are mere puppets.
Timur/Tamerlane-founder of Timurid empire, brilliant tactician and general,
Leaders
most powerful ruler in Muslim world, relocated craftmen, architects, artist,
poets, and teachers to Samarkand (capital)
Government
Policies
Government
Actions
Rights
Persecution of
Non-Muslims were treated harshly at times
others
Defeated Mamluks in Syria and Ottomans (temporarily) at Ankara.
Wars
Civil war after death of Timur
Diplomacy
Much of the time- politically stable and peaceful- until invasion of Uzbeks
Philosophy
Accurate eclipse predictions
Science
Ulugh Beg (grandson of Timur): accurately found the Earths axial tilt of
23.52.
Intellectual
Decimal notation inspired by Chinese, improved trigonometry- sine and
Movements
cosine
Timur was Sunni Muslim, which led to adoption of Persian Arts. Timur
Religion
became Muslim partially to legitimize his rule.
Level of devotion varies between rulers
Beliefs
Everyone had access to spiritual realm (no need for Shamans). Like
politics, religious leaders had to compete for recognition and influence.

Relation with other

religions
Music

Artistic

Literature

Painting

Technology

Architecture
Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools
Jobs

Economic

Economic Policies

Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization
Trade
The Family
Children

Social

Women

Gender Roles
Education

Social Classes

Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Religious freedom at times: Non-Muslims held administrative posts

Tried to spread Muslim
Military band for rulers; court musicians for softer music at festivals
Sponsored historical writing
Calligraphy
Poetry
bookbinding
Blended Turkic and Persian culture; Chagatai (among royalty) and Persian
(majority) language used
Peak of Islamic miniature painting- illustration for text
Observatory built for Ulugh Beg.
Turquoise tiles forming geometric patterns on buildings were common
Built mosques, madrasas (university), and shrines
Jade carving
Samarkand and Herat were place of exchange of ideas among people
Used firearms in army to counter cavalry of the opponent
Army-multi-ethnic and merit based to confirm loyalty from all ethnicity of
the conquered people
Beg allowed relocated artists to return to their home, which resumed
production of local crafts
Attempted to reestablish trade routes in Silk Road (failed
Repaired and increased irrigation system-led to high yields
Cultivated cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flowers
Chief source of tax revenue
Had carpet industries
Carpets-entirely wool, geometric and arabesque designs
Labor was mostly done by peasants and slaves
Relocation of artistic professionals to Samarkand attracted people
Samarkand and Herat-urban and major trading centers
Served as site of exchange between nomads and sedentary people
Traded porcelain, leather, linen, spices, silk, precious stones, melons,
grapes
Hereditary government
Active patrons of architecture
Royalty- participated social and political activities: in ceremonies,
celebrations, weddings
Marriage used to secure legitimacy of new branches of family
Must wear veil
Men dominated politics, but women also had some influence as well. Men
may serve in army while women usually tended to housework and took
care of children.
Sponsored Muslim education
No single class had absolute power.
Divided into ethnic lines: military=Turko-Mongolian;
administration=Persian
Turkans (nobles) had privileges e.g. tax exemption, immunity from certain
punishments, not required to provide horses for army
partriarchy

Geography

Novgorod
Name: Declan Jones
Sources:
1. The Textbook
2. Encyclopedia Britannica
3. Infoplease.com
4. Wikipedia
Physical Landscape

Lots lowlands, lakes, and rivers run on the land nearby. Mountains to the
east. Forested throughout the area.

Location
(continent, region,
modern country)

Located in Northeastern Europe in Present day Northwest Russia.

Political Geography
Human/Environmen
tal Interactions

Political

Nations/States
Type of
Government
Leaders
Government
Policies
Government
Actions
Rights
Persecution of
others
Wars

Artistic

Religious

Intellectual

Diplomacy
Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements
Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions
Music
Literature

Many principalities based in cities which were hereditary and later chosen,
in Kievan Empire.
Forestry, farming and fur trade were big. Boats and steppe caravan were
used by traders for commerce centered around cities. Important post for
forest exploration.
First an independent principality, then part of the Kievan and Mongol
empires, specifically the Golden Horde. Later an independent state
starting in 1136.
Principality, first hereditary then elected by Veche, a town council.
Included Oleg, Vladimir I, Alexander Nevskii, prince from 1236-1263.
Policy of submission to the Mongols and policies that encouraged inter
and intra regional trade. Oppressed the peasant class as well.
Took actions to maintain control of Volga river trade to sustain economy.
Nevskii convinced a few princes to submit to Mongol rule willingly in 1240.
Peasants were oppressed by the Prince regarding taxes.
Persecuted peoples of other religions started by Vald I.
Attack and capture of Kiev in 882 by Oleg, created Kievan Empire. Nevskii
fought the Teutonic Knights and Finns in alliance with the Mongols.
Negotiated with invading Mongols to make Novgorod the favored Russian
city and make Nevskii the most powerful Russian prince after the sacking
of Kiev.
Began To use the Rule of Law during cultural peak.
Began to develop the base of natural sciences
Very popular movement for increased education and literacy rates, which
were the highest in its region at the time, and started an iconography
movement.
Practiced Christianity, and later Orthodox Christianity instituted by
Vladimir I in 989.
Later rulers forcefully converted inhabitants to Christianity, as it was
made the state religion by Vladimir I.
Low tolerance of other religions by later rulers. Women continued to
exhibit polytheistic influences in medicine and jewelry.
Mostly utilized the heterophony chorus and a few primitive string
instruments like the Gudok, which was played with a bow, and the
treshchotka, an idiophone that mimics hand claps.
Had unusually high literacy rate for a city at its time. Wrote on birch-bark.
All peoples of all classes wrote, including women. Documents recovered
detail business transactions, archbishop writings, and religious texts as
well as diaries.

Painting

Architecture

Technology

Sculpture

Inventions

Communications
Tools
Jobs

Economic

Economic Policies

Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization
Trade

Social

The Family
Children
Women
Gender Roles
Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Paintings were mostly of religious icons. Palaeologus-Byzantine style,

and European Romanesque and Gothic styles were used in the paintings.
Painted saints said to protect against elements of the economy like Saint
George, who protected the fields.
Built with wood but turned to stone for ramparts and other fortifications.
Gradually integrated stone into all buildings. Later built an ancient version
of the Kremlin. Contained dozens of cathedrals. Streets were paved with
wood.
Included many sculptures of the saints said to protect against harm and
religious icons as well.
Created Kokoshnik, a traditional Russian headress, Kvass, a non-alcoholic
fermented beverage, the multidomed church, birch-bark documents, the
Gudok, a ancient string instrument that could have been invented in
Novgorod, the treshchotka, an instrument that mimics hand clapping, the
sokha, a light wooden plow, and Lapta, a ball-and bat game similar to
baseball.
Traveled along the region's rivers and used the extensive trade routes as
communications routes.
Used plows for farming, also utilized a Byzantine fire retardant water
system that ran along the streets, the sokha, which was wooden and
lighter and allowed for more efficient ploughing.
Herdsmen, farmers, merchants, nobility, priesthood.
Encouraged long distance trade and maintained trade with Central Asia
through extensive trade routes. Later part of the Hanseatic League of
European cities.
Used slash and burn agriculture because of the infertility of the land.
Rotated crops on farmland. Used the sokha for quicker, more efficient
plowing
Had artisan class that worked on manufactured products like glassware
and mosaics.
Done by peasants.
Novgorod grew substantially in population and size, and people from the
countryside migrated there starting ca. 900 CE.
Traded as a part of the Hanseatic League, and took advantage of being
situated near major rivers and on the east-west trade routes headed to
Central Asia. Also traded with the Byzantines.
Families usually kept the same occupation across generations unless they
amassed much wealth. Lived in different sized houses depending on class.
Families were usually smaller.
Made apprentices at early ages. Helped with household chores.
Kept house and helped the husbands. Wrote manuscripts as well.
Men did the farming, construction, business and governing. Women child
reared and kept house while seldom helping the men.
Very high literacy and education rates. Education probably coincided with
religious education.
Peasantry->merchants/artisans->priesthood->nobility
Patriarchy

Intellectual

Political

Geography

Ming Dynasty
Name: James Wang
Sources:
1. ___chinaknowledge.de
2. ___http://totallyhistory.com/
3. _http://www.princeton.edu/
4. http://www.metmuseum.org/
5. http://www.china.org.cn/
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/
7. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/
During this time, The capital was moved to the north, and the physical
Physical Landscape
landscape can be described here as flat on the capital, but mountains
surrounding it.
Location
North China, Asia. Capital is Beijing which was the ancient capital during
(continent, region,
the Yuan Dynasty. Area included everything straight below the Great Wall
modern country)
of China.
The borders of Ming never moved after they reached the north to
Political Geography
counteract the Mongols. The great wall of China which was completed
around this time was what the reason of border during this time.
Yongle sent voyages across the southern sea, and voyages helped map,
Human/Environmen interact with, and loot across the sea. Zheng He is credited with these
tal Interactions
achievements. Other than that though there was strict import limitations
and foreign visitors placed by Hongwu.
Nations/States
15 provinces with separate seats of governors
Were like the Yuan Dynasties. Continued with provincial structure and
Type of
observe hereditary professional categories. There was only one
Government
department-The Secretariat. They controlled 6 ministers, which controlled
directors all under the Emperor.
Leaders
Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) Yongle
Government
Limiting imports and cut of relations of Central Asia and the Middle East.
Policies
Government
Finished off our current known Great Wall of China. Stayed defensive.
Actions
Created the Forbidden City in Beijing
There were 4 classes in the Ming Dynasty. Although rights were upheld,
Rights
most of the time the Class starting at the bottom with merchants were
given less leeway.
Persecution of
None could be found
others
Main enemy were the Mongols in the North. Fought against Japanese
Wars
invaders tried to invade Korea (A Ming State). Pirate attacks
When Zheng He sought to cement allegiance with an island full of Chinese
Diplomacy
Merchants and they resisted, he slaughter them as an example. These
expeditions stopped though after Zheng He and Yongle died.
Believed a harmonious relationship with nature. Dominant beliefs at times
Philosophy
were Daoism and Budhism.
Improved military weapons like the Huochong Gun, A projectile firearm. A
Science
medical book named Compendium advanced knowledge in the medicine.
Agricultural production increased due to technological advancements.
Intellectual
The Mongols accentuated a movement to advance military improvement.
Movements
At this time, Taoism and Buddhism were the main religions of the time.
Religion
Christianity was also introduced here.
Beliefs
Practices were done to stay in harmony with nature.

Religious
Artistic

Relation with other

religions

Music

Literature

Painting
Architecture

Technology

Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools

Jobs

Economic

Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization

Social

Trade

The Family
Children
Women
Gender Roles

Obviously took in some religion like Christianity. At the start of the

Dynasty though, Foreign people were not allowed to enter, so there were
limits.
Music was split in matter of location. In the north, music was more
feverish and lively compared to the softer southern melodies. Wei LiangFu
was a composer and writer who was praised as creator a new style of
romantic music since the Tang.
Important literature would be the Story of the Lute by Gao Ming. It is
actually a play. Kun Qu is a big part of Opera (music) that is part of this
time period. Literatures such as Romance of the 3 kingdoms, Outlaws of
the Marsh, and Journey of the West are very important.
The Ming carried on the style of the Yuan with the Free Style brush and Ink
developed in the Wu School Yongle Dadian was the crowning
achievement of Zhu Di
The Forbidden Palace is the most renowned piece of Architecture created
by the Ming. The Goldhall in the south.
Scultures would be characterized like the ecleteric legacy of the Mongol
Yuan Dynasty.
Inventions include Ship Rudders, Bristle toothbrush, Color printing using
woodblocks, and the Yongle Encyclopedia or Dadian.
Hongwu began at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to create
communication routes for the military courier system.
There were agricultural tools and carts to help with advances. In the
military, fire arrows, the Huochuong gun, and tools helped against
invaders. Helped in large scale production of crops.
Jobs included government jobs with the examination system. Farmers in
agriculture. The Examination system allowed for everyone to get a
chance to become a big deal.
Laissez faire like the Han. Had the Largest economy in the world at the
time. Tried using Paper Money, but failed and ended up using silver as a
means of exchange.
Farmers used Crop Rotation as a means to get maximum nutrition and
food. The economy allowed for the growing of Cash Crops.
Industry was privatized in the Ming. Laissez Faire was practiced, and a
wealthy merchant group had replaced the state as dominant movers
behind Chinese industry.
Abolished mandatory forced labor by peasants and replaced it with wage
laborers.
Development in industries caused and promoted market economy and
urbanization.
Thrived on trade with Europeans and Japan. The flow of silver through
China was very serious. Trade and commerce was thriving due to the
creation of canals and routes.
Family has always been regarded as an important aspect of Chinese life,
and that did not change. Family in the Ming still had the man in charge of
the household.
Children were children, but now there was a huge emphasis on the
examination test.
Women were regarded as a relative low status, especiallyfor unmarried
girls. Can only inherit a small of her family. Belongs to their husband.
Protected right to divorce.
Man over Female

Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Great attention was given during this time on the examination exam. The
exam was life for most people during that time.
4 broad classes the Shi, Nong, Gong, and Shang
Patriarchy

Korea

Japan
Name: Alex Kwan
Sources:
1. http://www.about.com/education (Mongol Invasion)
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (Mongol invasions of Japan)
3. http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/index.cfm (Japans Medieval Age: The Kamakura & Muromachi
Periods)
4. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/weai/exeas/resources/pdf/japanese-family-imamura.pdf
5. http://www.about.com/education (The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan)

Geography

Physical Landscape
Location
(continent, region,
modern country)
Political Geography

H/E Interactions
Nations/States
Type of Government
Leaders

Government Policies

Political

Government Actions
Rights

Persecution of others

Wars

Diplomacy

Intellectual

Philosophy

Science
Intellectual
Movements

4 main islands, closest part to Asia was 100m from Korea

Mountainous and heavily forested
Asia
Kyushu Island
Japan
The many islands made it difficult to form a centralized government
including all groups.
Being close proximity with Korea and China invaders often pushed
into Japan.
The mountainous area in Japan affected the cultivable land for any
population to grow.
Northern island of Kyushu, but spread to the main central island of
Honshu
Feudal Military Dictatorship
Lost to Mongols under the Kamakura Shogunate
Under the Mongols, the Shogun was a military leader that distributed
land and privileges to his followers. This created a decentralized
system were warlords around the country gained overwhelming
power
The shogun pushed towards a centralized military after the first
Mongol attack. Local warlords banded together to form a centralized
community throughout Japan
The Shogun distributed privileges to his followers. Through fear of the
Mongols, followers popped up no matter the submission needed.
Envoys sent by Khubilai Khan about submission were executed
First invasion in 1274- 40k warriors, starting from Korea moved in with
archers and sailors to the Hakata Bay
2nd invasion in 1281- bringing 140k troops over. Won due to Japanese
swordsmen boarding Mongol ships. The Kamikaze- a typhoon hit and
sank around half of the Mongol ships.
The warlords and shoguns around Japan relayed together to defended
against the Mongols. Banning together to form a national system of
defensives fortifications
Growing wealth and peace stimulated artistic creativity, reflected
towards the gardens and architecture seen around Japan. The
aesthetic style presented in the artwork leads to Zen Buddhism.
Emphasizes personal expression of a persons daily life, pointing
towards the benefit of others.
Improvements on already present ideals
With the end of the Mongol invasions, it set a lasting influence
towards their defensive structures. Rebuilding coastal defenses walls
and forming a national infrastructure setup for trade and
communication.

Religious

Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions
Music

Artistic

Literature
Painting
Architecture

Technology

Sculpture
Inventions

Communications
Tools
Jobs
Economic Policies

Economic

Agriculture

Industry

Labor
Urbanization

Trade
Social

The Family

Zen Buddhism
Mainly Buddhist beliefs, leaning towards the expression in ones daily
life rather than, pushing followers to pursue words written on text
A different sect of Buddhism, but is quite similar to teaching of
Confucianism. Having followers to purse a way of life rather than a
complete religion
none
With the peace after the Mongolian invasion, it formed a lot of artistic
creativity. Artists during that period created contemporary art, and
created a plays that were performed in the Noh Theater.
Art was mainly shown in the many Zen gardens present during that
time. As well as landscape art, and the architecture present in royalty.
Influenced mainly by the Chinese, the building techniques were
shown through many of the large central capitals.
Mainly made of bronze representing warlords or Shogun military
leaders. Based on the worship of Buddhism or the Shintoism. The
Great Buddha statue in Nara
Mainly imported technologies from other civilizations, creating water
wheels and improving the plow.
With the Mongol aggression, it forced communication between parts
of japan, rallying together warlords to ban together. This developed
into a road system and increased trade between islands.
Steel swords were a contributing factor towards the Mongol invaders,
were Japanese swordsmen boarded the Mongol ships.
Many jobs were formed to build and maintain coastal defensive
against the Mongols. A large military was made from this as well.
Many amenities were paid in rice or other coinage, such as copper
coins. Money lending from the government pushed military
warriors into large debts.
Improvements in agricultural technology created a hefty surplus.
Such as the procedure of double cropping, this is the practice of
growing 2 or more crops in the same space during a single growing
period.
Merchants relaxed during the peaceful period. This caused greater
access to market. Many ways of payment such as rice, bills, coins,
and pledges.
Farmers leaned towards jobs in the market instead of an
agricultural based job. Even with that there were agricultural
surpluses, with the innovations in cropping and animal plows.
Farmers transferred to more of a merchant job so that pushed
them towards the city to work.
There was evidence of trade with Ming China. The Ashikaga
shoguns created a system were trade between guides would be
taxed. The ports along the coast around Kyushu forming trade with
the people of southern Korea.
Mainly based off Confucian ideals. The main of the family was
based off an agricultural household. A child most of the time the
eldest son, remains in the household and carries on with the family
business and cares over his aging parents.


Children

Women

Gender Roles

Education

Social Classes

Matriarchy/Patriarch
y

Most of the time the sons move on out and form a branch
completely separate from the original. While the daughters
married into separate families, learning the ways of her new
household. Engaging herself in that family business and taking
care of her aging parents-in-law.
For the most part women were caretakers for the children. Main
role of women was to safeguard the household and pass it on to
the next heir. They honored the main lines family ancestors.
Women were the connectors between households. Had large roles
in
With the help of Buddhism females practiced more outdoor
activities, such as pilgrimages to temples, gave public lectures,
and led temple groups. Males like in all societies took the normal
route, of moving out of the house and forming their own family
and normal jobs such as military, merchant, and providing for the
family.
Both sexes joined into religious education. Copying a form of
Chinese system of writing, for the most part, everyone with decent
social class had a literary education. Had classes of higher
learning, made by the nobility and imperial court.
Warriors/Samurai (answering only to the Daimyo, whom answered
to the shogun)
The Farmers/Peasants (food was look greatly upon)
The Artisans (food over weighed beautiful clothing)
The Merchants (looked down upon, because they profited on the
labor of other classes)
Power was mainly vested in the male household leader, had the
central political leadership, with just the moral authority, and the
control of property.

Vietnam (Annam)
SOURCES:
Wikipedia.com
asianhistory.about.com
A philosophy of war by Alexander Moseley
GEOGRAPHY
Annam was the southernmost province of the Chinese empire. it is now part of present-day Vietnam
Vietnam is located on the eastern margin of the indochinese peninsula
It borders the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Gonkin, and south China sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia.
Vietnam is a beautiful country on the outside, but a far more deadly issue is happening underneath the
surface, which is Vietnams environment. Over the past century,
Vietnam has witnessed problem
after problem relating to the
Vietnamese environment. One of these is in the form of rapid population growth.
POLITICAL
Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from 111 BC to 938 AD. The Vietnamese became
independent from Imperial China in AD 938, following the Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bch ng
River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and
politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th
century. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First
Indochina War, eventually expelling the French in 1954. Thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two
rival states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy intervention
from the United States, in what is known as the Vietnam War. The war ended with a North Vietnamese
victory in 1975.
Politically, Vietnam is a one-party Communist state. In 207 BCE, the first historic kingdom of Nam Viet was
established in northern Vietnam and southern China by Trieu Da, a former governor for the Chinese Qin
Dynasty. However, the Han Dynasty conquered Nam Viet in 111 BCE, ushering in the "First Chinese
Domination," which lasted until 39 CE.
Between 39 and 43 CE,two sisters , Trung Trac and Trung Nhi lead a revolt against the Chinese, and briefly
ruled independent Vietnam. The Han Chinese defeated and killed them in 43 CE, however, marking the
beginning of the "Second Chinese Domination," which lasted until 544 CE.
Led by Ly Bi, northern Vietnam broke away from the Chinese again in 544, despite the southern Champa
kingdom's alliance with China. The First Ly Dynasty ruled northern Vietnam (Annam) until 602, when once
again China conquered the region. This "Third Chinese Domination" lasted through 905 CE, when the Khuc
family overcame Tang Chinese rule of the Annam area.
Led by Ly Bi, northern Vietnam broke away from the Chinese again in 544, despite the southern Champa
kingdom's alliance with China. The First Ly Dynasty ruled northern Vietnam (Annam) until 602, when once
again China conquered the region. This "Third Chinese Domination" lasted through 905 CE, when the Khuc
family overcame Tang Chinese rule of the Annam area.
Several short-lived dynasties followed in quick succession, until the Ly Dynasty (1009-1225 CE) took
control. The Ly invaded Champa and also moved into Khmer lands in what is now Cambodia. In 1225, the
Ly were overthrown by the Tran Dynasty, who ruled until 1400. The Tran famously defeated three Mongol
invasions, first by Mongke Khan in 1257-58, and then by Kublai Khan in 1284-85 and 1287-88.

The Ming Dynasty of China managed to take Annam in 1407, and controlled it for two decades. Vietnam's
longest-reigning Dynasty, the Le, next ruled from 1428 to 1788. The Le Dynasty instituted Confucianism
and a Chinese-style civil service exam system. It also conquered the former Champa, extending Vietnam to
its current borders.
Between 1788 and 1802, peasant revolts, small local kingdoms and chaos prevailed in Vietnam. The
Nguyen Dynasty took control in 1802, and ruled until 1945, first in their own right, then as puppets of
French imperialism (1887-1945), and also as puppets of the occupying Japanese Imperial forces during
World War II.
At the end of the Second World War, France demanded the return of its colonies in French Indochina
(Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos). The Vietnamese wanted independence, so this touched off the First
Indochina War (1946-1954). In 1954, the French withdrew and Vietnam was partitioned with the promise of
democratic elections. However, the North under communist leader Ho Chi Minh invaded the US-supported
South later in 1954, marking the beginning of the Second Indochina War, also called the Vietnam War
(1954-1975).
The North Vietnamese eventually won the war in 1975, and reunited Vietnam as a Communist country.
Vietnam's army overran neighboring Cambodia in 1978, driving the genocidal Khmer Rouge out of power.
Since the 1970s, Vietnam has slowly liberalized its economic system and recovered from decades of war.
INTELLECTUAL
The traditional Vietnamese philosophy has been described by one biographer of Ho Chi Minh as a
"perennial Sino-Vietnamese philosophy" blending different strands of Confucianism with Buddhism and
Taoism.
Artifacts of human habitation in what is now Vietnam date back more than 22,000 years, but it is likely that
humans have lived in the area for much longer. Archaeological evidence shows that bronze casting in the
area began around 5,000 BCE, and spread north to China. Around 2,000 BCE, the Dong Son Culture
introduced rice cultivation into Vietnam.
To the south of the Dong Son were the Sa Huynh people (c. 1000 BCE - 200 CE), ancestors of the Cham
people. Maritime traders, the Sa Hyunh exchanged merchandise with peoples in China, Thailand, the
Philippines and Taiwan.
RELIGIOUS
Vietnam is a country which has a rich and wide variety of religions. These include religions based on
popular beliefs, religions brought to Vietnam from the outside, and several indigenous religious groups.
As with other countries, the Vietnamese have several popular beliefs, such as animism and theism. The
most widespread popular belief among the Vietnamese is the belief in ancestor-worship.
But ancient Vietnam, Annam used to consist of mostly Buddhism, folk beliefs, Confucianism & Taoism,
Christianity.
Foreign religions imported to Vietnam did not exterminate the local folk beliefs, but they mixed with each
other to derive specific variants for both sides. For example, Taoism could not lower the womens role,
which was reflected by widespread worship of Mau (Goddess). The features of polytheism, democracy, and
community are manifested by the worship of groups of ancestors, and pairs of gods.
ARTISTIC
Vietnamese people have created art as long as they have existed, they've shown their different forms and
styles of art through calligraphy, architecture and statues and other stone carvings.
Throughout its history, Vietnam has been most heavily impacted by the Chinese musical tradition, as an

integral part, along with Korea, Mongolia and Japan.

TECHNOLOGY
Archaeological evidence shows that bronze casting in the area began around 5,000 BCE, and spread north
to China. Around 2,000 BCE, the Dong Son Culture introduced rice cultivation into Vietnam.
ECONOMIC/SOCIAL
Vietnam's economic growth remains hampered by the government's control of many factories as stateowned enterprises (SOEs). These SOEs produce almost 40% of the country's GDP the Vietnamese recently
declared a policy of economic liberalization and joined the WTO.
Vietnam exports clothes, shoes, crude oil, and rice. It imports leather and textiles, machinery, electronics,
plastics and automobiles.
Like most of its neighbors, Vietnam was primarily an agricultural state, its survival based above all on the
cultivation of wet rice. As in medieval Europe, much of the land was divided among powerful noble
families, who often owned thousands of serfs or domestic slaves. A class of landholding farmers also
existed, however, and powerful monarchs frequently attempted to protect this class by limiting the power
of feudal lords and dividing up their large estates. The Vietnamese economy was not based solely on
agriculture. Commerce and m

Political

Geography

Delhi Sultanate
Name: Daniel Chou
Sources:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate
2. http://www.indianetzone.com/46/society_delhi_sultanate.htm
3. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part1_08.html
Occupied northern India
South of Himalayas
Physical Landscape
Deserts to the west
North of Deccan Plateau
Location
(continent, region,
Continent of Asia, Northern India, Modern country of India
modern country)
Remained isolated from many areas due to mountainous regions and
Political Geography
deserts.
India remained divided due to geographical differences.
Human/Environmen Relied on seasonal monsoons in for planting and harvesting
tal Interactions
Plateaus and mountains separated the people of modern India
Mamluk Dynasty
Khilji Dynasty
Nations/States
Tughlaq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Lodi Dynasty
Type of
Sultanate
Government
Mamluk: Qutub-ud-din Aibak, Aram Shah (assassinated by next leader),
IItutmish, Razia Sultana (first female sultan)
Khilji: Jalal-ud-din Firoz Shah Khilji, Juna Khan, Ala al-din
Leaders
Tughlaq: Ghazi Malik, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq,
Sayyid (Turkic): Sayyid Khizr Khan
Lodi (Afghan): Bahlol Lodi, Nizam Khan, Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi
Required special tax from conquered peoples
Based on Islam
Government
Created wage and price controls
Policies
Taxed Hindu Brahmins
Raised tax policies to 50%
Network of spies
Seized Gujarat
Government
Created mandi markets
Actions
Severely punished criminals
Executed people who did not pay taxes
Rights
Muslim upper classes modeled after Turkish and Persian rights
Hindus and conquered peoples taxed
Tughlaqs massacred thousands of Hindus and other peoples
Persecution of
Forced mass migrations
others
Destroyed Hindu and Jain temples
Incorporated conquered lands
Battles against Bahmani and Vijayanagar armies
The seizing of Gujarat
Wars
Failed attempt of invading China by the Tughlaqs
Delhi sacked by Timur Mongols
Diplomacy
Conquering people, did not use many diplomats
Philosophy
Based on the Muslim way of life
Science
Extensive medical knowledge due to madrasas

Religious
Intellectual

Intellectual
Movements
Religion
Beliefs

Relation with other

religions

Music

Artistic

Literature

Painting

Architecture

Technology

Inventions

Economic

Sculpture

Jobs

Communications
Tools

Economic Policies

Agriculture

Industry

Labor
Urbanization

Created several new arts, literature, and architecture

Islam
Believed Islam to be superior to other religions initially
Religious intolerance
Hindu were forced to pay special tax
Hindu traders paid double trade tax
Restrictions on Hindu pilgrimages
Hindu temples, education centers destroyed in favor of mosques and
Muslim establishments
Indian and Arab music mixed with traditional Persian and Central Asian
music
Khiyai: School of romantic music
Provided shelter to scholars who wrote literature
Interested in Persian literature
Books/poetry done in Sanskrit, Persian etc
Sultans were patrons of scholars and poets
Led to growth of all religious languages in India
Indian motifs like the lotus introduced
Persian styles of art to decorate arches
Pointed Arch
Dome
Enameled tiles
Grey sandstone
N/A
Construction using concrete
Domes
Pointed arches
Large amounts of trade in Delhi and Gujarat
Use of horses and mules instead of elephants
Farmers, industry workers, Sultans, noblemen
Made most of money from taxes and invasions
Brought vast amounts of wealth from South India
Separate taxes for Muslims and non-Muslims
Religious taxes on non-Muslims to live in Delhi lands
Main part of economy
Chief Crops: wheat, rice, sugarcane, jute, cotton, and others
Fruits: grapes, dates, plantains, apples, oranges, and jack-fruits
Towns were center of agricultural distribution
Village and Cottage industries
Village industries of sugar, scents, and spirits
Cottage industries of cotton weaving and production
Small weapons making
Gold and silversmiths
Largest industry was textiles
Labor was family based and conservative.
Gujarat and Delhi were major centers of trade.
Many farmers moved to cities for work

Trade

The Family
Children

Social

Women

Gender Roles

Education

Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Main traders: Gujaratis, Chettis, and Banjaras

Imported silks, velvets, horses, guns, gunpowder, and precious metals
Exported grain, cotton, precious stones, hides, opium, sugar, and spices
Gujarat was main trade center
Based on religion
Hindu women enjoyed respect and were educated
Muslims practiced polygamy and women were forced to be submissive.
Nobility were educated by private tutors
Others educated in preparation for family practices
Hindus:Respected in the family
Participated in religious ceremonies
Received education
Widows could not remarry
Many committed sati or became woman hermits
Muslims: Purdah system
Were not respected
Polygamy
Not educated
Men tilled and harvested crops
Women took care of animals and took care of the house
Madrasas (colleges)
Extremely important
Children of noblemen educated by private tutors
Medicine prevalent
Literature important
Scholars protected and sponsored
Very little survived to the modern day
Foreign Muslims (Highest), Indian Muslim, Hindus (Lowest)
Based off of Hindu caste system
Based off of nobility, skill, and place of birth
Patriarchy/Based on Rulers (Raziya Sultana)

Political

Geography

Mali
Name: Daniel Jeong
Sources:
1. http://mali.pwnet.org/geography/geography_land_water.htm
2. http://www.infoplease.com/country/mali.html
3. http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/1malgeo.html
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mali#Land_use
5. http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/mali/government
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Mali
8. http://www.asbmb.org/asbmbtoday/asbmbtoday_article.aspx?id=32437
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Learning_systems
10. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360071/Mali/54974/Plant-and-animal-life
11. http://www.ambamali-jp.org/en/e04-05.html
12. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryMaliEN.html
13. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/arts/design/in-mali-finding-art-as-authentic-as-life-itself.html?
pagewanted=all&_r=0
14. http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/resources/mali/
15. http://www.taneter.org/writing.html
16. http://www.jobserveafrica.com/country-fact-file/32/mali
17. http://www.ambamali-jp.org/en/e03-02.html
18. http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Mali.html
-generally an elevated plateau with a very narrow coastal plain
Physical Landscape
-includes: Fouta Djallon highlands, Bandiagara plateau, Hombori Mtns.
-includes large stretch of the Niger River
Location
-Continent: Africa(west)
(continent, region,
-Region: landlocked country in the Sahara
modern country)
-Modern Country- Mali
-Bamako, Djenne, Jenne, Kayes, Mali, Mali Federation, Mopti, Seguo,
Political Geography
Sudanese Republic, Timbuktu
Human/Environmen
-desertification, soil erosion, drought, inadequate supply of water
tal Interactions
-June 20,1960- became independent as Sudanese Republic from the
Nations/States
French, Aug 20, 1960 independent as Republic of Mali
Type of
-Republic
Government
Leaders
-Before 1992=dictator, Post 1992- president
-Decentralization policy, foreign policy, trade policy.
Government
-President, 9 Supreme Court Members, 147 Legislative members (5yrs
Policies
each)
-President-chief of state, commander of armed forces, chairs cabinet
member
-Prime Minister- acts as a member of the cabinet of ministers
Government
-Supreme Court- judicial and administrative powers, reviews
Actions
constitutionality of law
-Legislative- debates and votes on legislation, question gov. ministers on
government actions and policies
-constitutional provisions- freedom of speech, press, etc
Rights
-prohibitions- arbitrary arrest, torture, etc
Persecution of
-mainly persecution of Christians
others
-Agacher Strip War (1985-VICTORY)
Wars
-Northern Mali War (2012-VICTORY)
-receives much help from the foreign help/aid policies
Diplomacy
-followed socialist path but after the independence, foreign relationships
increased

Intellectual

Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements

Religious

Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions
Music

Artistic

Literature
Painting
Architecture

Technology

Sculpture
Inventions

Communications
Tools
Jobs

Economic

Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization
Social

Trade
The Family
Children
Women
Gender Roles
Education

-had three philosophical schools in the golden age (12-16 th century)

-astronomy- stars, calendar system
-navigation- sailing, vessels
-medicine- herbal plants
-architecture- pyramids and buildings
-90% Sunni Islam
-10% Christian
-monotheistic- belief of one god
-believes that Mohammed is the messenger
-that the Muslim community was to select the prophets successor to lead
-due to the reason above conflicted with the Shiite Muslims.
-Lots of persecutions of Christians, who make up appx. 10% of population
-consisted of stringed instruments, drums, and smooth voices
-Askia the Great, ruler of the Sonhai ruler, was the patron of literature
-literature also progressed exponentially when the French took over
-masked performances
-rock paintings were very famous
-social and religious buildings
-mosques
-stoned buildings
-made out of wood and iron
-usually sculptures depicting warriors/humans and animals
-vessels
-herbal medicine
-calendar
-many form of scripts and hieroglyphics
-main communication was the Nsibidi that was used to communicate
between local languages
-steam engines, metal chisels and saws, copper/iron tools and weapons,
nails, glue
-farmers, herders, fisherman, traders, or artisans
-low pay/income
-fiscal policy- taxes on goods
-monetary & exchange policy- relating to world bank and lowering poverty
-Main export was cotton
-Rice, millet, corn, tobacco, vegetables, tree crops were main exports
-gold, cotton, cattle, fish
Men- farming, herding, fishing
Women- child bearing/raising, market trading, some artisans
Children- continually reducing child labor
1/3 of population, Bamako- capital, Timbuktu- legendary city with great
history
Cotton, gold, animal skin
Men dominant over women in the stages of marriage but their[women]
status and power improve through time.
Ever since birth, they continued education and helped out with their
parents
In charge of children and part of their education. Women in the rural
generally have a harder time than the ones in the urban. Less represented
than men and their ranking solely depends on their husbands.
Women- child bearing, house chores, and trading
Men- outside agricultural farming, fishing, etc.
Learned from parents and first 9 years of education is free. The rest arent.

Social Classes

Horonw-free people/nobles, nyamankala-semiprofessional groups

including leather worker, griots, and smiths, Jonw/wolosow-slaves

Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

-patriarchy

Political

Geography

Swahili Coast & Zimbabwe

Name: Nikki Sharma
Sources:
1. The Earth and its Peoples, Global History : Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, Johnson, Northrup
2. http://ghanaempire.wordpress.com/hierarchy-of-government
3. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Tajikistan-to-Zimbabwe/Swahili.html
4. http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/africa-1500
5. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/GreatZimbabwe_StudentsWorksheets.pdf
Swahili Coast: coastland, facing the Indian Ocean.
Physical Landscape
Zimbabwe: Plateau south of the Zambezi River, Zambezi valley.
Location
Both In the Eastern African Coast.
(continent, region,
Swahili Coast in the African Great Lakes region.
modern country)
Zimbabwe in the Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe
-City-states
Political Geography
-trading centers
- also Zimbabwe being a capital of a large state
-Swahili coast: coastal and island peoples enriching the language and
Human/Environmen
culture, and the merchants in both place allowed for expansion, mainly
tal Interactions
with trade.
-Swahili coast: state region in the region of Africas great lakes.
Nations/States
-Zimbabwe: being a capital to The Kingdom of Zimbabwe / settlement
Type of
Government

Both had a Monarchy

Leaders

Swahili coast: main king called the Ghana, one being King Reidja Akba
(1400-1415)
Zimbabwe: president currently- Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe

Government
Policies

Trading in both places provided the basis of the economy

Government
Actions
Rights
Persecution of
others
Wars

Religious Intellectual

Diplomacy
Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements
Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions
Music
Literature

In great Zimbabwe the local craftsmen, built stone structures of the Great
Zimbabwe rulers.
-Swahili kings were in charge of the bureaucracy, taxes, army, justice and
other duties.
-in the Swahili coast, rights were birthday parties and frequent parties, if
financially stable. And Arranged marriages.
Cant find :/
In Zimbabwe, many invasions and battles with early iron workers from
Shona and San tribes invaded Zimbabwe b/c of the trading availability.
Because of the Invasions they were able to maturely remove them and
protect their land.
Cant find :/
-In Zimbabwe, were huge strong mortar-less stone structures.
-Iron metallurgy

-Islam, because of when the Bantu traders settled on the African coast.
-Swahili and Zimbabwe people followed a very strict form of an Islamic
Orthodox, practicing every little detail of the faith, ex. Ramadan
-the more they interacted with others the stronger the Swahili Islamic
identity got.
-main instrument in Great Zimbabwe was the Mbira or Finger piano
-poetry and script in the Swahili coast used African grammar enriched by
Arabic and Persian terms.

TechnologyArtistic

Painting
Architecture
Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools
Jobs
Economic Policies

Economic

Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization

Trade

The Family

Children

Social

Women
Gender Roles
Education

Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

-most famous works of art in Great Zimbabwe were the Soapstone Birds, 8
birds carved in a soap stone found in the ruins of Zimbabwe
-Swahili coast: large masonry buildings, 4 stories high,
-Zimbabwe: Royal Enclosures, larger than football, large conical stone
towers.
-female soapstone figures, proved power for women,
Pottery to store foods, glass beads,
Lines were drawn to port cities, easy access for trading along with
message transporting
-also, the Swahili coast being the most important commercial center
Cattle as transportation, also high temperature metallurgy
-Main jobs, were traders, builders/ sculptors, miners, and farmers.
Farming and cattle herding allowed for the basis of the growth of the
economy
-the abundance of salt, gold and other exotic goods brought a huge
economic increase to both the Swahili coast and Zimbabwe
-trading ports, intensive farming and mining fields, and iron metallurgy
Overseas transports, long- distance trade
-in the Swahili coast because of the popularity it got and of how much new
products they brought in, they were able to become very urban and the
most important commercial center.
-traded from the East African Coast to China, along with the Middle East,
the Mediterranean, and Eastern Europe, along with neighboring African
tribes.
-man was the leader of the house, make decisions in order to preserve
family honor. Also Swahili Women had considerable power in the daily life
of thir family
-One right they were given was birthday parties, only if their family had
money, in order to show social status.
-young girls were married off
Swahili Women had considerable power in the daily life of their family.
Young girls were married off early, arranged marriage.
-man was the leader and the worker, women did the behind the scenes
work, stayed at home.
-men were allowed education, women were not, if they had the money
they could maybe afford it, also social status determined the quality of
the education they were given.
-rulers, priests, wealthy citizens
-merchants and traders
-commoners and women/ children
- slaves
Patriarchy, men were the leaders of the household and empires.

Aden
Name: Stephen Wu
Sources:
1. http://www.nationsonline.org
2. http://www.infoplease.com/country/yemen.html
3. http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/adenemergency.htm
4. The Earth And Its Peoples 5th Edition
5. http://www.yostours.com.ye/mon_aden.htm
6. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Aden.aspx

Geography

Physical Landscape
Location
(continent, region,
modern country)
Political Geography
Human/Environmen
tal Interactions
Nations/States
Type of
Government

Political

Leaders

Government
Policies
Government
Actions

Rights

Persecution of
others
Wars

Intellectual

Diplomacy
Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements

Plateaus
Plains
Highlands
Yemen
Southwestern tip of the Arabian peninsula
Asia
Double advantage in the Indian Ocean trade
Convenient stopover for trade with India, the Persian Gulf, East
Africa, and Egypt
Monsoon winds brought rain fall
Ibn Battuta (Moroccan explorer) sailed down the Red Sea
Large Population
Aden was just a port city
First under rule of Monarchy
Northern Yemn was ruled by imams southern port of Aden was
colonized by Britain in 1839, and by 1937 expansion known as
Aden Protectorate
Kings
Colonization (British)
Sheikhs
Sultan
Emirs
Embargo against Zeila because Shiite Muslims threw the stones
for a mosque into the ocean
Embargo against Shiite
Increasing Trade
Women do not have any rights in politics
Women could not go to school
Men had most rights
Story of a slave beating his rival and his master rewarding him for
it so ability for slaves to become freedmen

Persecuted Shiites

10 December 1963 Aden fights against the British for

Independence
November 30th 1967 British Troops withdraw from Aden
Sunni philosophy
Followed Sharia Law
Scientific Method
Astronomy saw Andromeda Galaxy
Islamic Golden Age
Many scientific advancements
Mathematical Advancement

Religious

Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions

Music

Artistic

Literature

Painting

Architecture

Sculpture

Technology

Inventions

Communications

Tools

Jobs

Economic

Economic Policies
Agriculture
Industry
Labor
Urbanization

Trade

Sunni Muslims
Modern day Yemen is split roughly 50% Sunni and 50% Shiite
Sunnis select their own
Shiites decedents of Muhammad
Had good relations unless provoked
Modern day Yemen you can practice your own religion but cannot
convert from Islam to other religion
proselytization is banned
Used drums and sung
Talking drum
Djembre
A Story about a slave who paid excessive amounts of money for a
goat but didnt get punished because he beat his rival
Arabian Nights
Calligraphy
Geometric Shapes
Mosaics
Mosque
Domed top
Archways with calligraphy
Yemenite
Indian
Victorian
Cannot have sculptures because humanoid shape
Cannot worship
Boats to sail and trade with other port cities
Communications with many other counties
India
China
Saudi Arabia
Ethiopians
Boats
Saddles
Merchant
Farmer
Priest
Official
Advisor
Trade
Embargos
Cotton
Grain
Mainly trading and farming
Farmers and Merchants
One big port city
Had traders
Markets to sell
Traded with India
Ethiopians
Saudi Arabia
Common stopping point while trading

The Family

Social

Children
Women
Gender Roles
Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Father was head made the money

Mother took care of children
Went to school
Helped father
Learned trade of family or went off to school
Stayed home took care of children
Not allowed out of house without guardian
Women were inferior to men
Men would do the main work outside the house
Women were just objects of the men and caretakers of the house

Gujarat
Name: Sam Ramesh
Sources:
1. http://www.importantindia.com/8657/geography-of-gujarat-and-its-physicalfeatures/____________________________________________________________________________________
2. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-toJamaica/Gujaratis.html_________________________________________________________________________
3. http://www.india-travel-information.com/india-information/Indian-States/Gujarat/146Industry.html________________________________________________________________________________
4. http://www.india-travel-information.com/india-information/Indian-States/Gujarat/146-Industry.html
5. http://www.gujarat-tourism.net/Gujarat_Economy.htm
6. http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/art.htm
7. http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat#Economy
9. http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Gujarati-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html
10. The Earth and Its Peoples

Geography

Physical Landscape

A peninsular state.
Split into 4 geographical regions: The Saurastra, The Kachchh
peninsula, The Rann of Kachchh, and The Gujarat Plain.
Located on the west coast of India.
Gujarat is bordered to the west by the Arabian sea, north-west by
Pakistan, north by Rajasthan, east by Madhya Pradesh, and south by
Maharashtra.
Split into 4 main geographical regions.
2001 North and 2407 North latitudes and 6804 East and 7404
East longitudes.
BJP ruling
Democratic government
Worship the plants.
Prone to earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and droughts.
Nation- India
State- Gujarat
State Government of Gujarat
Has an executive branch.
Democratic Republic Country
Ahmed Patel- the Senior leader of Indian National Congress party.
Narendra Modi- the Chief Minister of Gujarat and BJP Leader.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi- the leader of the Indian independence
movement in British ruled India.
State Government of Gujarat
Its the governing authority of all of Gujarat.
It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of Gujarat, a judiciary
and a a branch.
The Governor is the head of state of Gujarat is the Governor.
He is appointed by the President of India.
The governors role is mainly ceremonial.

The Gujarat High Court has jurisdiction over the entire state.

Rights for education and jobs were restricted if you were lower on the
caste system.
Women did not have restricted religious rights, but did have
restrictions of jobs.

Location
(continent, region,
modern country)

Political Geography
Human/Environmen
tal Interactions
Political

Nations/States
Type of
Government

Leaders

Government
Policies

Government
Actions
Rights

Persecution of
others
Wars

Intellectual

Diplomacy

Philosophy
Science
Intellectual
Movements

Religion

No major persecutions, a few religious persecutions recently.

Battle of Gujarat
Gujarat is able to interact well with other regions through trade or
simply by being the neighboring state.
Panchamrut Philosophy is the vision for a more all-rounded Gujarat.
Panchamrut Philosophy is a new rising form that has substantially
increased the growth Gujarat.
The purpose of Panchamrut Philosiphy is improve the quality of life.
Agricultural and textile advancements.

Gandhis independence movement.

Around 90% of Gujaratis are Hindu.

Muslims are also a significant part of the population.
Other minor religions that can be found within the state are
Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism.
The major branches of Hinduism practiced are Swaminarayan
Hinduism and Vaishnavism.
Two major branches of Jainism practiced are Digambaris and
Svetambaris.
The caste system is still strictly followed in Gujarat as opposed to in
other states.
Strict Gujarati Hindus hold bathing as utmost importance, for more
spiritual reasons than hygiene.
Gujarat Hindus hope to better their life and afterlife by devoting
themselves to God.
Believe that all animals, trees, fire, and etc. are sacred.
Believe in possessing spirits.
There is a large cultural diversity which is visible by the festivals that
take place there.
There is a big multicultural religious faith system which causes
embracing and merging of many religions
There is a mix of Hindu and Islamic architecture
Music is considered to be the heart and soul of Gujarat.
There is a great tradition of music and there are very famous
musicians from Gujarat.
Gujarat has contributed to several religious songs and chants.
Has produced many of its own folk instruments.
Gujarati literature began when Trade and commerce influenced
Hinduism and Jainism. Before Gujarati emerged in its own linguistic
identity, the works were notably in Sanskrit and Prakrit Languages.
The Bhakti Movement spread across India, leading to the rise of
Gujarati literature.
Narsinh Mehta, a Gujarati poet, is considered the Father of Literature.
Sathia and rangoli are considered like paintings, they are made with
powdered chalk by women at the entrance of a building or house,
generally for festivals and other ceremonies.
The calico printing of Gujarat is famous painting.
Tattoos are common forms of painting among castes in north Gujarat.
Paintings in Gujarat are known for angular features and bold choice of
colors.

Religious

Beliefs

Artistic

Relation with other

religions

Music

Literature

Painting

Architecture

Technology

Sculpture
Inventions
Communications
Tools

Jobs

Economic Policies

Agriculture

Economic

Industry

Labor

Urbanization

Trade

Social

The Family

Children
Women

Cambay is considered the most architecturally rich cities in Gujarat.

Considered to have beautiful and famous mosques there.
The mix of Hindu craftsmanship and Islamic archetecure lead to the
rise of an Indo-Saracenic style.
Wood carving is an important form of sculpting in Gujarat.
Wood carvings have been used in temples and palaces or simply as
objects for daily or religious purposes.
Due to traditional techniques combined with the increasing amount of
raw goods, new methods of making textiles were introduced.
Gujarat often traded and communicated with the Middle East.
Also along the Arabian Sea.
People would often make their own tools through woodcarvings.
During Dasahara, artisans worship their tools.
Where people are on the caste system play a large role in the jobs that
they get.
Gujarati Jains have an important place in society and the economy.
The higher caste, Bania caste, are very good business people.
The Hindu merchant caste became envied by the amount of money
that they had profited from commercial activities.
Most merchant related activities were ran by Muslims.
Agriculture is a crucial part of the states economy.
It provides the raw materials needed for the agricultural based
industries
Gujarat is the biggest producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnut in
India.
Gujarat is the leading industrial state in the nation.
Ahmadabad is an important textile center.
Gujarat controls some of the biggest industries in India.
Some major industries include; electrical engineering and the
manufacture of textiles, vegetable oils, chemicals, soda ash, cement,
fertilizers and petrochemicals
Businessmen are very common in Gujarat.
Famers were a large part of society since agriculture was a major
industry.
As people realized the limits of land based activity, urbanization
occurred, branching into a more modern society- commerce, industry,
and technical education.
After Gandhis death urbanization mixed with industrialization.
Gujarat benefited from the expanding trade along the Arabian Sea.
During the 15th century, trade expanded to the Strait of Malacca.
They exported cotton textiles and indigo in exchange for gold and
silver from the Middle East.
Trade contributed to the spread of the Islamic faith.
The conversion of a Hindu leader to a Muslim leader helped with trade.
Gujaratis usually marry within ones caste but are allowed to marry
outside their clan.
When newly married, they typically stay in fathers house.
Arranged marriages are the norm.
A joint family household is common.
N/A
Women of lower caste women are supposed to work to somehow
contribute the familys income.

Gender Roles

Education
Social Classes
Matriarchy/Patriarc
hy

Womens roles consisted of house work.

Women were not restricted of religious rights.
Men focused on working in the industry.
In the higher caste, education in reading, writing, mathematics, and
accounting was of utmost importance and began earlier in life.
The male literacy rate is around 100 percent.
Literacy for the rural people in the Gujarat state is around 60 percent.
The social classes are within the caste system.
A majorly patriarchal society.
After marriage, the couple remains with the males family.

Malacca
Name: Induja Nidamarti
Sources:
1 Textbook. The Earth and its People. Page 390.
2 http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/418020
3 http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/sejarah
4 http://www.kiat.net/malaysia/history.html
5 http://stpetersmelaka.org/About-Us/history.html
6 http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/culture-heritage.htm

Geography

Physical Landscape
Location
(continent, region,
modern country)
Political Geography

Political

Human/Environmen
tal Interactions
Nations/States
Type of
Government

Leaders

Government
Policies
Government
Actions

Rights

A Strait that connected water bodies.

Narrowest part of the Strait.
To the north are tropical forests.
The Strait of Malacca lies between the Malay Peninsula and the island
of Sumatra.
Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia.
Separated the Indian Ocean from the South China Sea.
Location influences trade.
Due to being a pot city trade flourished over there.
Along with trade religions and cultures also spread.
Indian and Chinese influences took place.
Main city, Malacca
Kingdom of Siam controlled the upper part of the Malay Peninsula,
while the kingdom of Majapahit controlled the lower part of the Malay
Peninsula.
Malacca formed an alliance with China.
It became a Muslim kingdom with an early ruler converting to Islam.
A prince from Palembang called Parameswara founded Malacca and
converted it from a small fishing village to a wealthy kingdom and
center for trade.
Due to Malacca being a Muslim kingdom the rulers started to refer to
themselves as Sultans.
Sultan became the absolute monarch.
Merchants were given security by Malaccan government.
There were also low taxes.
Government was largely involved with trade of Malacca.
Law codes were strictly enforced.

Well-defined set of laws set by the Sultan.

Legal code defined four main government officials.
Policies were based on hierarchy.
Polices and laws had an Islamic base.

Tolerated many non-Muslim people. Open to other cultures and

religions.
When the Dutch arrived and took over Malacca in about 1511 many
Catholics and Christians were persecuted.
During the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah the Siamese Wars took place
when the kingdom of Siam wanted to regain control of the Malaysian
Peninsula.
In 1511 the Portuguese fleet arrived and seized control of Malacca
which ended their Golden Age of trade and prosperity.

Persecution of
others

Wars

Intellectual

Diplomacy

Philosophy
Science

Intellectual
Movements

Malacca expanded language, culture, and literature due to its location

as a trade center.

Islam was the dominant religion. The Sultans practices Islam.

Spread of Islam.
Celebrations to Muhammad.
Due to the Sultans practicing Islam, all law codes and such were based
on Islamic culture.
Many religions also flourished due to Malacca being a trade center.
People from India and China were the main traders so Hinduism and
Chinese Values spread.
Other religions were tolerated and even influenced the Malay culture.
The Dondang Sayang or Love Song was introduced by Chinese
decedents.
They exchanged poems accompanied by traditional instruments.
Literature flourished
Oral literature.
Literature influences by Indian epics and such.
Encompassed Malaccan myth and folklore.
Painting styles from China and other places.
Dutch, British, and Chinese (Peranakan) culture influenced
architecture.
Most notably they influenced traditional townhouses.
Beautiful palace built on the Malacca foothill. Reflected wealth
prosperity and power and showed distinct Malay architectural
characteristics.
Roof top sculpture at Sam Po Kong temple.
Supposedly Malaccan tin was discovered in mines in that region.
Tin ingots were created as their currency.
Making of transportation: boats, etc.
Malacca had communication with many places.
Mainly in contact with India (mostly Gujarat) and China.
Merchants from all over the world came here.
Not many tools used since the main role was trade.
Fields were not fertile, so tools for agriculture were not used much.
Four main state officials appointed by the Sultan
Bendahara: Adviser to the Sultan, relation with foreign states.
Penghulu bendahara: state treasure
Temenggung: chief of public police and state security
Shahbandars: Harbor masters, administered the foreign merchant
communities.
Low taxes were collected.
Four officials administered the foreign merchant community.
Trade center which controlled passageways of trade.
Mansur Shah reduced taxes on trade items during his reign, which
increased the interest of merchants in trading through Malacca
The fields were not fertile which is why the people did not engage
themselves in agriculture.

Religious

Religion
Beliefs
Relation with other
religions

Music

Artistic

Literature
Painting

Architecture

Technology

Sculpture
Inventions

Communications

Economic

Tools

Jobs

Economic Policies

Agriculture

Many diplomatic relations with India and China.

Formed an alliance with China that was sealed by the visit if the
imperial fleet in 1407.
Malacca expanded language, culture, and literature.
Efficient boats for trade.

Industry
Labor

Urbanization

Trade

The Family
Children

Social

Women
Gender Roles
Education

Social Classes

Huge trade industry.

Agricultural labor was not common in Malacca.
Majority of the people worked in government jobs or engaged in
trade.
Fishermen
Expansion and development of Malacca as a trade city brought forth
urbanization due to the influence of merchants.
The Dutchs capture also brought urbanization.
Malacca was a center of trade.
It connected the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
Merchants were welcomed and provided security.
It was not just a meeting point, but also an emporium for Southeast
Asian products.
Family was very important because they learned to socialize and
learned important values such as respect for elders and the
importance of education.
Children were cosmopolitan residents.
Influenced by the cultures that spread.
Women had influence in the family.
Women: active public roles, minor roles in commerce.
Men: Engaged in commerce, some were fishermen, etc.
Education was an important aspect of their society.
Sultan
Aristocrats
Officials
Commoners
Slave

Matriarchy/Patriarc
Patriarchy
hy
Bibliography
"HISTORY OF MALAYSIA." Kiat.net: Malaysian History. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014.
"Malacca Culture & Heritage - Malacca Attractions." Malacca.ws. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014.
"Melaka City." Melaka City. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014.
"Melaka History." - Official State Government Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014.
"St Peter's Church Melaka Malaysia | History | About Us." St Peter's Church Melaka Malaysia
| History | About Us. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014.

Tropical Lands & Peoples (Ch 13, Section 1)

Name: Lindsey Aranson
Sources:
1 The Earth and Its Peoples
2 Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran published by the Persian Heritage Foundation in the Library of
Congress
3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam
4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)

Geography

Location
(continent, region,
modern country)

Political Geography

Political

Human/Environment
al Interactions

Nations/States

Type of Government

Leaders

Government Policies

Government Actions
Rights

Buddhism spread throughout India and into Central, Southeast, and East
Asia, It also spread on the Silk Road By Turkic nomads
Silk Road connected Mediterranean with China by way of Mesopotamia,
Iran, and Central Asia
Judaism spread on Silk Road across Inner Asia to China
Christianity had an early spread in Asia and Africa before Islam
Shamanist Korea absorbed Buddhism and Confucianism
Arabian peninsula and surrounding borderlands that extended
northwards from Arabia between Syria, Jordan, and Iraq
Tropic of Cancer-Tropic of Capricorn
Sailors who rode monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean spread ideas to
Africa, India, Malaysia, Southeast Asia, Arabian Peninsula, southern
China, Persia, and the Mediterranean
Sasanid Empire established Zoroastrianism as state religion & rivaled the
Byzantines
Nomads often spread religion
Mauryan ruler Ashoka converted to Buddhism
Jerusalem in Palestine, Antioch in Syria, and Alexandria in Egypt became
centers of Christian authority soon after the crucifixion, but the spread of
Christianity to Armenia and Ethiopia illustrates the connections between
religion, trade, and imperial politics.
Mecca was an Islamic center
Jerusalem for Jews, Christians
Tang opposition to Buddhism
Religion became a political instrument. Ex. When Christianity and
Zoroastrianism were proclaimed official faiths preceded the rise of an
Islamic empire.
Large temples and the creation of rituals showed rulers divine right to
rule (example: Maya), and people were drawn to the centers.
Conquest
Ashoka (Mauryan Empire, r. 272-232 B.C.E.) converted to Buddhism and
inscribed stons & pillars, spreading the ideas of Buddhism.
Gupta kings were religiously tolerant
Frumentius (Ethiopia) helped visiting Roman Christians establish
Christian communites
Muhammad!! Though of as a prophet. Succeeded by Abu Bakr and Ali
Whu Zhao, the female Tang emperor, encouraged Buddhism
In ca. 930, the Abbasid empire required all govt. officials to be Muslim
When a ruler converted to a faith, the government (including religious
leaders) serviced the needs of the ruling minority until the minority
became the majority.
Tax on non-Muslims

Wars

Philosophy
Science

Ruling minority may persecute majority

Conversion to escape persecution
Converts to Islam migrated to avoid persecution in their Christian,
Jewish, Or Zoroastrian communites
Tang government closed Buddhist monasteries, thinking Buddhists were
Barbarians
In Maya & Aztec: warfare had religious meaning
Siege of Baghdad (1258): Il-khan Mongol invasion of Abbasid capital,
although later rulers converted to Islam such as Ghazan of the Il-Khan
Confucianism vs. Buddhism
Scientist were called heretics

Intellectual
Movements

shifting to a religion that uses written texts=sophisticated

oftentimes, even if a religious label changed quickly, the same practices

remained
"the spread of Islam was limited by the vitality of the Christian churches"
(Lapidus).

Persecution of others

Intellectual

Religion

Religious

Beliefs

Relation with other

religions

Literature

Architecture

Economic

Technology

Sculpture

Inventions

Communications
Tools

Jobs
Economic Policies
Urbanization

Mahayana Buddhism attracted common people because it permitted

absorption of local gods and goddesses and was adaptable to different
societies and classes
Because Islam merged with Christian and Jewish cultures, people were
familiar with the faith and connected]
From the 4th century, Christian bishops called non-Christian faiths
heretical and unacceptable-led to political rivalry w/ Sasanids and
Byzantines
Buddhist texts in written in Sanskrit were translated into Chinese and
became core texts of Chinese Buddhism; Mahayana in particular
encouraged translation of texts, and accepted religious practices not
based on texts.
Chinese architecture spread to Japan, along with Buddhism
Pyramids/statues dedicated to gods
Great Buddha statue eye-opening in Korea
Indian Ocean ships with lateen sails and planks tied with palm fiber
covered long distances on monsoon winds, spreading ideas
Camel saddles contributed to the rise of Arab-dominated caravan cities.
These Arabs often adopted Christianity because they were familiar with
the cultures and lifestyles of the Sasanids and the Byzantines
Armenian alphabet in early 5th century facilitated spread of Christianity
Movable type allowed for spread of ideas/easy printing
Bilingual Christian preachers were particularly needed in the Celtic,
Germanic, and Slavic language areas of Europe
economic advantage to mass conversion (ex. Non-Arabs converted to
Islam to avoid taxes)
migration to urban/cultural centers with conversion (ex. Conversionrelated migration to Islamic cities enforced urban orientation to mirror
Mecca)
cities were ritual centers

Trade

The Family

Children

Social

Women

Gender Roles
Education

Social Classes

missionaries, pilgrims, and conquerors spread knowledge of their faith;

bandwagon effects
Bilingual Jewish communities in eastern Roman Empire facilitated spread
Christian and Zoroastrian missionaries and travelers along the Silk Road
Buddhist monks, missionaries, and pilgrims crossed India or traveled the
Indian Ocean, bringing their religion to Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and
later Japen (Zen).
Constantinoples Christian emperors sent missionaries along the Red Sea
to seek converts in Yemen & Ethiopia
At first, Islam did not spread because Arabic was only spoken in the
Arabian Peninsula, but when families intermarried, bilingual offspring
were produced and the religion could spread.
Children of bilingual and bicultural families were introduced to the
religions of the men who traveled, and the men introduced the cultures
they learned to their homelands
Religions could gain support by appealing to people of lower status, like
women and slaves. Ex. Slave women in the Gupta period escaped male
control by entering a Jainist or Buddhist community.
Whu Zhao, the female Tang emperor, encouraged Buddhism
Fujiwara noblewomen studied Buddhism
introduced new cultures/religions to traveling husbands
Invention of movable type, alphabets, and writing systems allowed for
spread of knowledge
In Arab society, non-Muslims were attached as clients-mawali-to an Arab
leader or clan. The mawali were at the bottom of society so they often
converted to Islam, because people of lower classes were often under
pressure to convert.