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08 Chapter 3
08 Chapter 3
CHAPTER 3
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR FOR VOLTAGE
SECURITY ENHANCEMENT
3.1
INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, generation rescheduling was considered for
STRUCTURE
AND
MODELING
OF
STATIC
VAR
COMPENSATOR (SVC)
SVC is a shunt connected static var generator or consumer whose
output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive so as to maintain or
control specific parameters of electrical power system, typically, a bus
voltage. The main function is to regulate the voltage at a given bus by
controlling its equivalent reactance. SVC is built of reactors and capacitors,
56
Line voltage
BSVC
Control
circuit
FC
TCR
Input
signals
57
VT
Vmax
LC max
Capacitive
LL max
Inductive
X TCR
where
2(
) sin 2
(3.1)
X SVC
XC X L
XC
[ 2(
) sin 2 ] X L
(3.2)
58
respect to zero crossing of the phase voltage), the device is able to control the
bus voltage magnitude current. The amount of reactive power consumed by
the inductor L for
=180o the
inductor is off. The basic control strategy is typically to keep the transmission
bus voltage within certain narrow limits defined by a controller droop and the
firing angle
limits (90o<
jBSVC VK
(3.3)
59
PLACEMENT OF SVC
To improve the voltage stability level of the system, SVC has to be
60
PROBLEM FORMULATION
With the increasing size of power system, there is a thrust on
Objective functions
The voltage security problem is to optimize the steady state
fixed and variable cost. The fixed cost is comprised of the physical
installation and additional equipment costs (such as switchgear and breakers).
61
(C fi
Minimize F C
C ci | Q ci | ) $ / hr
(3.4)
i 1
where
Cfi is the fixed installation cost of the reactive power sources at the
ith bus($)
Cci is the cost of the SVC compensation devices at the ith bus
($/MVAr)
Qci is the reactive compensation at the ith bus (MVAr)
Nc is the number of possible buses for the installation of the
compensation devices.
3.4.1.2
(3.5)
Problem constraints
The minimization problem is subject to the equality constraints of
the equations (2.6, 2.7) and the inequality constraints of the equations (2.8,
2.9) and (2.10, 2.11) of the previous chapter in section 2.3.2 and in section
62
Q svc
max
Q svc
;i
Nc
(3.6)
[ F C , Lmax ]
(3.7)
SIMULATION RESULTS
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach IEEE
63
Variable setting
68.9229 MW
77.1429 MW
41.6667 MW
35.0000 MW
29.0476 MW
36.8889 MW
1.0500 P.U
1.0310 P.U
1.0262 P.U
1.0167 P.U
1.1
P.U
1.0238 P.U
0.9
0.9571
1.1
0.9857
4.2857
MVAr
5.0
MVAr
1.4286
MVAr
64
2.8571
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.8571
822.2797
0.1034
MVAr
MVAr
MVAr
MVAr
MVAr
MVAr
$/hr
Contingency
Lmax(base case)
Lmax(VSCOPF)
1-2
0.2910
0.1311
9-10
0.2176
0.1672
4-12
0.2152
0.1712
4-6
0.1932
0.1506
65
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Pareto optimal front The optimal settings of the MOGA were obtained by the
following parameters are given below:
Generations
50
Population size
50
Crossover rate
0.85
Mutation rate
0.01
Line outage
Weak buses
1-2
3,30,29,12,25,27
4-12
12,14,19,29,30
9-10
25,30,27,26,24
6-7
12,19,30,9,29
28-27
30,29,25,24,21
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Minimum installation
cost solution
P1 (MW)
29.9654
P2 (MW)
95.7833
P5 (MW)
48.9274
P8 (MW)
33.9137
P11 (MW)
24.2062
P13 (MW)
54.5317
V1 (P.U)
1.0479
V2 (P.U)
1.0749
V5 (P.U)
1.0852
V8 (P.U)
1.0665
V11 (P.U)
1.0931
V13 (P.U)
1.0959
T11
1.0750
T12
0.9750
T15
1.0750
T36
1.0250
SVC1(MVAr)
0.9750
SVC2(MVAr)
2.3796
SVC3(MVAr)
0.8512
SVC4(MVAr)
1.4825
SVC5(MVAr)
2.8413
Installation Cost($/hr)
515
Lmax
0.115
68
CONCLUSIONS
This chapter has presented a MOGA algorithm approach to obtain
the optimum values of the optimal power flow including the voltage security
enhancement. It is considered as an optimization criterion, the minimization
of SVC investment cost and the maximum voltage security enhancement. It is
evaluated by L-index value. The effectiveness of the proposed method is
demonstrated on IEEE 30-bus system with promising results. The
performance of the proposed algorithm is performed well when it was used to
characterize Pareto optimal front of the multi-objective power flow problem.