Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Power System Protection
Power System Protection
2. Fault Calculations
2.1. Three-phase Fault Calculations
2.2. Symmetrical Component Analysis of A Three-Phase Network
2.3. Equations and Network Connections for Various Types of Faults
2.4. Current and Voltage Distribution in a System due to a Fault
2.5. Effect of System Earthing on Zero Sequence Quantities
5. Relay Technology
5.1. Electromechanical Relays
5.2. Static Relays
5.3. Digital Relays
5.4. Numerical Relays
5.5. Additional Features of Numerical Relays
5.6. Numerical Relay Considerations
9. Distance Protection
9.1. Principles of Distance Relays
9.2. Relay Performance
9.3. Relationship Between Relay Voltage and Zs/Zl Ratio
9.4. Voltage Limit for Accurate Reach Point Measurement
9.5. Zones of Protection
9.6. Distance Relay Characteristics
10.
11.
Auto-Reclosing
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
11.5.
12.
Application of Auto-Reclosing
Auto-Reclosing on HV Distribution Networks
Factors Influencing HV Auto-Reclose Schemes
Auto-Reclosing on EHV Transmission Lines
High Speed Auto-Reclosing on EHV Systems
Busbar Protection
12.1.
12.2.
12.3.
12.4.
12.5.
12.6.
12.7.
12.8.
13.
Parallel Feeders
Multi-Ended Feeders Unit Protection Schemes
Multi-Ended Feeders - Distance Relays
Multi-Ended Feeders Application of Distance Protection Schemes
Protection of Series Compensated Lines
Busbar Faults
Protection Requirements
Types of Protection System
System Protection Schemes
Frame-Earth Protection (Howard Protection)
Differential Protection Principles
Numerical Busbar Protection Schemes
Interlocked Overcurrent Busbar Schemes
Winding Faults
Magnetising Inrush
Transformer Overheating
Transformer Protection Overview
Transformer Overcurrent Protection
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Differential Protection
Differential Protection Stabilisation During Magnetising Inrush Conditions
Combined Differential and Restricted Earth Fault Schemes
Earthing Transformer Protection
Autotransformer Protection
Overfluxing Protection
Transformer-Feeder Protection
Condition Monitoring of Transformers
Transformer Asset Management
14.
15.
16.
Busbar Arrangement
Discrimination
HRC Fuses
Industrial Circuit Breakers
Protection Relays
Co-ordination Problems
Fault Current Contribution from Induction Motors
Automatic Changeover Systems
Power Factor Correction and Protection of Capacitors
17.
Generator Earthing
Stator Winding Faults
Stator Winding Protection
Differential Protection of Direct Connected Generators
Differential Protection of Generator- Transformers
Overcurrent Protection
Stator Earth Fault Protection
Overvoltage Protection
Undervoltage Protection
Unbalanced Loading
Under/Overfrequency/ Overfluxing Protection
Rotor Faults
Loss of Excitation Protection
Pole Slipping Protection
Stator Overheating
Mechanical Faults
Complete Generator Protection Schemes
Embedded Generation
18.
19.