KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT

SYSTEM DESIGN OF A PORTABLE CLEANING DEVICE TO REMOVE DEBRIS

FROM URBAN ROAD AND FABRICATION OF PROTOTYPE
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Bachelors Degree Mechanical Engineering

Aakashdip Adhikari (32059)

Sailesh Gautam (32075)
Saroj Gautam (32076)
Sadeep Raut (32076)

August 2015

PROJECT EVALUATION
System Design of a Portable Cleaning Device to Remove Debris from Urban Road And
Fabrication of A Prototype
By
AAKASHDIP ADHIKARI (32059)
SAILESH GAUTAM (32075)
SAROJ GAUTAM (32076)
SADEEP RAUT (32096)
This is to certify that I have examined the above Project / Dissertation and have found that it
is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the
report examination committee have been made.

_________________________________________
Mr. Pratisthit lal Shrestha
Project Supervisor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University

_________________________________________
Mr. Anup K.C
Project Coordinator
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kathmandu University

August 2015
2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have taken efforts in the project. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our
sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to our supervisor Mr.Pratisthit lal Shrestha and project co-ordinator
Mr.Anup K.C for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project. We are
thankful to Mr.Gokarna Poudel and Mr.Suman Karki of Mechanical Workshop Kathmandu
University for their constant support during the fabrication of the project. We would like to
express our special gratitude and thanks to Technical Training Centre (TTC) for providing
machineries and equipment to fabricate the project.
Finally we are thankful to Department of Mechanical Engineering Kathmandu University for
providing this opportunity to do the project.

TABLE OFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii
LIST OF FIGURESv
LIST OF TABLES..vi
ABSTRACT...vii
CHAPTER 1 :

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1

1.1

Introduction.................................................................................................................1

1.2

Background Study.......................................................................................................2

1.3

Statement of Problem..................................................................................................3

1.4

Objectives....................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER 2 :
2.1

LITERATURE SURVEY..............................................................................5

Road cleaner................................................................................................................5

2.1.1

Types of Road Cleaner.........................................................................................5

2.1.2

Workings of Road Cleaner...................................................................................5

2.1.3

Drawbacks of Modern Road Cleaner...................................................................5

2.2

Property of Materials...................................................................................................5

2.2.1

Strain....................................................................................................................6

2.2.2

Stress....................................................................................................................6

2.2.3

Young's Modulus (Tensile Modulus)...................................................................7

2.2.4

Hooke's Law.........................................................................................................7

2.2.5

Yield Strength.......................................................................................................7

2.2.6

Ultimate Tensile Strength.....................................................................................7

2.3

Stress Strain Relationship............................................................................................7

2.3.1

Proportional Limit................................................................................................8

2.3.2

Elastic Limit.........................................................................................................8

2.3.3

Yield Stress Point.................................................................................................9

2.3.4

Ultimate Stress Point............................................................................................9

2.3.5

Breaking Stress (Point of Rupture)......................................................................9

CHAPTER 3 :
3.1

METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................10

Literature Survey.......................................................................................................10
3

3.2

Design and 3D Modeling...........................................................................................10

3.3

Fabrication and Assembling......................................................................................10

3.4

Testing and Finishing.................................................................................................10

CHAPTER 4 :
4.1

DESIGN......................................................................................................11

Basic System..............................................................................................................11

The basic system of road cleaner is explained as follows:...................................................11

4.2

Concept Designs........................................................................................................12

4.2.1

Design 1.............................................................................................................12

4.2.2

Design 2.............................................................................................................13

4.2.3

Design 3.............................................................................................................14

4.2.4

Design 4 (Final)..................................................................................................15

4.3

Calculations...............................................................................................................16

4.3.1

Experiment to find out the speed of the road cleaner.........................................16

4.3.2

Scrubber Design.................................................................................................16

4.3.3

Tank Design........................................................................................................16

4.3.4

Weight Approximation of Road Cleaner............................................................17

4.3.5

Moment in axle calculation................................................................................17

4.3.6

Force Analysis....................................................................................................18

4.3.7

Gear Analysis.....................................................................................................20

CHAPTER 5 :

FABRICATION..........................................................................................21

5.1

PROCESS USED......................................................................................................21

5.2

PROBLEMS..............................................................................................................22

5.3

WAY THE PROBLEM WERE ENCOUNTERED...................................................22

5.4

OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT...............................................................................22

CHAPTER 6 :

TESTING....................................................................................................23

6.1.1

OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................23

6.1.2

ASSUMPTIONS................................................................................................23

6.1.3

TOOLS USED....................................................................................................23

6.1.4

PROCEDURE....................................................................................................23

6.1.5

RESULT.............................................................................................................23

CHAPTER 7 :

WORK PROGRESS...................................................................................24

CHAPTER 8 :

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS...........................................................................25

CHAPTER 9 :

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................27

4

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................28

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Street debris..............................................................................................................1
Figure 1-2 Whitworth's Straenreinigungsmaschine [Illustrirte Zeitung (1843 )].....................2
Figure 1-3 Elgin Sweeper Blue Print [articlesinsight.com].......................................................2
Figure 1-4 Manual method of cleaning road..............................................................................4
Figure 2-1 Stress strain curve.....................................................................................................8
Figure 3-1 work flow diagram.................................................................................................11
Figure 4-1 Concept design 1....................................................................................................12
Figure 4-2 Concept design 2....................................................................................................13
Figure 4-3 3D view of design 3................................................................................................14
Figure 4-4 3D view of design 4................................................................................................15
Figure 4-5 Force distribution in axle........................................................................................17
Figure 4-6 Free Body Diagram of Guider................................................................................18
Figure 4-7 Free body diagram of wheel and scrubber.............................................................19
Figure 4-8 Gear Train...............................................................................................................20
Figure 5-1 Process Diagram.....................................................................................................21

LIST OF TABL
Table 4-1 Experimental data for finding average working speed...........................................16
YTable
7-1
Material
list
..25

ABSTRACT
The issue of pollution is very paramount in urban area like Kathmandu valley. Debris on the
road side of urban area has been major factor causing air pollution as well as deterioration of
beauty of Kathmandu Valley. However, practice has been performed to remove debris from
urban road. Major roads on the valley are often seen cleaned manually by sweeping during
early morning and very few roads in the urban area are cleaned by heavy equipment vehicle.
First solution is seen inefficient and insufficient to complete task of removing debris from
urban road. Second solution is efficient; however due to large investment cost and many
numbers of roads in urban area it has not been used for general purpose and all over the city.
The project SYSTEM DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PORTABLE CLEANING
DEVICE FOR REMOVING DEBRIS FROM URBAN ROAD addresses this prime issue
and fills the gap between the modern technology and traditional road cleaning method by
conversion of human effort as a power source and converting into required job to collect the
debris into the system. The system design of the project is based on the primary idea of use of
power source to drive the system, collection of debris by the rolling action of the scrubber
into the storage tank and after filling the capacity removal of debris into the desired location.
From this project we hope to build an alternative model to remove debris in an efficient way
and reach every corner of the city.

CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
A road cleaner or street sweeper may refer to either a person's occupation, or a machine that
cleans streets. A road cleaner cleans the streets, usually in an urban area. Road cleaners have
been employed in cities since sanitation and waste removal became a priority. A streetsweeping person would use a broom and shovel to clean off litter, animal waste and filth that
accumulated on streets. Later, water hoses were used to wash the streets.
Machines were created in the 19th century to do the job more efficiently. There are a couple
of types of road cleaners. There are those that clean the streets with brushes and those that
clean with air. Today, modern road cleaners are mounted on truck bodies and can vacuum
debris that accumulates in streets.
Alike modern machine used in developed country the machine that we are going to fabricate
would be human powered and less costly. The function of the would be that of similar to
modern however, the working speed may be slow due to the use of human power instead of
IC engine or electric power. This project can reduce the cost of cleaning device and also is
eco-friendly. The project will be designed in such a way that local means and resources found
in Nepal can be used to fabricate it. This ensures the cleanliness of Nepalese road and
decreases dependency of importing technical devices from foreign country.

Figure 1-1 Street debris

1.2 Background Study

Joseph Whitworth invented the mechanical road cleaner. The road cleaner was designed with
the primary objective to remove trash from streets in order to maintain aesthetic goals and
safety. The very first street sweeping machine was patented in 1849 by its inventor, C.S.
Bishop. For a long time, road cleaners were just rotating disks covered with wire bristles.
These rotating disks served as mechanical brooms that swept the dirt on the streets.

Figure 1-2 Whitworth's Straenreinigungsmaschine [Illustrirte Zeitung (1843 )]

Figure 1-3 ElginSweeperBluePrint [articlesinsight.com]

The goal of simple debris removal did not change until the 1970s, when policymakers begun
to reflect concern for water quality. In the United States, The lag time in which road cleaners
responded can be pinpointed to the Runoff Report of 1998. As older road cleaners were only
effective in removing large particles of road debris, small particles of debris remained behind
in large quantities. The remaining debris was not seen as an aesthetic issue because rain
would wash them away. Today, small particles are known to carry a substantial portion of the
storm water pollutant load.

Street sweeping can be an effective measure in reducing pollutants in storm water runoff. The
Environmental Protection Agency considers street sweeping a Best Management Practice in
protecting water quality.
Modern street sweepers are equipped with water tanks and sprayers used to loosen particles
and reduce dust. The brooms gather debris into a main collection area from which it is
vacuumed and pumped into a collection bin or hopper.
A regenerative air street sweeper uses forced air to create a swirling effect inside a contained
sweeping head and then uses the negative pressure on the suction side to place the road debris
inside a hopper. Debris is removed from the air by centrifugal separation and reused, keeping
particulate matter inside the hopper.
However a modern regenerative air street sweeper faces the challenge of noise level due to
the fact that regenerative air street sweeper requires an extra engine to power the vacuum
pump required to create the negative pressure for placing debris into a hopper.
Modern machines can cost $US300,000 each and a large city can remove upwards of 18,000
tons of materials annually via its fleet of sweepers.
Newer road cleaners are capable of collecting small particles of debris. Many road cleaners
produced today are PM10 certified, meaning that they are capable of collecting and holding
particulate matter sized less than 10m. Despite advancements in street sweeping technology,
the mechanical broom type road cleaner accounts for approximately 90 percent of all road
cleaners used in the United States today and it is 100 percent in Nepal.

1.3 Statementof Problem

Following problems exist in todays scenario which made us to choose this project
LARGE NUMBER MANPOWER REQUIRED
Traditional methods of road cleaning require large number of worker to operate in single
area. According to the census 2009 the total number of the worker used in cleaning road in
Kathmandu valley is around 3100.

Figure 1-4Manual method of cleaning road

HEALTH HAZARD
The garbage and dust in the roadside provides an environment for different germs and
diseases to breed. So, it has been a major health threat in the city area. Besides due to
pollution caused by it; other health problems may also occur.
POLLUTION
The untidy roads of cities and valley are one of the major causes of increasing pollution. This
not only increases health hazard, it also decreases the beauty of cities and town. It causes bad
impression in the tourist who came to visit Nepal. It also diminishes the image of Nepal in
world.
COST
The cost of cleaning roads by using worker is expensive. The use of machine to do the job
can reduce the cost of it and the saved money can be used in other developmental sector.
LOW EFFICIENCY OF WORKER
Carelessness and low efficiency of the workers in cleaning the roads has been a major
problem in keeping the road clean. The and often found carless and absent in cleaning road.
Besides some people do carelessness in cleaning road which had made roads untidy.

1.4 Objectives
The objectives of the project are listed as below:
1. To design overall system of the road side cleaner
2. To fabricate the designed components, assemble and test the prototype.

CHAPTER 2.

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Road cleaner

2.1.1 Types of Road Cleaner
There are a couple of types of road cleaner. There are those that clean the streets with brushes
and those that clean with air. The basic function of any road cleaner is the same, though: The
dirt has to be scrubbed from the road; it needs to be put in a little pile, and that pile needs to
go into a bin until it can be disposed of properly.
2.1.2 Workings of Road Cleaner
Conventional road cleaners have jets under their trucks that shoot water onto the street's
surface to keep flying dust particles to a minimum, while spinning brushes scrub the dirt free
from the streets and gutters. A cylindrical brush under the truck sweeps the debris onto a
conveyor belt that leads to a storage container. Sometimes, instead of the cylindrical brush, a
vacuum-like mechanism will suck the debris into the container.
Regenerative air sweepers, on the other hand, have hydraulic systems that use air jets to
churn up the dirt on the road, then swirl it toward the center of the truck. Negative pressure
under the truck creates a vacuum that carries the dirt up into the receptacle at the truck's rear.
Filters clean the air in the receptacle and reuse that air to loosen debris on the street, while
water is sprayed to keep down the dust.
Some sweepers use spinning brushes instead of regenerative air or water to get the debris
underneath the truck, where a vacuum moves it into the storage hopper. These models are
usually smaller than the big street or highway sweepers, and they're used at industrial sites
where cleaning up particulates is paramount.
2.1.3 Drawbacks of Modern Road Cleaner
All of this activity gives us a clue to why these trucks, small or large, are so darn noisy. First,
they're usually powered by a heavy equipment-grade diesel motor. Second, there are either
jets of water squirting away or a hydraulic system pumping air onto the street, not to mention
the brushes spinning like crazy at about 4,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). There's a lot
going on in a small package -- with very little sound dampening. Plus, they run when
neighborhoods are quiet, either late at night or early in the morning, so we're more likely to
notice the racket.
2.2 Property of Materials
A materials property is an intensive, often quantitative, property of some material.
Quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus
another can be assessed, thereby aiding in materials selection.
STRENGTH: The ability of a material to stand up to forces being applied without it bending,
breaking, shattering or deforming in any way is known as strength.

ELASTICITY: The ability of a material to absorb force and flex in different directions,
returning to its original position.
PLASTICITY :The ability of a material to be change in shape permanently.
DUCTILITY: The ability of a material to change shape (deform) usually by stretching along
its length.
TENSILE STRENGTH: The ability of a material to stretch without breaking or snapping.
MALLEABILITY: The ability of a material to be reshaped in all directions without cracking.
TOUGHNESS: A characteristic of a material that does not break or shatter when receiving a
blow or under a sudden shock.
HARDNESS: The ability of a material to resist scratching, wear and tear and indentation.
2.2.1 Strain
Strain is "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in dimension divided by the original
value of the dimension - and can be expressed as
= dL / L
(1)
where
= strain (m/m) (in/in)
dL = elongation or compression (offset) of the object (m) (in)
L = length of the object (m) (in)
2.2.2 Stress
Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as
=F/A
(2)
where
= stress (N/m2) (lb/in2, psi)
F = force (N) (lb)
A = area of object (m2) (in2)

tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts normal to the
stressed area

compressive stress - stress that tends to compress or shorten the material - acts normal
to the stressed area

shearing stress - stress that tends to shear the material - acts in plane to the stressed
area at right-angles to compressive or tensile stress

2.2.3 Young's Modulus (Tensile Modulus)

Young's modulus or Tensile modulus can be expressed as
E = stress / strain = (F / A) / (dL / L)
(3)
where
E = Young's modulus (N/m2) (lb/in2, psi)
2.2.4 Hooke's Law
One of the properties of elasticity is that it takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring
twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement upon stretching force is called Hooke's
law which can be expressed as
Fs = -k dL
(4)
where
Fs = force in the spring (N)
k = spring constant (N/m)
dL = elongation of the spring (m)
2.2.5 Yield Strength
Yield strength, or the yield point, is defined in engineering as the amount of stress that a
material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.
2.2.6 Ultimate Tensile Strength
The Ultimate Tensile Strength - UTS - of a material is the limit stress at which the material
actually breaks, with sudden release of the stored elastic energy.

2.3 Stress Strain Relationship

Stress strain curve is a behavior of material when it is subjected to load. In this diagram
stresses are plotted along the vertical axis and as a result of these stresses, corresponding
strains are plotted along the horizontal axis. As shown below in the stress strain curve.

Figure 2-5 Stress strain curve

From the diagram one can see the different mark points on the curve. It is because, when a
ductile material like mild steel is subjected to tensile test, then it passes various stages before
fracture.
These stages are;
1. Proportional Limit
2. Elastic Limit
3. Yield Point
4. Ultimate Stress Point
5. Breaking Point
2.3.1 Proportional Limit
Proportional limit is point on the curve up to which the value of stress and strain remains
proportional. From the diagram point P is the called the proportional limit point or it can also
be known as limit of proportionality. The stress up to this point can be also be known as
proportional limit stress.
Hooks law of proportionality from diagram can be defined between point OP. It is so,
because OP is a straight line which shows that Hooks law of stress strain is followed up to
point P.
2.3.2 Elastic Limit
Elastic limit is the limiting value of stress up to which the material is perfectly elastic. From
the curve, point E is the elastic limit point. Material will return back to its original position, If
it is unloaded before the crossing of point E. This is so, because material is perfectly elastic
up to point E.
2.3.3 Yield Stress Point
Yield stress is defined as the stress after which material extension takes place more quickly
with no or little increase in load. Point Y is the yield point on the graph and stress associated
with this point is known as yield stress.
2.3.4 Ultimate Stress Point
Ultimate stress point is the maximum strength that material has to bear stress before breaking.
It can also be defined as the ultimate stress corresponding to the peak point on the stress
strain graph. On the graph point U is the ultimate stress point. After point U material have
very minute or zero strength to face further stress.

2.3.5 Breaking Stress (Point of Rupture)

Breaking point or breaking stress is point where strength of material breaks. The stress
associates with this point known as breaking strength or rupture strength. On the stress strain
curve, point B is the breaking stress point.

10

CHAPTER 3.

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Literature Survey

Under this heading we will go through different designs and mechanism of road cleaner that
already exist. Further we will go through different articles about road cleanliness. Under this
heading we will learn the ability of materials for the fabrication purpose. Further we will
study on actual condition of road in order to make our design more Nepalese city friendly.
Literature survey will go side by side throughout the project.

3.2 Designand 3D Modeling

As this the crucial part of the project it is given more concern. Heavy exercise and research
will be done in order to make a design which would be fit in Nepalese road. The design
should be such that we can fabricate under budget limitation and should also focus on the
availability of the material and part for us to fabricate.

3.3 Fabrication and Assembling

After the finalization of the design fabrication process is initiated. The fabrication process
should not be expensive and use all the resources of the workshop.

3.4 Testing and Finishing

After the fabrication of the project it is tested to check whether the project actually works or
not. The preliminary testing is undergone side by side with the fabrication of the project.
Final testing is done after the fabrication is completed. After all the required modifications
and improvements the finishing is done in order to make the project presentable and increase
the aesthetic beauty of the project.

11

CHAPTER 4.

DESIGN

4.1 Basic System

The basic system of road cleaner is explained as follows:
Scrubbing
The dust and debris present in the road sides are scrubbed with the help of some kind of brush
by rotational motion
Collection
The dust and debris are collected in a drum with the help of vacuum or pushing motion of the
brush.
Disposal
The collected dust and debris is supposed to be manual. The drum is taken out manually and
disposed in a disposal area.
Locomotion
The movement of the would be with the help of wheel. The wheel may be engine driven or
manually driven.
Control
The control might be completely or partially manual.
Dust and debris

Scrubbing

Storage
(Drum)

Disposal
(Manual)
Figure 4-6 work flow diagram

12

4.2 Concept Designs

4.2.1

Design 1

Figure 4-7 Concept design 1

Advantages:
1. It pushes debris in the forward direction so it can collect debris efficiently as it can
collect the dust in several go even though the first attempt is missed.
Disadvantages:
1. This machine is hard to operate due to the position of the wheel.
2. The storage capacity of the tank is less
3. The frame design was not suitable for assembly of different components.

13

4.2.2

Design 2

Figure 4-8 Concept design 2

Advantages of Design 2 over Design 1

1. Positioning the scrubber in front makes the design easer to transmit rpm to the
scrubber
2. The frame design was improved so that all the parts can be assembled properly.
3. The storage capacity of the tank was increased by using guide to lift the debris to the
tank.
4. Vacuum was added in the design to collect small dust particles.
5. The scrubber collecting larger sized debris prevented the possibility of closing in
vacuum.
6. The machine was easier to operate.
Drawbacks:
1. As the rpm of scrubber was directed in the motion; there was high possibility of
missing the collecting the debris in a single go. This caused decrement of the
performance of the machine.

14

4.2.3

Design 3

Figure 4-9 3D view of design 3

Advantage of Design 3 over the preceding designs

1. The scrubber was placed back again to rear side of the design and the rpm was
reversed to the direction of the motion so that the debris is pushed in forward
direction and could be collected to the tank more efficiently.
2. The design was made more compact.
3. The use of gear increased the rpm of the scrubber.
Disadvantages
1. The total tank size was not utilized.
2. The operation may be difficult as force at one side should be applied more to keep the
motion in straight line.
3. The rpm of scrubber may decrease in turnings.

15

4.2.4

Design 4 (Final)

Figure 4-10 3D view of design 4

Advantages of design 4 over preceeding designs

1. This design consists of differential in wheels so there wont problem of RPM of
scrubber in turning.
2. The total capacity of tank can be used.
3. This design is easy to handle than preceeding one.
4. The scrubber RPM is heghest in this desing which increases efficincy.
Drawbacks:
1. More force may be required to operate than preceeding one due to use of more
internal mechanisms.
2. The weight of the system is increased.

16

4.3 Calculations
4.3.1 Experiment to find out the speed of the road cleaner
Experimental data to find out normal speed of human while working in road cleaner:
Approximations:
1. A working age group people was taken in consideration i.e 18-40.
2. A plain topography was taken in consideration.

Table 4-1 Experimental data for finding average working speed

s.n

Distance (d) in m

4
4
4
4
d
4
=
=
Average slow speed= t 1 13.467

Time (slow speed) t1

in sec
13.72
13.56
13.12
13.467

1.
2.
3.
Average

Average normal speed =

d
t2

Time
(medium
speed) t2 in sec
7
7.28
7.58
7.287

0.297m/s

4
=
0.549m/s
7.287

Hence average working speed approximation =

0.297+0.549
2

= 0.423m/s = 42.3cm/s

4.3.2 Scrubber Design

The diameter of the scrubber is taken 30 cm. The width of the scrubber is taken 40 cm in
order to clean the road of width 40cm a one go.
4.3.3 Tank Design
Let us assume that this device can store the debris about 40L of, which is equivalent to two
bucket.
40L=0.04m3
Now width(w) of the tank is assumed to be 40cm to match the width of the scrubber.
The height(h) of the tank is taken 30cm.
Hence the length(L) of the tank will be=

0.04 100 100

=0.34 m=34 cm
40 30

17

4.3.4

Weight Approximation of Road Cleaner

Mass of cover= 0.7793kg = 1 kg approx.

Mass of drum1 =2.899kg = 3 kg approx.
Mass of drum 2= 1.71kg = 2 kg approx.
Mass of frame =11.08kg = 11 kg approx
Mass of scrubber =2kg
Mass of other sprockets, chains and others= 5kg
Mass of wheels = 3 kg
Total mass of road cleaner in empty condition M1= 1+3+2+11+2+5+3= 27 kg
Mass of debris collected in drum = 20 kg
Hence total mass of the road cleaner in loaded condition M2 = 27+20=47 50 kg

4.3.5

Moment in axle calculation

Figure 4-11 Force distribution in axle

Force is taken 500 N since in some condition whole load ma came to a single wheel
From the conservation of momentum
F L F R + Maxle = 0
Maxle =F(R-L)/100
Maxle =500(33-15)/100

18

Maxle =90 Nm
When the load is distributed among 4 wheels F=125 N
and Maxle =125(33-15)/100= 22.5 Nm
so, 22.5 Nm Maxle 90 Nm

4.3.6

Force Analysis

Force required to push the road cleaner:

Mass of Road Cleaner (Loaded Condition)(M)=50kg
Rolling Friction Coefficient () =0.004
Force Required operatethe device (F )= N
M g
0.004 50 9.81
=1.962 2N
Hence, 2 N force is calculated to push the road cleaner without considering the force required
to drive internal mechanism.

Force required to lift the debris through the guide

Let the inclination of guide() be 45
We assume the mass of dust particle be(ms)=0.25kg
Fx=0
FWsinF f =0

Fy=0
N=M g cos
Figure 4-12 Free Body Diagram of Guider

FM g sin s M g cos=0

19

F=0.25 9.81(sin 45 + s cos 45 )

F=0.25 9.81(0.717 + s 0.717)
F=3.1 N

20

But, when the dust particles are at rest.

Then the force required to move dust particle is,
F' = s M g
'

F =0.8 0.25 9.81

F' =1.96 N
Since, Force required to move dust particle at rest is less than that in guide. So the total force
required to move dust particle into drum (Considering other external effect) be 5N.
Hence Torque required for scrubber ()= F x r
30 cm
1m 5 N
= 100 cm
= 1.5 Nm

Power required to operate scrubber(P)= Fv

= Fr =F(2N)r
Where N is RPM of scrubber=100rpm
= 1.52

100 30
60 100

=4.71 W
Now considering same losses of the power applied of the sprocket and the gear the power is
taken 6W
RPM of wheel (N1) = 10 rpm
=1.128

rad
sec

v= r2
10 cm
v= 1.128 100 cm 1cm
=0.128m/s
Figure 4-13 Free body diagram of wheel and scrubber

21

So, Fv=P
6
6
F= v = 0.1128

= 53.2 N

Force to be applied in wheel is

Fr1=Fr2
F=

52.2 N 10 cm
3750 cm

F= 14.19 N
Total force required to push road cleaner in constant velocity is
Ftotal = 14.19N + 2.4 N =17 N

4.3.7 Gear Analysis

Let the angular velocity of wheel 1 and 2 be 1
and 2.s be the sprocket and G be the Gear
used.N1 and N2 be the RPM of wheel of
sprocket and Gear1 and sprocket 1.N 3 be the
RPM of Gear2.
The greatest RPM of wheel 2, 1 is the input
RPM of N2.
T1, T2, T3 and T4 be the Number of teeth S1, S2,
S3 and S4 respectively.
T1 = 14, T2 =18 of the constant sprocket Found
in Market.
Therefore,

Figure 4-14 Gear Train

100 44 T 4
=
10.74 18 T 5
T4
=3.8
T5
However the detail knowledge of gear ratio 4.5 is easily available in market.

22

N 3=

T 1 T 3
N1
T 2 T 4

N 3=

44
4.5 10.74
18

N 3=118.14 RPM
Hencde, the actual RPM of the scrubber will be 118.14 RPM.

23

CHAPTER 5.

FABRICATION

5.1 PROCESS USED

Fabrication of the base with angle rod and

square rod

Fabrication of the body using flat rod and

turning shaft to hold gear and sprocket

Hexagonal body for the brush and

attachment of the sprocket and gear in
shaft

Attachment of the tank, gear and chain

and assembly of parts

Testing of final model

Figure 5-15 Process Diagram

24

5.2 PROBLEMS

Scrubber was fabricated with the use of GI pipe and hexagonal surface to connect six
brushes around but bearing and pipe did not assembled.
Turning GI pipe to reduce diameter could not happen as hexagonal surfaces around
the pipe were fixed.
During shaft and sprocket assembly bearing was intended to assemble after
completing cutting and drilling activities but after the process assembly failed.
Initially shaft of the wheel was assembled 15cm below the upper end of the system
but brush at the lower end got pushed with the surface intended to clean. Hence brush
slide rather than rotating at required RPM.
Differential for the system was made but as wheels were made independent they were
left cantilever and disassembled during testing.
Misalignment of shafts and sprockets caused frequent slipping of chains.

5.3 WAY THE PROBLEM WERE ENCOUNTERED

New scrubber with solid shaft and hexagonal surface around was fabricated to match
with bearing.
New assembly of shaft, sprocket and bearing were done with bearing and shaft
assembled first and then performing cutting and drilling activities.
Clearance between scrubber and surface was made by shifting wheel 5cm below the
initial position.
Cantilever wheel were supported adding frame on each side of the wheel connected to
inner system from outer end of the wheel.
Shafts and sprockets were aligned at the required position to avoid slipping of the
wheel.

5.4 OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT

The device can easily pick the dust and debris and store it to the tank. The device can only
operate in the smooth road and can only pick the material as small as 1cm. In this existing
scenario, the device can be very beneficial for the society and can be used in smooth road
to remove the debris from which manpower can be replaced by the device. The work ratio
of this device is high as compared to manpower. So by using this device work can be
done in higher speed and more efficiently.

25

CHAPTER 6.

TESTING

After completion of the project testing is a crucial part that suggests success or the failure of
the project. In order to fulfill the objective of the project testing was done to analyze the
project.
6.1.1 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the testing of the project were:

To observe the performance of the system.

To check the mechanism and assembly of the system
To check if the system works to obtain the calculated result.

6.1.2
1.
2.
3.

ASSUMPTIONS
Steady motion of the system.
There is not any misalignment in the assembly of the part of the system.
Volume of debris over a length is constant.

6.1.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

TOOLS USED
Debris cleaner
Stop watch
Measuring tape
Weighing machine
Marker

6.1.4 PROCEDURE
a. Firstly, all the parts were assembled in a proper manner.
b. Length of the run to complete the test was fixed to 1m by marker on the smooth
surface.
c. Debris was released on the surface in equivalent proportion over the surface.
d. System was started and at the same time stop watch was started.
e. System was run to 1m mark at constant rpm.
f. Stop watch was stopped.
g. Amount of debris collected were measured in the weighing machine.
6.1.5 RESULT
During testing of the project about 200cc volume of the debris was released in the smooth
surface of length 1m. After the complete run over 1m length about 120cc of the debris was
collected in 60s. So, the collecting speed is 2cc/sec with normal device speed of 2.5m/s. The
device lifted the debris of size 1cc. It could lift the debris having greater surface area but
couldnot lift minute debris. The rpm of the scrubber was satisfactory but the torque generated
in it was low so, it couldnot lift heavy debris.

26

CHAPTER 7.

WORK PROGRESS

GANTT CHART
Se
p

Oc
t

No
v

De
c

Ja
n

Fe
b

Ma
r

Ap
r

Ma
y

Ju
n

Ju
l

Aug

Proposal
Submission
Literal Survey
Design, Material
Selection and 3D
Modeling
Market Study and
Material
Collection
Fabrication
Parts
Assembly
Fitting
Testing

of
and

Final presentation

Task completed
Task remaining
The project was intended to finish in last week of July but due to some gap it was extended to
first week of August. Hence fabrication and the testing were completed and the model is
ready to operate.

27

CHAPTER 8.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

List of material used in our project and their cost is as follows:

Table 8-1 Material list

S
NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

Material

Quantity

Cost (R.S)

Angle Rod (4cm)

13kg
Flat Rod (4cm)
4.5
Square Rod (2cm)
2m
Flat Rod (2cm)
5m
Bicycle Wheel
2
Wheel(20cm)
2
Brush
6
G.I. Pipe
1m
Chain
4m
Sprocket (40 teeth)
2
Sprocket (18 teeth)
4
Bush
5
Sheet Metal
100cm 50cm
Plywood
1m 0.5 m
Gear set 90 teeth and 18 1 pair
teeth
Bearing (6205)
6
Bearing (6204)
2
Shaft (MS)
31m
Total

1030/324/300/500/1000/400/1800/500/1000/600/1000/1250/1000/1500/1000/960/300/600/14,764/-

Hence, total cost of the material used in the project is Rs 14,764/.

Total Cost of the Project
s.n
1.
2.
3.

Description
Material Cost
Labor Cost
Process Cost
Total

Price (R.S)
14,764/3,000/2,000/19,764/-

Hence total cost of the project is RS 19,764/-. This budget is quite high. The reason for it is
due to fabrication of only one model, purchase of material from retailer shop in small
quantity, wastage of material and use of heavy metal material.

28

The price of the project can be reduced by considering following points:

Purchase of goods from dealer in more quantity for mass production.

Use of less metal in design.
Use of more economical parts like use of inexpensive wheel then use of
bicycle tyre.
Use of fiber scrubber then the assembly of the brush to be used as scrubber.
Use of small radius shaft.
Use of Bush can be eliminated by using suitable shaft and sprocket.

Targeted Customers:
1. Government
2. Educational institutes
3. Factory
Following means and resources are being as cleaning debris:
1. Manpower
2. Vacuum cleaner
3. Road cleaning vehicle
The advantages of our project over them are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cleaning process faster then use of sweeper.

Use of less energy than vehicle.
Less costly then cleaning vehicle.
Use of less manpower than cleaning process using sweeper.
Environment friendly.

Some drawbacks of our projects are as follows:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Can lift only light debris.

Cannot clean very minute dust particle.
Covers less width of cleaning surface.
Cleaning process is less qualitative and more time consuming than cleaning

29

CHAPTER 9.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

It is clear that the methods of road cleaning in urban areas like Kathmandu Valley are not
effective all over the city. The design and fabrication of this project a device which can clean
the debris with the help of the human effort was completed. This device can be used for
cleaning the debris of urban roads of Nepal in greater efficiency than sweeping method. The
device successfully cleaned the particles of 1cc debris particle at the speed of 20 cc/min.
However certain limitations exists in the device. The device was not able to clean the debris
of below 1cc volume and the torque generated in the scrubber was low. So there is still room
for improvements. If any one would like to continue this project than following points are
recommended:
1. Proper calcualation regarding the torque generated in the scrubber and the weight of
the debris to be collected should be done.
2. Tolorences in the design should be assigned clearly and preplaned.
3. Fabrication of parts should be made close to the dimensons so that there would not be
any problem in the assembly.
4. Material choice should be done systematically and standard parts should be given
preference.

30

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