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Evaluation of Production and Cost of Komatsu
Evaluation of Production and Cost of Komatsu
Evaluation of Production and Cost of Komatsu
hour, respectively and in the underlying clay soil and latitudinal slope of 50% was 106 to 123 cubic
meter per hour. Orleans department of natural resources of California, 2003 in their latest comments
about the protection and restoration of ecosystems in California concluded that the road construction costs
are divided into five categories which include costs of machinery and their management, transportation,
finish work, personnel and munitions and these costs were compared with each other. The costs of five
categories were the 48.96, 0.66, 8.41, 39.59 and 2.39 percent of total costs, respectively.
Parsakho (2008) studied the production and cost of excavator and the average production rate and cost of
one meter length of cut and fill at slope class of 30-70% were 18.19 meter per hour and 8517 rial per
meter of excavation, respectively. The present study aims to estimate production and the cost per unit of
output of excavator and the main hypothesis is that the excavator is economically suitable for the
construction of forest roads.
2 Materials and methods
Study area
The forest roads under study are situated in the Series 7 of Shenrood forest (Siyahkal). The series 7 is a
part of watershed forests no 25 and is under the Department of Natural Resources is Siyahkal city. The
area of the series is 3707 hectares and at 50" 47' 49 longitude and at 30" 55' 36 latitude with the altitude
ranging between 700 and 2100 meters and average annual precipitation of 1265 millimeters and general
slope aspect of the area is north. The soil texture is clay loam and clay and the main roads of the series is
grade 2 (Parsakho, 2008). About 3.1 km of existing roads in parcels 25, 26, 52, 53 are constructed with
Komatsu PC200 excavator.
Calculation of the number of transverse profiles
Transverse profiles of samples are specified and based on previous studies or initial inventory of the
number of transverse profile. In this study, the appropriate number of samples (transverse profiles) was
calculated with regard to t=2 and E%95=%8 from equation below (Zobeiri, 2005).
n= t2 (Sx %) 2 / (E %)
(1)
20 m), then the equation below is used to calculate the average volume of excavation (Nobakht 2002;
Narimani 2002; Abeli 2000):
A Ai1
Vi ,i 1 i
Li ,i1
2
A Ai 1
Vi ,i 1 i
Li ,i 1 (1/3)
2
(2)
(3)
If one section of excavation is cutting and the other section is filling, then the project line crosses the land
at the point of land between these two profiles (crossing point A). In order to calculate the volume
between the two sections the crossing point section should be considered zero. Therefore the distance
between two separate sections are divided into two and the volume between sections are calculated with
the point A. Currently, in most projects average method is used (Nobakht 2002; Narimani 2002; Abeli
2000).
Excavator production cost in excavation projects
Cost of machine is calculated based on Austrian (Bureau of production and Business of Forests
Organization):
Total fixed costs per hour of effective work TFC/PH (F=0.9):
(D+I+T)/PH = TFC/PH
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Statistical design
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assure a normal distribution of the data in each section.
Analysis of variance test (One-way Anova) was used for comparison between treatments in different
slope classes. Tukey test and SPSS17 software were used for statistical analysis to determine the effect of
slope on time study of excavation operation and the production volume of excavator in different slope
classes.
3 Results
Time study of excavation
As is indicated in the table 1 in slope class of 10-30 %t the net time, total time and delay time are 60.8,
12.09 and 72.89 minutes and in slope class of 30-50 % are 64.28, 9.2 and 73.48 minutes, respectively.
The results of this test showed that there were no significant effects of slope on net time, delay and total
time (Tab. 1). Total delay times include defect of tracks and bucket of excavator, oil slip due to the
excavator not being serviced in time and lack of sufficient spare parts.
Table 1: Time efficiency of excavator at different slope classes standard error
Total time
Slack
Pure time
Slop categories
72.89 4.85
12.09 1.86
70.8 3.6
10-30%
73.48 3.32
9.2 1.98
64.28 2.75
30-50%
77.6 3.79
8.88 2.21
68.71 2.4
50-70%
effective time
delays
13%
87%
95%
Operational delays
Mechanical delays
Personal delays
6%
21%
73%
Evaluation of hourly production and excavation volume of excavator at different slope classes
There were no significant effect of slope on the volume of excavation and hourly production volume
(cubic meter per hour), but there were significant effect of slope on hourly production (meter/hour). There
was a significant difference between volume of cut and fill in different slope classes at 5% level. There
was also a significant between the volumes of the excavation in different slope classes at the 5% level.
There was a significant different between hourly production (cubic meter / hour) in different slope classes
at the 5% level. There was a significant different between hourly production (meter / hour) in different
slope classes at the 5% level.
Table 2: Hourly production and earth work volume for excavator in different slop categories
Hourly
production
[m/h]
Hourly
production
[m3/h]
Earthworks
volume
[m3]
Volume of
embankment
[m3]
Volume of
excavation
[m3]
Slop categories
[%]
17.3 0.08
51.33 6.99
62.36 7.55
34.18 4.04
28.18 3.52
10-30
16.63 0.05
82.14 5.75
100.6 4.55
53.5 2.2
47.1 3.27
30-50
15.77 0.06
116.48 7.91
150.66 7.38
79.22 4.22
71.44 3.24
50-70
495651/83.31 = 5949
Rial/m3
Rial/m
Rial/m3
Rial/m
Rial/m3
Rial/ m
Rial/m3
Rial/m
Table 3: Hourly cost of system and excavator track komatsu PC200 (price in 2010)
Total price(Rial):
Salvage value(Rial):215000000
Interest rate(Rial):147705000
Depreciation(Rial):96750000
Fuel consumption(liter): 20
4 Discussion
The results of time study of excavation operation showed that 86.55% of total time is spent on useful
work and 13.45% is spent on delays. In the operation area the excavator spent 95.56% of useful work on
excavation work and 4.64% on uprooting roots, taking out stump and removing stones. The results of
time study of excavation operation showed that 74.25% of total time was spent on useful work and
25.75% spent on personnel, technical and administration delays. Parsakho, 2008 showed that in the
operation area the excavator spent 96.63% of useful work on excavation work and 3.37% on uprooting
roots, taking out stump and removing stones.
The average excavation productions of excavator Komatsu PC200 in slope class of 10-70% were 83.31m3
per hour and 16.56 meter per hour (Tab. 3). Eriksson and Filisson (1989) estimated average production
rate of excavator on forest roads of Sweden to be 7/12 m. IUFRO (1995) in a study on the forests of
Sweden investigated the production per hour (meter/hour) of three models of excavators namely
Komatsu, Caterpillar and Kublako in different slope classes and concluded that production is inversely
related to increase in slopes.
Machine cost per hour of useful work was 207651 Rials and system cost per hour of useful work was
495651 Rials.. The system production cost per hour of useful work was 5949 Rials per cubic meter and
29930 Rials per meter. Production cost of excavator per hour of useful work was 2492 Rials per cubic
meter and 12539 Rials per meter. Selak (1985), calculated the production cost of Angldouzer in slope in
classes 30, 50 and 70% to bet from 2.5 to 3, 3-4 and 4-6 dollars per meter, respectively.In previous years
only the bulldozer machinery has been used for cut and fills operations in the northern forest of the
country, but today the focus of forest roads in steep terrain has deployed the idea of sustainable
development and protection of natural areas. Since the precision of excavator in road construction is high,
therefore the use of excavator is essential. Now that the excavator machinery is used a lot in roads
construction operations, effort should be made to provide suitable solutions so that the machine
performance and environmental effects are kept to optimum level. Therefore paying attention to these
instructions and rules in road construction is essential for long-term goals. While cost factors should be
considered for reducing the cost factors such as soil composition, the main factor for reducing the cost of
road construction and very good results in terms of economic.
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