Level 2 Diploma in Plumbing Studies

Chapter

TBSE

65 C
MWT 70 C

Air 20 C

Delta T 50 C

Figure 8.14: Radiator showing top bottom

same end (how Delta T is calculated)
Example
For a water flow temperature of
75C and a return temperature
of 65C, the mean water
temperature (MWT) is 70C.
If we then subtract the room
temperature of 20C, we are left
with a temperature difference
(Delta T) of 50C.

Delta T (T) is the difference between the mean (average) water

temperature in a radiator and the ambient (surrounding) air temperature
so it is the change in temperature:
T= final temperature initial temperature.
Under BS EN 442, radiators must be tested with a flow water temperature
of 75C and a return temperature of 65C, in a test room with a consistent
air temperature of 20C. In addition, the flow and return connections should
be connected at the same end, normally referred to as top bottom same
end (TBSE) (see Figure 8.14).

Identify different heat emitters used in domestic systems and

explain their working principles
Heat emitters can be convectors, radiators or underfloor heaters, with variations
within each type. This section looks at the most common types of heat emitter
for domestic systems and how they work. Chapter 3 covers the scientific
principles of heat emission, so refer to pages 96 and 114116 as necessary.

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Cast iron column radiators

Sometimes called hospital radiators, these are mostly found on older
installations in buildings such as schools or village halls. However, some
are now being installed in domestic properties as designer decor (see
Figure 8.15).

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Remember

Define Delta T

75 C

When choosing radiators, you

should take note of manufacturers
fixing positions. It is often said that
a radiator should be positioned
beneath a window to reduce
draughts. Curtains should finish
10 cm above the radiator.

Panel radiators
Despite the name radiator, about 85 per cent of heat from radiators is given
off by convection. The heat output of a standard panel radiator can be
further improved by welding fins (heat exchangers) onto the back. These
increase the radiators surface area as they become part of its heated surface.
The design of the fins will also help convection currents to flow.
Types of panel radiator
Radiator design has developed dramatically as manufacturers aim to provide
efficient radiators in a variety of styles. Figure 8.17 shows the most common
types of steel panel radiator.

Figure 8.15: Cast iron column radiator

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Figure 8.16: A typical panel radiator

8 Central heating systems

Manufacturers provide at least four height options, from 300 mm
to 700 mm.
Width measurements are from 400 mm, with increments of
100200 mm, to a maximum of around 3 m.
The recommended height from the floor to the base of the radiator is
150 mm (depending on the height of the skirting board). This allows
adequate clearance for heat circulation and valve installation.
Outputs will vary depending on design. You must ensure that the
radiators output will be sufficient to heat the room.

Chapter

Single panel

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8 325

Single panel
with fins

Double panel

Figure 8.17: Types of panel radiator

Seamed-top panel radiator

This is currently the most commonly fitted radiator in
domestic installations (see Figure 8.18). Top grilles are also
available for this radiator.

Double panel
with fins
Heinemann
NVQ2 Plumbing
9pt Zurich BT
fig0157
29/04/05

Compact radiators
These have all the benefits of steel panel radiators, with the
addition of factory-fitted top grilles and side panels, making
them more attractive to the consumer (see Figure 8.19).

Figure 8.18: Seamed-top panel radiator

Figure 8.19: Compact radiator

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