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Experiment 8
Experiment 8
Experiment 8
AUGUST 2014
Eperiment 8: Resonance
Objectives:
- The purpose of this experiment is to plot resonance curves with and without damping.
Apparatus:
Beam oscillator with exciter mounted on the Universal Vibration System.
Introduction:
Resonance
is
a
phenomenon
occurs
in
forced
vibration
whenever
the
natural
frequency
of
vibration
of
a
machine
or
structure
coincides
with
the
frequency
of
the
external
excitation.
With
forced
oscillation,
an
oscillatory
system
is
caused
to
oscillate
by
external
means.
Leaving
aside
non-steady
state
transient
response,
oscillation
takes
place
over
the
course
of
time
at
the
excitation
frequency.
If
excitation
and
natural
frequency
coincide,
this
is
referred
to
as
resonance.
The
oscillation
then
becomes
very
pronounced
and
can
result
in
destruction
of
the
machine.
An
example
of
resonance
curve
is
shown
in
Figure
8.1.
The
calculation
and
avoidance
of
resonance
is
one
of
the
most
important
tasks
in
the
field
of
engineering.
Some
methods
that
can
be
employed
to
avoid
or
reduce
resonance
are
additional
of
systems
damping
or
a
shift
in
natural
frequency
(biasing).
In
this
experiment,
the
same
beam
oscillator
in
experiment
7
is
used.
To
provide
for
forced
oscillation,
an
exciter
of
an
unbalance
system
is
used.
The
exciter
can
be
fixed
on
the
beam
oscillator
and
provides
a
harmonic
excitation
force
of
adjustable
frequency
and
amplitude
Fe = mu 2 sin t
where
mu
is
the
unbalance
mass
with
eccentricity
and
is
the
excitation
frequency/
speed
of
the
unbalance
mass.
The
exciter
is
attached
to
the
center
of
the
beam
at
L/2.
From
the
moment
equilibrium
about
the
fulcrum
point
O
of
the
beam
oscillator
gives
J 0 + db 2 + ca 2 = mu
L 2
sin t
2
or with y = L
y + 2D 0 y + 02 y =
mu L2
2 sin t
J0 2
with
the
known
degree
of
damping
and
natural
angular
frequency.
The
steady
dtate
solution
this
inhomogeneous
differential
equation
results
in
the
forced
oscillations
y ( t ) = y
2
1 ( 0 ) + [ 2D 0 ]
2
y =
sin ( t + )
mu L2
2J 0
y ( t ) = y
2
1 ( 0 )
2
sin ( t + )
It
can
be
seen
that,
for
the
frequency
ratio
0 = 1 ,
there
is
no
longer
any
denominator,
i.e.
the
expression
tends
towards
.
There
is
resonance
with
infinitely
large
amplitude.
As
soon
as
damping
is
provided,
the
amplitude
becomes
smaller.
The
profile
of
the
oscillation
response
as
a
function
of
the
ratio
0 is
shown
in
Figure
8.2
in
the
form
of
resonance
curve.
The
amplitudes
are
normalized
to
the
value
y .
The
influence
of
damping
can
be
seen
in
addition
to
the
non-damped
situation.
Figure
8.2:
Resonance
curve
for
different
system
with
different
degree
of
damping
Procedure:
1. Beam oscillator with exciter is set up as in Figure 8.3.
Figure
8.3:
Experimental
setup
2. With
no
damper
attached,
set
the
exciter
frequency
to
4
Hz
and
start
the
exciter.
Plot
the
deflections
in
2
Hz
increment.
3. 1
Hz
increments
are
appropriate
in
the
range
between
6
and
10
Hz,
whereas
0.2
0.5Hz
increments
are
to
be
used
in
the
immediate
vicinity
of
the
resonance
level.
4. Measure
the
amplitude
of
oscillaton
for
each
set
frequency.
Record
in
tabular
form.
5. Repeat
steps
2-5
but
now
with
attached
damper.
Set
the
value
for
b
according
to
Table
8.1.
Table
8.1
Damper
settings
for
resonance
curves
Spring
setting:
c
=
3.09
N/mm,
a
=
650
mm
No.
Needle
valve
position
Lever arm b in mm
No damper
No damper
Open
150
Closed
150
Closed
550
6. On
a
graph
paper,
plot
the
resonance
curves
based
on
your
measurements.
Report:
1. You are required to produce a maximum of 2 pages hand written report. Report should be
submitted individually.
2. Report should consist of the following sections:
a) Title: what the report is about?
b) Results: raw data and processed data from the lab exercises
c) Calculations: detailed calculation steps showing how the raw data is processed
d) Discussion: intepret your results i.e. explain, analyze and compare them. You should
explain how the variables/ parameters involved in the experiment influence your
result.
e) Conclusion: What can be concluded from your results? Is the experiments objective
achieved? If the objectives were not met, you should analyze why the results were not
as predicted.
3. Report submission: at the end of lab session.