XIXth CENTURY COAL MINING SETTLEMENTS

IN CHILE: THE CHALLENGE FOR SUSTAINABLE

TOURISTIC REUSE AND HERITAGE
PRESERVATION
M. Isabel Lpez
Universidad del Bio Bio
ABSTRACT
Mining settlements and sites, established during the XIXth century, are a key testimony of
industrial revolution in the world. As such, they are increasingly being valued as a particular
type of industrial heritage, and promoted as tourist attractions. Particularly in Europe and the
US, many sites have been turned into open mining museums, ecomuseums or cultural parks,
thus recognizing the value of its physical remains, the importance of a particular cultural
landscape, and local identity among mining communities. Advocators of this trend have
promoted mining tourism, as a way to revert dramatic economic decay and environmental
problems, in the post-mining era.
In spite of this enthusiasm, several questions remain to be answered; such as:
1. What should be the role of public agencies, the local community and in general the civil
society, in this shift from mining, to cultural tourism and heritage preservation? Eg.
Who should be the new manager of the buildings and sites, after the mining company
departures?
2. What kind of urban processes, planning policies and tools, should be used in order to
achieve sustainable touristic reuse of mining heritage?
3. And finally, how can local participation be a central aspect of urban change?
Using the case of the former coal mining settlements of Lota and Coronel, at the south of Chile,
the presentation addresses these issues and proposes: a set of steps for a sustainable cultural and
touristic reuse of mining heritage.

1 INTRODUCTION
Besides its artistic or historical value, the importance of industrial remains is mainly related to
its testimonial significance. Industrial remains are a key testimony of a major social shift; i.e.
the shift from an agricultural to an industrial type of society.
Within this wider scope, mining remains can be regarded as a specific dimension of industrial
heritage. From an historical point of view, mining was a key factor of industrial revolution.
From an economical stand, it was a key contribution to the expansion of exportations. And
from a social perspective, mining workers played a key role in the appraisal of the labor unions
movement, throughout the world.
Valuing mining and industrial heritage is also related with the recognition of industrial
archaeology in Europe. For authors like Santacreu (1992) the notion of industrial archaeology
emerged within the context of industrial revolution, and achieved widespread attention around
de 50s and the 60s. As a result, several mining heritage societies were created.
Within the concept of mining heritage, the notion of mining-metallurgic remains include the
traces of extractive activities as well as the ones related to metal production. This type of
heritage is considered a paradigmatic combination of cultural and natural heritage because of

the symbiotic relation between the mine and the geological heritage which is unveiled through
mining. That is how the social and historical value, along with the technical and natural values,
are all components of this type of heritage (Ayala-Carcedo, 2000, Pg. 34).
Thanks to the increasing recognition of mining heritage, various researchers such as Lpez
(2010); Orche (2004, 2003, 2002 and 2002b); Puche (2003 and 2000); Puche et al (1997 and
1993); and Carvajal et al (2003 and 2003b) have promoted the recovery of mining remains as
cultural heritage; and have promoted its reuse for tourism. As a result, in various countries
(specially in Europe) international organizations have fostered the creation of mining museums,
eco-museums, open air museums, and cultural parks, sustaining: touristic, recreational,
scientific or even therapeutic land uses (Sabat, 2004; Carvajal, 2003 and Orche, 2003; Sabat y
Schuster, 2001).
In spite of this enthusiasm, several questions remain to be answered; such as: i) what should be
the role of public agencies, the local community and the civil society, in this shift from mining,
to cultural tourism and heritage preservation? E.g. Who should be the new manager of the
buildings and sites, after the mining company departures?; ii) What kind of urban processes,
planning policies and tools, should be used in order to achieve sustainable touristic reuse of
mining heritage?; and finally iii) How can local participation be a central aspect of urban
change?
Using the case of the former coal mining settlements of Lota and Coronel, at the south of Chile,
the presentation approaches these issues and proposes a series of steps for a successful and
sustainable touristic reuse of former mining areas. The proposal is based in the analysis of
mining heritage tourism in Europe, and in depth case study analysis of initiatives in the UK.
The research methodology considered a descriptive, an evaluative and a prospective approach.
The descriptive approach aimed to identify the main components of initiatives that succeeded to
foster tourism and heritage preservation1. The evaluative approach aimed to identify the main
contributions of these same initiatives to sustainable local development, according to a set of
parameters based on preservation and sustainable tourism theory. And finally, the prospective
approach explored the potential of the former mining territory of Lota and Coronel, in Chile, to
implement a sustainable process of tourism reuse.
The article is structured in three parts. The first part presents the main arguments supporting
heritage significance of the former mining area of Lota and Coronel. The second part presents
the main steps for a sustainable touristic reuse of heritage. And the third part presents the main
conclusions regarding opportunities and restrictions for these kind o initiatives in former mining
territories in Chile.
2 MINING HERITAGE IN LOTA AND CORONEL
In Chile, coal mining developed mainly in three areas located at the south of the country: at the
Arauco Gulf, in the Bio Bio Region (Mazzei, 1997); near the cities of Valdivia and Chilo, in
the Los Ros and Los Lagos regions; and in the Magallanes basin, in the Magallanes Region
(Martinic, 2010 and 2004). Above all, the mines of Arauco surpassed production anywhere
else, leading coal production in Chile (Ortega, 1992).
Within the Arauco Gulf, the biggest mining company was the one founded by Matas Cousio
in the year 1850, in Lota. The one founded by Federico Schwager in Coronel followed in
importance. That is how by the end of the XIXth century Lota and Coronel (Fig 1), were two of
1

The analysis focused in four of the six mining museums in the UK receiving from 100.000 to 350.000 visitors a
year (visitor numbers for the years 2000 to 2005): Beamish Open Air Museum, Ironbridge Gorge Mining Museum,
National Coal Mining Museum and Black Country Museum (Lpez, 2010b, Pg xx). The comparative analysis used a
Conceptual Model, built from the systems theory.

the main industrial complexes in Chile (Ortega, 1992). Accordingly, both urban settlements
were deeply modified by a new way of life, the expansion of industrial installations, and the
construction of various facilities, houses and open spaces that even today define local
character and stand out as key elements of the urban image.

Fig. 1 The expansion of coal mining properties at the south of the Bio Bio river. Source: the
Author
In Lota, the mining settlement, known as Lota Alto, was built beside the industrial installations.
The urban layout follows a spatial hierarchy that expresses both the organization of work within
the mining company (Muoz, 2000) and the irregular relief, thus achieving a unique urban form.
The settlement expanded at the same pace as the industrial complex. And the new technologies,
originally meant for industrial purposes, were also used for urban development.
In Coronel, pioneering mining initiatives started during the mid XIXth century in the area of
Puchoco, at the north end of the Arauco Gulf (Aburto y Gutirrez, 1999, Pg. 43). Mining
attracted investment and workers; and in the year 1872, when the railway line was extended to
the south border of the Bio Bio River, many new inhabitants arrived (Vera, 1984, Pgs 13 14).
Finally, in 1982, the merging of the mining companies of Punta Puchoco and Boca Maule, in
Coronel, produced one of the most important social, urban and economic transformations in the
Bio Bio Region.
Coal mining defined and fostered development in Lota and Coronel. However, international
shifts in coal mining production - during the 60s along with cost increases, led to a long crisis
of coal production. Thats how after several years of struggle - the coal field at Puchoco was
closed in 1994 and so was the coal field at Lota three years later (Prez et al, 2004). After the
mines were closed the government implemented several measures to reduce unemployment.
However these actions havent been able to attract investment nor to generate a relevant impact
in the community.

3 KEY STEPS FOR TOURISTIC REUSE OF MINING HERITAGE

Main results of the research suggest that fostering a process of touristic reuse of former mining
settlements should consider the following steps.
Assessing heritage significance and other assets of the former mining territory
This phase requires two types of analysis. Firstly, to assess the architectural, historical and
cultural significance of mining remains, and secondly, to precise the limits of the management
area. Heritage significance should be assessed regarding the physical remains of the site2 and
other intangible expressions of mining culture. One important aspect is that the site expresses
not only the working conditions, but also, the social aspects of mining culture3. Finally,
heritage assessment should take into account whether mining remains have a local, regional,
national or universal value.
Regarding the management area, the analysis of successful mining museums suggests that
touristic success of the initiative may require the following:
1. Achieving a balance between the scale of the site and accessibility from major urban
agglomerations. That is how, small heritage areas (7 to 10 hectares) may only be able
to attract an important number of visitors when located at the fringes - or within - major
urban centers. Larger sites on the other hand (250 to 550 hectares) may only need to be
accessible on a day trip from major urban agglomerations (i.e. at a maximum distance
of 45 km. approx.). Achieving a balance between scale and accessibility of the site
contributes to its touristic attractiveness and, consequently, to economic feasibility of
the initiative.
2. Including the local community within the management area. This feature is important
to social sustainability, for two reasons. Firstly, because it provides visitors with a more
holistic grasp of mining culture; and secondly, because it facilitates participation of the
local community.
Mining heritage areas in Lota and Coronel, may be described as a coastal border located at the
south of Concepcion: the regions capital city. Mining heritage areas may be described as four
heritage stations. The first two, when approaching from Concepcin, include the former coal
field and settlements of Maule and Puchoco in Coronel, and have a total of 64 hectares (Fig. 2).
The following station is the industrial area and coal settlement of Lota Alto, which has 198
hectares. Finally, the last station is the Hydroelectric Central of Chivilingo and surrounding
areas, with a total extension of 7 hectares. In this way, the summing up of the four stations,
reaches around 262 hectares.
Finally, mining heritage areas of Lota and Coronel are still inhabited by the former mining
community.
That is how, the management site of a touristic initiative in the area, should be conceived as:
The large type of site; that is: a site including at least the whole 198 hectares of
heritage areas and, if appropriate, other areas withstanding natural or recreational
value.
Including the inhabited historical settlements

Eg. the number and heritage significance of the historical buildings.

What Cole calls the sociofacts and mentefacts of the mining culture, i.e. the aspects of social and
institutional organization and the attitudinal characteristics and value systems including religion and
language respectively (2005, p. 481).
3

Fig. 2 The four heritage stations: Maule and Puchoco in Coronel, and Lota Alto and Chivilingo in Lota.
Source: the author

Regarding accessibility, Lota and Coronel are two of the various urban centers belonging to the
Metropolitan Area of Concepcin (AMC). With more than 900.000 inhabitants, the AMC is the
second most populated metropolitan area of Chile; and Lota is located 36.5 km south from
Concepcin (Fig. 3). On the other hand, even though the mining area is connected to the AMC
through the 160 Route, various measures to improve accessibility, should be implemented4.
Regarding heritage significance, even though the mining areas of Lota and Coronel have no
official designation as world heritage site (WHS), the analysis illustrates powerful arguments to
support their designation. These results show consistency with the increasing interest among
local, regional and national actors, to support Lotas application to the World Heritage List.

Such as improving public transportation and moving the toll southwards the city of Lota.

Fig. 3 Lota, Coronel and the Metropolitan Area of Concepcin (AMC). Source: Rojas (2009)

The Arauco Gulf exhibits a rich cultural exchange that expresses the mixture of various groups
of immigrants who were attracted by the coal industry during the nineteenth century.
Immigration brought together mapuche5 workers, Chilean farmers and entrepreneurs, and
European engineers and technicians. Main aspects of intangible heritage include: the
development of a rich network of social organizations and paradigmatic labor unions, as well as
various cultural expressions such as the language, traditions, celebrations, and artistic
manifestations linked to mining history. Also, cultural exchange triggered the development of
the coal settlement of Lota Alto as a unique adaptation of the industrial village urban model
(Fig. 4), and the construction of pioneer engineering facilities such as the Hydroelectric Central
of Chivilingo, designed by Thomas A. Edison (the first one in Chile and the second one in
South America) and the railway bridge; the first bridge to cross the widest river in Chile: the
Bio Bio (Fig. 5).

Mapuches are the indigenous population that inhabited the south of Chile before the Spanish
colonization.

Fig. 4 The historical mining installations and settlement of Lota Alto. Source: the author
Within the settlement, the mining company built open areas of great beauty, such as the Isidora
Goyenechea Park and various buildings of architectural value. Among them the most significant
are the former house of the Park Manager (now reused as a Mining Museum), the Matas
Apstol Church, Thompson Mattews School and the Theatre of Lota (recently listed as
National Monument) (Figs. 6 and 7). All these buildings are key elements of the urban image
They stand out as landmarks because of their location (usually at corners or other key places of
the urban layout), their condition of isolated buildings and its Art Deco style of architecture; the
dominating style in Chile during the 40s. All of the above constitute examples of integration
between public buildings and the urban space, a characteristic which expresses the importance
of community life in Lota. Finally, the mining pavilions in Lota Alto stand out, as early
adaptations of Fouriers social utopia and as key elements of the urban image and the public
realm (Fig. 8).

Figs 5 The iron bridge across the Bio Bio river.

Source: Astorquiza, 1929.

Fig. 7 The Theatre of Lota, one of the buildings

expressing the Art Dec architectural style.
Source: SURPLAN (2005)

Fig. 6 View of the Parks main entrance and the

former House of the Parks Manager. Source:
Authors collection

Fig. 8 A view of one of the galleries of the

collective housing pavilions in Lota Alto and
Matias Apstol Church on the back. Source:
Authors collection

Provide legal protection to mining heritage

The second step for a successful process of touristic reuse is to ensure legal protection of mining
heritage. Local authorities should use their powers in order to define as soon as possible, the
area and the buildings that should be protected. Two types of historical buildings that should be
protected in first place are: collective housing in mining areas; and the industrial installations.
This is extremely important in order to avoid important threats. In former mining areas that
have remained inhabited, housing will probably shift from only one owner (i.e. the mining
company) to several individual owners (i.e. the former miners). The fact that the houses remain
occupied diminishes the threat of decay due to redundancy. On the other hand, a major threat is
that the new home owners modify their housing units, affecting integrity of the pavilions6.
Regarding the industrial installations, the main threat is decay due to redundancy and lack of
maintenance. Moreover, if the mining company sells the installations for a different productive
use; pressures for alterations may be very high. Thats why, in all these cases it is extremely
important to develop both compulsory and non compulsory preservation plans, as well as to
foster local commitment to preservation.

Obviously this threat is also related to a lack of community commitment to preservation. Thats why it
is very important to ensure protective measures, as soon as possible after the mine is shut; before new
generations, who may be more disconnected to the mining era, increase alterations of the urban fabric.

In Chile, two of the main tools for preserving built heritage are: the designation of Historic
Conservation Buildings (HBCs) and Historic Conservation Areas (HCAs) in local plans.
Demolition or alteration of protected heritage is forbidden without the authorization of the local
authority. Another tool is the designation of National Historic Monuments (NHM) for buildings
withstanding national significance. Applications to NHM status may be presented by any public
or non governmental entity and are decided by the National Council of Monuments (CNM).
Demolition of NHMs is absolutely forbidden; and any alterations have to be approved by the
CMN. On the other hand this legal framework for preservation has proved to be largely
insufficient for various reasons.
Firstly, because it fails to ensure that the local government uses its power to protect heritage in
the local plan. Twelve years after the mines were shut down, neither of the local plans of Lota
or Coronel had been updated in order to protect heritage. Because of this lack of protection
many pavilions and row houses have suffered inappropriate modifications affecting integrity
and heritage value7 (Figs. 9 and 10).

Fig. 9 Pavilion No 81, in Lota Alto still preserving

its original characteristics; including the public
gallery as an intermediate space between the
houses and the street. Source: Authors collection;
captured before the earthquake of 2010.

Fig. 10 Row houses also in Lota Alto. The unity

of the original building can no longer be
distinguished due to inappropriate alterations.
Source: Authors collection

Also, significant open areas have been inappropriately developed. An example is the
inappropriate occupation of the surrounding areas of the Grande Shaft8 (Fig 4) with social
housing. Besides the threat of occupying risk areas, inappropriate occupation has affected the
importance of the winding tower as a landmark of the mining landscape; a visual prominence
that was consistent with its historical and social significance (Figs.11 and 12)
A second weakness of the institutional framework in Chile is the lack of a national policy
regarding heritage preservation and a public agency in charge of leading it. Instead, there are
various uncoordinated public entities with other main responsibilities which only
tangentially support specific initiatives in this field.

7
8

Such as: changes in finishing materials, extensions, fencing of the galleries, etc.
One of the three Winding Towers of the coal field.

Fig. 11 View of the winding tower at the Alberto

Shaft; in its original situation standing out as a
landmark within the horizontal landscape

Fig 12 The winding tower at the Grande Shaft now

surrounded by fences and the streets of a housing
development. Source: Authors collection.

Create local agencies to manage mining heritage and acquire key historical buildings and
sites
The third step is to create the appropriate type of agencies that will lead mining tourism in the
site. These agencies will have the goal of recovering the physical aspects of heritage, as well as
promoting cultural, touristic and educational reuse of the installations. The acquisition process
will depend on the initial situation before the mining shut down. In stately owned mining
companies, handing over property or administration rights may be easier and less expensive. In
privately owned companies, this process may require more bargaining and expenditure. If the
former mining area has a national or regional designation as a regeneration area, the
preservation initiative may find support from the agencies in charge.
The analysis suggests that some important features of the preservation agency should be:
To include in the Management Board, representatives of both the local community9 and
the local government. The participation of local organizations is important to foster
community involvement in the preservation initiative. In turn, the participation of the
local government facilitates linking preservation goals to wider objectives of local
development.
To create the agency as a non-governmental and not for profit type of organization. In
Chile the non-governmental status, allows the local government to overcome important
bureaucratic constraints applying to public institutions (such as: restrictions to hire
professional support or to acquire loans with private banks, among others). Also, local
governments are only allowed to participate in the Boards of not for profit
organizations. Finally, not for profit organizations are the only non governmental
entities, which are eligible for public funding.
.
In Lota, the former mining company (ENACAR) passed most property rights to a state owned
agency called CORFO. Later on, a few of these historic installations and buildings became part
of the touristic route Lota Sorprendente. CORFO entrusted the management of Lota
Sorprendente to Fundacin Chile; a national private corporation who has the Chilean
government as one of its main trustees. Even if this formula met some of the requirements
listed above; it didnt fulfill the requirement of including local representatives in the initiative.
This limitation resulted in a, long term, conflicting relation between the Foundation and the
local government. More recently the administration has been passed on to a local organization
9

Such as former labor unions, or other local NGOs with an interest in mining heritage.

called Corporacin Baldomero Lillo; it is yet to be seen whether this new formula will be more
or less successful than the one preceding it.
Designing and implementing a cultural and touristic facility briefing, for the former mining
site
Mining heritage tourism should be oriented to implement various cultural and touristic facilities.
In order to do that, the former industrial installations, the main buildings of the settlement and
the open spaces should be reused. Also, new facilities (preserving local character) can be built.
The briefing should aim to achieve the following type of attractions:
Museums allocated at the former industrial installations and facilities, such as:
underground tunnels open to the public, theme museums showing different aspects of
mining activity, other interactive scientific museums, etc.
Habilitated open spaces holding heritage significance, such as parks, main squares,
pathways or other natural areas. Habilitation efforts may include building pathways and
installing signage, which explain the way in which these spaces were used during the
mining period.
Cultural, educational and scientific facilities such as: theatres, arts and crafts fairs,
libraries, documentation centers, institutes or colleges10.
Other touristic facilities such as dwelling places, Visitor Centers, parking facilities,
restaurants, and others.
These last two categories can be allocated either in newly built or in historical buildings (for
example recycling mining row housing as bed and breakfast facilities, etc).
Throughout Lota and Coronel there are some mining tourism initiatives that in a disaggregated
and disconnected way - approach this idea. One of the most important initiatives has been the
already mentioned touristic route Lota Sorprendente. This route includes heritage sites of:
Devils Shaft, Isidora Cousio Park, the former House of the Parks Manager (reused as a
Mining Museum) and the Hydroelectric Central of Chivilingo.
On the other hand the concentration of almost all initiatives in Lota Alto demonstrates the lack
of a more holistic and comprehensive approach to heritage tourism; which would include:
Important cultural attractions located in other areas of Lota (such as the fair, the library
or the former Miners Union)
The touristic potential of the costal landscape
The opportunity of connecting cultural routes of Lota to mining heritage areas in
Coronel.
Develop a public & private partnership
The preservation agency should seek coordination with key regional public agencies holding
statutory responsibilities within the site, such as: agencies of urban development and housing
provision, public infrastructure and transportation, environmental assessment, and tourism,
among others. Also the foundation should coordinate with other actors of the local level such
as: local governments, local chambers of commerce and tourism, local NGOs, and educational
centers.
This coordination can be best achieved through the creation of a Strategy Group including the
above mentioned actors. The main functions of the Strategy Group would be:
To coordinate the actions of the different public and private entities having
responsibility, interest, or the power to affect the former mining site. One of the main
10

Offering careers such as geology, anthropology, architectural preservation or others which might use
the site as a living laboratory

goals in this respect is to avoid that the actions of some entities, undermine the potential
of the site for tourism.
To guide the process of designing and validating a Global Management Plan. The
Strategy Group should ensure that the Global Plan is consistent with other objectives of
local and regional development.
To monitor the fulfillment of the Plan and to assume periodical updates.

The analysis reveals important problems regarding regional planning in Chile, which have
inhibited success and sustainability of public & private partnership initiatives in Lota and
Coronel. These problems are:
The inexistence of a public agency capable of effectively approaching comprehensive
regional planning. In Chile, regional planning is only one of the various responsibilities
assigned to the Regional Secretary of the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (SEREMI
MINVU); which, in turn, has no effective tools to guide regional funds nor to influence
the agenda of other regional secretariats (such as the SEREMI of Public Infrastructure
or the SEREMI of Transport, among others)
The lack of efficient tools and incentives for inter - departmental coordination at the
regional level; to a certain extent this is related to the overwhelming concentration of
decision making at the national level, which undermines regional agents as partners in a
local & regional board
The non compulsory status of regional plans
Lastly, there are other weaknesses regarding the linkage of mining preservation and tourism, to
a comprehensive urban regeneration strategy. This weakness relates to the relatively scarce
experience of the Chilean government in large scale, public & private, urban regeneration
projects11.

4. CONCLUSIONS
Historical coal mining in the Arauco Gulf has left an important architectural, urban and
intangible heritage. In Lota and Coronel the significance of mining remains is related to the
contribution of mining production to economic and territorial development at a local, regional
and national scale; the importance of mining legacy for local identity; and the quality of urban
morphology within former mining settlements.
Additionally the presentation has proposed a series of steps to foster mining heritage tourism in
the post mining era. One of the main considerations that stems out of the proposal is the
importance of analyzing the location of the former mining site. In Lota and Coronel, the
options of fostering tourism benefit from the integration of these two cities to the Metropolitan
Area of Concepcion; the importance of Concepcin as a major node of service and commerce;
and as the regions capital city. A location that is integrated to a major urban agglomeration
may - or may not be - a characteristic of other former mining territories. It is clearly not the case
of most nitro mines in the north of Chile, or other mines located near the Andes12. It is therefore
a casuistic feature. Moreover, the analysis suggests that mining sites which are not accessible
on a day trip from major urban centers, should radically modify their tourist development goals
and possibly their expectations of attracting a significant number of visitors.

11

Large scale urban regeneration projects including public & private partnerships began to be implemented in Chile
during the 90s as Comprehensive Urban Projects (in Spanish: Proyectos Urbanos Integrales or PUIs); most of them
have aimed to ameliorate housing conditions of an existing low income population.
12
Such as the former copper mine at Sewell, listed as a World Heritage Site in the year 2005.

The findings also identify two specific issues regarding heritage tourism within mining
territories. These are: i) the concentration of land ownership in the mining company, and
consequently ii) the complexity of empowering the local community in the management of the
site during the post mining era.
That is how, two main challenges for a sustainable management of mining heritage are the
following. In first place, to hand over property rights - at the very beginning of the post mining
phase - to an appropriate entity. That is, an entity which has an interest in preservation and
cultural tourism and, at the same time, fully represents the interests of the local community. In
the Arauco Gulf, the process of handing over property rights had important weaknesses such as:
handing over most buildings and sites to entities that had no attributions or responsibilities in
heritage preservation; and other installations, to entities that didnt represent the local
community13.
In second place, to create a comprehensive management board that effectively integrates the
various stakeholders that either have an interest or attributions to affect the site (the local entity
leading preservation, various local and regional public institutions, other non governmental
organizations, etc.). In this way, when the mining company ceases to be in charge, the board is
entrusted with the mission of developing a shared vision of the site. Only in this way the local
community will be able to foster urban regeneration and at the same time ensure preservation of
mining heritage.
In order to achieve the latter in Chile, it is absolutely necessary, in first place, to overcome
important weaknesses of the legal framework of both regional planning and heritage
preservation. Only in this way mining heritage areas now in decay may be able to initiate a
new era.

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13

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