CONSTRUCTION SITE LAYOUT PLANNING

T CHC MT BNG CNG TRNG XY DNG

1. Introduction

1. Gii thiu

Most construction sites that run into

trouble do so for reasons related to
managerial factors rather than because of
technical problems. The site-based
management can make significant
improvements in the cost and time
savings during the construction process
without involving a mass of additional
work. The role of site managers is to
control and maintain work performance
and then taking actions to rectify
situations
where
performance
is
unsatisfactory.
Site management, in general, involves
many tasks, such as site investigation
before construction process starts,
material delivery and procurement
management, keeping better site records,
keeping good site communication and
high level of information flow,
monitoring
performance
regularly,
establishing a well co-ordination system
among different parts, and performing a
good site layout planning.
Among the important tasks of site
management is the site layout planning.
Extensive time loss and cost overruns
could result in large projects, where the
number of manpower, subcontractors,
and equipment involved are high, if there
is no effective and systematic approach to
site planning. A detailed planning of the
site layout and location of temporary
facilities can enable the management to
make considerable improvement by
minimizing travel time, waiting time, and
increasing worker morale by showing
better and safer work environment. Due
to its importance, this research focuses on
the site layout planning problem.

Hu ht cc cng trng xy dng gp

rc ri v nhng l do lin quan n yu
t qun l ch khng phi l do cc vn
k thut. Vic qun l cng trng ti
ch c th ci thin ng k chi ph v
tit kim thi gian trong qu trnh xy
dng m khng cn n mt khi lng
cng vic b sung. Vai tr ca ngi
qun l cng trng l kim sot v duy
tr hiu sut lm vic v sau c nhng
hnh ng khc phc nhng tnh
hung m hiu sut khng t yu cu.

Nhn chung, qun l cng trng bao

gm nhiu nhim v, chng hn nh
kho st cng trng trc khi bt u
qu trnh xy dng, phn phi vt liu v
qun l mua sm, duy tr vic lu tr
cng trng tt hn, duy tr s kt ni
tt ti cng trng v mc cao ca
dng chy thng tin, thng xuyn theo
di hiu sut, thit lp mt h thng phi
hp tt gia cc b phn khc nhau, v
t chc tt mt bng cng trng.
Trong s cc nhim v quan trng ca
vic qun l cng trng l t chc mt
bng. Cc d n ln, ni c s lng
nhn lc, nh thu ph, v cc thit b
lin quan cao, vic mt thi gian v vt
chi ph l rt ph bin nu khng c
phng php tip cn hiu qu v c h
thng t chc cng trng. Mt k
hoch chi tit t chc mt bng cng
trng v v tr ca cc trang thit b tm
thi c th cho php vic qun l tt ln
ng k bng cch gim thiu thi gian
i li, thi gian ch i, v nng cao tinh
thn lao ng bng cch to ra mi
trng lm vic tt hn v an ton hn.
Do tm quan trng ca n, nghin cu
ny tp trung vo vn t chc mt
bng cng trng.
Construction site layout involves T chc mt bng cng trng xy dng
identifying, sizing, and placing temporary lin quan n vic xc nh, o kch

facilities (TFs) within the boundaries of

construction site. These temporary
facilities range from simple laydown
areas to warehouses, fabrication shops,
maintenance shops, batch plant, and
residence facilities. Required temporary
facilities and their areas are depending
in many factors including project type,
scale, design, location, and organization
of construction work.
Site planning in particular, has been the
most neglected aspect in the construction
industry and the attitude of the engineers
has been that it will be done as the
project progress. It is important to realize
that the site planning will be the
conditions that site personnel will live
with for the total duration of the
construction period. Thus the careful preplanning is imperative. Also, since the
labor cost on a large project constitute
approximately 50 to 60 percent of the
total project cost, significant saving can
be occurred if the labor force moved
freely and quickly within the site. In
1987, the Construction Industry Institute
reported in its Constructability Concepts
File that temporary facilities are
important elements that can either
enhance or adversely affect construction
productivity.
Layout planning, in general, can be
viewed as a complex optimization
problem that has many engineering
applications ranging from the layout of
manufacturing plants to the layout of
computer chips on a board. Since the
early 1960's, the problem has been
extensively analyzed in the Industrial
Engineering and Operational Research
communities. However, it has not been
satisfactory analyzed in the construction
domain.
There are two general objectives which
planners should seek to meet through
careful organization of the site for
construction. First, the site must be

thc, v t trang thit b tm thi

(TFs) trong ranh gii ca khu vc xy
dng. Cc trang thit b tm thi ny
khp ni t di t n kho, ni gia
cng, ni bo tr, trm trn, v bi vt
t. Yu cu cc trang thit b tm thi v
cc khu vc ca chng ang ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t bao gm loi d n,
quy m, thit k, v tr, v vic t chc
ca cc cng tc xy dng.
Mt cch c th, t chc cng trng l
kha cnh tng b b qun trong
ngnh cng nghip xy dng v cc k
s cho rng n s c thc hin nh
tin d n. iu quan trng l nhn ra
rng vic t chc cng trng s gn vi
iu kin lm vic cho mi ngi ti
cng trng trong sut khong thi gian
xy dng. Do , lp k hoch trc mt
cch cn thn l iu bt buc. Ngoi ra,
k t khi chi ph lao ng trn mt d n
ln chim khong 50 n 60 phn trm
ca tng chi ph d n, tit kim ng k
c th xy ra nu cc lc lng lao ng
di chuyn t do v nhanh chng trn
cng trng. Nm 1987, Vin Cng
nghip Xy dng bo co trong
Constructability Concepts File rng
cc trang thit b tm thi l nhng yu
t quan trng m c th nng cao hoc
nh hng xu n nng sut xy dng.
Nhn chung, vic t chc cng trng c
th c xem nh l mt vn ti u
ha phc tp m c nhiu ng dng k
thut khc nhau, t cch b tr ca nh
my sn xut n b tr cc chip my
tnh trn mt bng mch. K t u
nhng nm 1960, cc vn c
phn tch rng ri trong k thut cng
nghip v nghin cu m rng trong
cng ng. Tuy nhin, n khng c
phn tch mt cch tha ng trong lnh
vc xy dng.
C hai mc tiu chung m cc nh hoch
nh nn tm cch p ng thng qua
vic t chc mt cch cn thn ca cng
trng xy dng. u tin, cng trng

designed to maximize efficiency of

operations in order to promote worker
productivity, to shorten project time and
to reduce cost. Second, the final plan
must create a project with a good work
environment in order to attract and retain
the best personnel and thus contribute to
better work quality and productivity.
The problem of site layout planning has
been solved by researchers using two
distinctly techniques: optimization and
heuristics. Mathematical optimization
procedures have been designed to
produce the optimum solutions. The
heuristic methods, on the other hand,
used to produce good but not optimal
solutions. However, the first category can
not be adopted for large projects, and the
second category is the only available
mean for solving the complex real life
projects.
2. The Problem
Failure to plan the site layout in advance
is a prime cause of operational
inefficiency, and can increase the overall
cost of a project substantially. In the
absence of a precise site layout plan, the
following problems may occur:
a. Material stacks wrongly located.
Materials arriving on site are off-loaded
into what someone guesses to be the
correct location. This problem may
involve double or triple handling of
materials to another location. For
example:
- They may stocked over a
drainage line or near the edge
of excavation;
- They are too far from the work
area;
- They are too remote from the
hoist or not within the radius
of the crane;
- They impede the smooth flow

phi c thit k ti a ha hiu qu

hot ng nhm thc y nng sut lao
ng, rt ngn thi gian d n v gim
chi ph. Th hai, k hoch cui cng
phi to ra mt d n vi mt mi
trng lm vic tt thu ht v gi
chn nhng nhn vin tt nht v do
gp phn cho cht lng cng vic v
nng sut tt hn.
Cc vn v t chc mt bng c
gii quyt bi cc nh nghin cu bng
cch s dng hai k thut r rng: ti u
ha v chn on. Th tc ti u ha
ton hc c thit k to ra cc
gii php ti u. Mt khc, cc phng
php chn on c s dng to ra
s ng n ch khng phi ti u ho
gii php. Tuy nhin, loi th nht
khng th c p dng cho cc d n
ln, v loi th hai l cch duy nht c
sn gii quyt cc d n phc tp
thc t trong cuc sng.
2. Vn
Khng c k hoch t chc cng trng
trc l mt nguyn nhn chnh ca s
thiu hiu qu hot ng, v c th lm
tng chi ph tng th ca mt d n ng
k. Trong trng hp khng c mt k
hoch t chc mt bng cng trng
chnh xc, cc vn sau y c th xy
ra:
a. Vt liu sp xp sai v tr. Vt liu
n cng trng c cht xung vo
ni m ngi khc c th on c v
tr chnh xc. Vn ny c th lin
quan x l vt liu tng gp i hoc gp
ba n v tr khc. V d nh:
- Chng c th th trn mt
ng thot nc hoc gn
mp h o;
- Chng th qu xa khu vc lm
vic;
- Chng th qu xa thang my
hay khng trong phm vi bn
knh ca cn trc;
- Chng lm cn tr s lu
thng thng xuyn sut dng

of work traffic across the site;

- Their delivery was wrongly
phased and they are not needed
until much later in the project;
- They are fragile.
b. Plant and equipment wrongly located.
For example:
- The mixer is inaccessible for
the delivery of materials; not
enough room for the storage of
aggregates;
- Fixed cranes are unable to
reach all parts of the works;
- Hoists
have
insufficient
capacity or height to handle
the loads or badly located in
relation to the floor layout;
c. Inadequate space allowed. Where
inadequate space is allowed for the
stacking of materials or activities:
- Materials may be stacked to
high or stacked on roadways
causing hazards.
- Working areas may become
too cramped or additional
areas may have o be allocated
with the consequent waste of
time caused by having to travel
between them.
d. Site huts wrongly located in relation
to their effective use, such as:
- Site office located too near
noisy activities such as mixer,
or located too near to site
roads in dusty conditions, or
too remote with insufficient
overview of the site.
- Warehouses having inadequate
access for loading and
unloading or located in
insecure area.

Therefore, before moving on to a site, it

cng vic trn cng trng;

- S phn phi chng sai giai
on v chng khng cn thit
cho n khi cn nhiu sau ny
trong d n;
- Chng th dn.
b. Mt bng v trang thit b sai v tr.
V d nh:
- Cc my trn th khng th
tip cn cho vic cung cp
nguyn vt liu; khng ch
cho vic lu tr chng;
- Cu trc c nh khng th
vi ti tt c cc b phn ca
cng trnh;
- Vn thang lng c kh nng
hoc chiu cao khng
ch cc ti hoc b nm trong
mt bng tng;
c. Khng gian cho php khng .
Trng hp khng khng gian cho
php sp xp cc vt liu hoc cc
hot ng:
- Vt liu c th c xp
chng ln cao vi nhau hoc
xp chng ln nhau trn li i
gy ra mi nguy him.
- Phm vi hot ng c th tr
nn qu cht chi hoc cc
khu vc khc c th dng
lm ni cht thi theo thi
gian v phi i li gia chng.
d. Ni tm sai v tr v s lin quan
ti hiu qu s dng ca chng, chng
hn nh:
- Vn phng cng trng nm
qu gn cc ni hot ng n
o nh my trn, hoc nm
qu gn ng giao thng
cng trng trong iu kin
bi bm, hoc qu xa vi kh
nng c th nhn tng quan
ca cng trng.
- Cc kho hng c th tip cn
y bc xp hoc nm
trong khu vc an ton.
V vy, trc khi chuyn n mt cng

is necessary to prepare a detailed site

plan, showing the positions to be taken
by
every
item
of
equipment,
accommodation, ancillary work areas and
materials storage areas.
3. Present Practice
In construction, field practitioners
manually mark up a single site drawing
to include major temporary facilities
needed on site throughout the duration of
the project. They depend on knowledge
of years of experience, common sense,
and adoption of past layouts in
determining positions of temporary
facilities on site. But, they can not keep
track of all factors that could affect the
selection, location, and interactions of all
facilities to be positioned.

In fact, site layout planning is one of the

preplanning tasks to be accomplished in a
construction project. This task has an
interactive relationship with the other
planning tasks such as scheduling,
selection of construction method,
procurement and material planning,
manpower and equipment planning, and
financial planning. So, it becomes a task
as important as other tasks that project
managers have to accomplish.

trng, tht s cn thit chun b mt

k hoch chi tit t chc cng trng,
th hin cc v tr c thc hin bi tt
c cc hng mc thit b, ch , khu vc
lm vic ph tr v khu vc lu tr vt
liu.
3. Thc hin thc t
Trong xy dng, nhng ngi chuyn
mn trn cng trng t nh du ln
mt bn v cng trng bao gm trang
thit b tm thi cn thit trn cng
trng trong sut thi gian ca d n.
H ph thuc vo kin thc ca nhiu
nm kinh nghim, kin thc ph bin, v
thng qua cc b cc qu kh trong vic
xc nh v tr ca cc trang thit b tm
thi ti ch. Tuy nhin, h khng th
theo di tt c cc yu t c th nh
hng n vic la chn, v tr, v cc
tng tc ca tt c cc trang thit b
c t.
Trong thc t, t chc mt bng cng
trng l mt trong nhng nhim v
trc tin phi c hon thnh trong
mt d n xy dng. Nhim v ny c
mt mi quan h tng tc vi cc
nhim v quy hoch khc nh lp k
hoch, la chn cc phng php xy
dng, mua sm v lp k hoch vt cht,
nhn lc v lp k hoch thit b, v lp
k hoch ti chnh. V vy, n s tr
thnh mt nhim v quan trng nh cc
nhim v khc m cc nh qun l d n
phi thc hin.

4. Site Layout Planning

4. T chc mt bng cng trng

A well planned site including all

temporary facilities and utilities lead to:
1) increasing productivity and safety, 2)
reducing area(s) needed for temporary
construction, and 3) maximizing
utilization. The following points should
be considered in good site layout
1. Safety
- Fire prevention: Fire is a major cause of
damage on construction sites. So that, fire
extinguishers are basic requirements on a

Mt mt bng t chc tt bao gm cc

tin ch tm thi v tin ch dn ti: 1)
Tng nng sut v an ton, 2) Gim din
tch cn thit cho xy dng tm thi v
3) Ti a ha vic s dng . Nhng im
sau y cn c xem xt b tr mt
bng tt
1. An ton
- Phng chng chy: chy l mt nguyn
nhn chnh gy thit hi trn cc cng
trng. V vy bnh cha chy l yu

construction project.
.
- Medical services: On construction
project a first aid kit is a must. In remote
projects a well-equipped medical room
with a doctor and nurse is important.
- Construction safety clothing: Basic
safety supplies like safety shoes, hard
hats, gloves, and goggles must be used by
workers.
2. Site Accessibility
Easy accessibility will keep the morale of
the equipment and vehicle drivers high,
minimize the chance of accidents, and
save time in maneuvering to arrive at and
leave the project. In case of large
projects, proper planning is required to
layout the roads leading from the nearest
highway. Internal roads are necessary for
easy flow of work. Also, Parking Lots are
provided for the owner, office, and craft
personnel, but this facility must be
planned where space does exist.
3. Information Signs
- Site map: It should locate details of the
project, and displayed in the office of the
site superintendent or project manager
and posted at the entrance gate.
- Traffic regulatory signs: For large
projects, traffic regulatory signs help in
guiding the traffic on the site and avoid
accidents to a considerable extent.
- Display of labor relations policy and
safety rules: This will help in eliminating
disputes between labor and management.
- Emergency routes and underground
services: It is important to display the
emergency escape routes on every floor
as the building progresses. Locations of
underground services should be marked
to prevent its damage.

cu c bn trong mt d n xy dng.
- Dch v y t: V d n xy dng u
tin hp s cu l phi c. Trong cc d
n xa, mt phng y t c trang b tt
vi bc s v y t l iu quan trng.
- bo h: Cung cp an ton c bn
nh giy an ton, m, gng tay, knh bo
h v phi c ngi lao ng s dng.

2. Tip cn cng trng

D dng tip cn s gi cho cc thit b
v phng tin iu khin tt, gim thiu
nguy c tai nn, v tit kim thi gian di
chuyn n v ri khi d n. Trong
cc d n ln, cn b tr thch hp cc
tuyn ng ca cng trng gn ng
cao tc nht. ng giao thng ni b
cn thit d dng thc hin cng vic.
Ngoi ra, c bi xe cho cc ch s
hu, vn phng, v cc nhn vin, nhng
tin ch ny phi c quy hoch l
khng gian khng tn ti.
3. Cc bin bo thng tin
- S : xc nh v tr chi tit ca d n,
v hin th trong vn phng ca gim
c hoc qun l d n v c ng ti
cng vo.
- Bin bo iu tit giao thng: i vi
cc d n ln, c bin bo iu tit giao
thng hng dn giao thng trn cng
trng v trnh cc tai nn .
- Hin th cc chnh sch lao ng v cc
quy tc an ton lao ng: iu ny s
gip gim cc tranh chp gia ngi lao
ng v qun l.
- Cc tuyn ng cp cu v dch v
ngm : iu quan trng l th hin cc
ng thot him trn mi tng ca ta
nh. V tr cc cng trnh ngm phi
c nh du ngn chn thit hi
ca n.
4. Security
4. An ninh
- Entrance: It is necessary to have a
- Li vo: C mt li vo cn bo v
proper guard entrance to the site provided thch hp cng trng c cung cp
by a booth. Also, it is necessary to keep
bi mt bung. Ngoi ra no cn thit
track of all visitors to the project.
theo di tt c khch n d n.

- Lighting: It is necessary to have a

standby generator to maintain site
lighting.
- Fencing: The boundary should be
fenced off from a security point of view.
5.Accommodation
On large construction projects, it is
necessary to provide camp
accommodation for all type of staff
involved in the project.
6.Offices
The offices should be close together,
close to the site, and in a safe area. Also,
provide the offices with proper office
equipment. The offices at the site may
include job office, general contractor
office, and sub-contractors and
consultants Offices.
7.Water Supply and Sanitation
It is necessary to have water and toilet
facilities in convenient locations to
accommodate the work force.
8.Material Handling
One third or more of all construction
operations can be classified as material
handling. The use of proper equipment
for material handling and advance
planning for minimizing multiple
handling will result in direct cost and
time savings.
9. Storage and site cleaning
It is necessary to plan and reserve
storage areas for materials so that
multiple movement of material is
avoided.
- Laydown areas: Areas reserved for
storage of large materials and equipment
and it can be short-term or long-term.
- Warehouses: They are sheltered storage
facilities where materials are stored until
they have disbursed to the job.
- Material staging areas: They used when
materials are stored near the work on a
short-term basis. They are generally as
close to work as possible.

- nh sng: C mt my pht in d
phng duy tr nh sng cng trng.
- Hng ro: Ranh gii nn c ro li
t mt im quan st.
5. Ch
Trong d n xy dng ln, n l cn
thit cung cp ni n, ngh ti ch cho
tt c cc cc nhn vin tham gia trong
d n.
6. Vn phng
Cc vn phng nn c gn nhau, gn
cng trng, v trong mt khu vc an
ton. Ngoi ra, cung cp cho cc vn
phng cc thit b vn phng thch hp.
Cc vn phng ti cng trng c th
bao gm: vn phng lm vic, vn
phng tng thu, cc nh thu ph v
cc vn phng t vn.
7. Cung cp nc v v sinh
N cn thit cp nc v v sinh ti
cc a im tin li ph hp lc
lng lao ng.
8. X l vt liu
1/3 hoc nhiu hn ca tt c cc hot
ng xy dng c th c phn loi
nh l vt liu x l. Vic s dng cc
thit b ph hp x l cc vt liu v
lp k hoch trc cho vic gim thiu
x l s dn n tit kim chi ph v thi
gian.
9. Kho v dn dp cng trng
N cn thit lp k hoch v khu
vc lu tr d phng cc loi vt liu
trnh vn chuyn nhiu .
- Khu vc kho: Khu vc dnh ring cho
bo qun vt liu v thit b ln, n c
th ngn hn hay di hn.
- Cc kho hng: Chng c che bi
thit b lu tr, ni cc ti liu c lu
tr cho n khi n gii ngn cho cng
vic.
- Khu vc vt liu dn dng: Chng
c s dng khi vt liu c lu tr
gn cc cng vic ngn hn. Chng cng

- Site cleaning: It is necessary at a work

place and especially where the extent of
debris produced is high. Regular disposal
of debris is necessary.
10. Craft Change-Houses
Craft change-houses provide sheltered
space for craft personnel to change and
store clothes, wash, and rest during
waiting periods.
11. Batch plant and Fabrication Shops
Batch plants are provided on projects
where it is more economical to produce
concrete on site than to buy a ready mix.
Aggregate storage piles, cement silos and
admixture tanks will accompany an onsite batch plant. Shops are used where
materials and equipment are
fabricated on site. This includes
electrical, mechanical, carpentry, and
paint shops. Also, testing shops used to
house the necessary testing equipment
and personnel for the project.

gn ni lm vic cng tt.

-Dn dp : N cn thit ti ni lm vic
v c bit l ni cc phm vi c cc
mnh vn trong thi cng. X l thng
xuyn ca cc mnh v.
10. Nh thay i
Cung cp khng gian , thay i v bo
qun qun o, ra, v ngh ngi trong
thi gian ch i.
11. Trm trn v ca hng ch to
Trm trn c cung cp trn cc d n
sn xut b tng trn cng trng
kinh t hn khi mua mt hn hp sn.
Cc lu tr tng hp, silo xi mng,
thng ph gia s i cng mt trm trn
ti ch. Ca hng c s dng khi vt
liu v thit b c ch to trn cng
trng. Bao gm, ca hng c kh, mc,
v sn in. Ngoi ra, phng th nghim
c s dng cha cc thit b th
nghim cn thit v nhn s cho d n.

5.Temporary Facilities
Characteristics

5. c im tin ch tm thi

It is important to understand the

characteristics of the temporary facilities
before planning the site layout. Six
generic temporary facility characteristics
are discussed in this section.
1. Satisfying environmental and safety
regulations: All temporary facilities
should satisfy environmental and safety
regulations. Special attention should be
paid to temporary facilities like batch
plants, which have high pollution
potential. Planners have to make proper
arrangements to control the air, water,
and noise pollution from such facilities.
2. Availability of diverse solutions for the
same problem: There are many
arrangements that can be made to
establish a temporary facility. For
example, if a warehouse is required, the
planner can build a warehouse on the site,
use existing facilities on the site, rent a

iu quan trng l phi hiu c c

im ca cc tin ch tm thi trc khi
c k hoch b tr cng trng. Su c
im tin ch tm thi s c tho lun
trong phn ny.
1. Quy nh v mi trng v an ton
p ng: Tt c cc tin ch tm thi
phi p ng cc quy nh v mi trng
v an ton. c bit ch cc tin ch
tm thi phi c thanh ton nh trm
trm, trong c nguy c nhim cao.
Nh quy hoch phi sp xp thch hp
kim sot khng kh, nc v
nhim ting n t cc tin ch .
2. C cc gii php a dng cho cng
mt vn : C nhiu tha thun c th
c thc hin thit lp mt tin ch
tm thi. V d, nu mt nh kho c
yu cu, cc nh quy hoch c th xy
dng mt kho hng trn cng trng, s
dng tin ch hin c trn cng trng,

building near the site, or plan a just in

time delivery. Based on the usage of the
warehouses, each alternative can be
further divided into several sub items.
For example, the material of building the
facility can vary from wood, bricks, to a
steel structure.
3. Relatively short life span of a specific
location: The life span of temporary
facility depends on the duration of the
project. In general, it must be removed as
soon as the project is completed.
4. Reutilization with a minimum loss for
the same or modified function at another
location: Due to the shorter life span of
temporary facility on site, planners
consider reutilization of the temporary
facilities. This can result in saving the
cost of construction. With appropriate
modifications, most of the temporary
facilities can be used for more different
purposes. Therefore, good maintenance,
and storage of the building materials can
increase the frequency of reutilization
and decrease construction costs
significantly.
5. Easy of assembly, dismantling, and
exploitation: temporary facilities
structures which are easy to assemble and
dismantle will reduce both assembly and
disassembly time. As mentioned above,
temporary facilities will need to be
removed in a very short period of
time after project completion. Thus,
temporary facilities structures should be
easy to assemble and dismantle without
any damage to the structure components.
Prefabricated modules are ideal for
constructing temporary facilities and they
are usually easy to assemble and
dismantle.
6. Standardization of design:
Standardization of design and
construction of temporary facilities can
increase the frequency of reutilization
and reduce the work-hours and cost

thu mt ta nh gn , hoc mt k
hoch da trn tin . Da vo cch s
dng ca cc nh kho, mi phng n c
th c chia thnh mt s hng mc
ph. V d, vt liu xy dng c th khc
nhau t g, gch, vi mt kt cu thp.
3. Tui th tng i ngn ca mt a
im c th: Tui th ca tin ch tm
thi ph thuc vo thi gian ca d n.
Ni chung, n phi c loi b khi d
n hon thnh.
4. S dng vi tn tht ti thiu cho
cng chc nng hay mt v tr khc:
Do tui th ngn hn cc tin ch tm
thi trn cng trng, lp k hoch xem
xt s dng ca cc tin ch tm thi.
iu ny dn n tit kim chi ph xy
dng. Vi sa i ph hp, hu ht cc
tin ch tm thi c th c s dng
cho cc mc ch khc nhau hn. V
vy, bo tr tt, v lu tr cc vt liu
xy dng c th tng tn s ca s dng
v gim chi ph xy dng ng k.
5. D dng lp rp, tho d, v khai thc:
tin ch cu trc tm thi l d dng
lp rp v tho d s gim c thi
gian lp rp v tho g. Nh cp
trn, cc tin ch tm thi s cn phi
c b trong mt khong thi gian rt
ngn sau khi hon thnh d n. Nh vy,
cu trc tin ch tm thi phi c d
dng lp rp v tho d m khng c
bt k thit hi cho cc thnh phn cu
trc. Module c sn rt l tng cho
vic xy dng tin ch tm thi v chng
thng d dng lp rp v tho d.

6. Tiu chun thit k: Tiu chun thit

k v xy dng tin ch tm thi c th
tng tn s s dng v gim cc cng
vic ngoi gi v chi ph cn thit xy
dng cc tin ch. Cch tip cn ny lm

required for construction the facilities.

This approach makes the maintenance,
transportation and storage of temporary
facilities easy. The benefits of the
learning curve can be gained from
repetitive field operations, which results
in increase of productivity and quality.
Also, benefits are obtained by providing
grater interchangeability of spare parts
and reducing the variety of spare parts
stored in the warehouse.

cho vic duy tr, vn chuyn v lu tr

ca cc tin ch tm thi d dng. Nhng
li ch ca nghin cu cc ng cong
c th c thu c t lnh vc hot
ng lp i lp li, m kt qu gip tng
nng sut v cht lng. Ngoi ra, li
ch thu c bng cch cung cp hon
i linh kin thay th v gim s a dng
ca linh kin c lu tr trong kho.

6. Facility Identification and 6. Nhn dng v kch thc

Sizing
tin ch
Identifying the required temporary
facilities for a specific project and
determining their areas are difficult
decisions
that
require
thorough
consideration of the project conditions
and local regulations. In current practice,
layout planning is often done in a speedy
manner by adjusting previous plans based
mainly on the project manager's
experience and common sense. In many
situations, some facilities, which are
required by local by-laws, such as a site
first-aid
office
or
a
fire
route
may
be
omitted.
Accommodating these facilities later can
be costly and can cause loss of site
productivity. While some information
related to facility identification and sizing
have been documented in the literature,
this information however is scattered and
is not readily usable.

In order to develop the knowledge base

for the facility identification and area
determination, the knowledge were
acquired and compiled from different
sources, including construction safety
and
health manuals, company handbooks,
published dissertations, technical articles,
and interviews with some experts in the
construction industry.

Xc nh cc tin ch tm thi cn thit

cho mt d n c th v xc nh cc
khu vc ca chng l quyt nh kh
khn i hi phi xem xt k lng cc
iu kin d n v cc quy nh ca a
phng. Trong thc t hin nay, quy
hoch b tr thng c thc hin mt
cch nhanh chng bng cch iu chnh
cc k hoch trc y ch yu da trn
kinh nghim qun l d n v thc
chung. Trong nhiu tnh hung, mt s
tin ch, c yu cu ca a phng
theo php lut, chng hn nh mt v tr
vn phng s cu hoc mt tuyn ng
la c th c b qua. Vic cung cp v
tr cho cc tin ch ny sau c th gy
tn km v c th gy mt nng sut
cng trng. Trong khi mt s thng tin
lin quan n vic xc nh tin ch v
kch thc c ghi nhn trong cc
ti liu, thng tin ny tuy nhin l nm
ri rc v khng phi l d dng s dng
c.
pht trin cc kin thc c bn cho
vic xc nh tin ch v xc nh khu
vc, cc kin thc c thu thp v
tng hp t nhiu ngun khc nhau, bao
gm c an ton xy dng v hng dn
sc khe, s tay cng ty, lun vn xut
bn, cc bi bo k thut, v cc cuc
phng vn vi mt s chuyn gia trong
ngnh cng nghip xy dng.

Temporary Facilities Selection

One of the characteristics of temporary
facilities is the availability of diverse
solutions for thesame function. This
section
describes
some
of
the
considerations when selecting the
required
temporary facilities for a specific project.
- Construction type: The construction of
an industrial plant, such as power plant,
requires more storage and fabrication
area for process mechanical and electrical
work than other projects such as a
highway project.
- Type of contract: For turn-key contract,
the contractor can consolidate the
administrative
and
construction
operations, means that fewer but larger
and more efficient temporary facilities
can be selected. On the other hand, if the
project is managed under a series of
different contracts, this will translate into
a higher number of smaller temporary
facilities
serving
each
individual
contractor.
- Project size: A relatively small project
can be managed from a trailer or portable
structure. While a five to ten year project
may need temporary facilities of a more
permanent nature.
- Project location: Projects located in
uninhabited regions or in places where
skilled labor is scarce require additional
facilities for eating and living. Project far
from industrial centers require more on
site services such as batch plant,
equipment maintenance shops, long term
storage area, and even some other
recreational centers for the families.
Also, the selection of some of the
temporary facilities depends on the
manpower permanent resident from the
site. The work force breaked down into
three categories as shown in Figure 1:

La chn tin ch tm thi

Mt trong nhng c im ca tin ch
tm thi l s sn c ca cc gii php
a dng cho cng mt chc nng. Phn
ny m t mt s trong nhng cn nhc
khi la chn cc tin ch tm thi c
yu cu cho mt d n c th.
- Loi xy dng: Vic xy dng mt nh
my cng nghip, chng hn nh nh
my in, i hi phi nhiu kho lu tr
v khu vc ch to cho qu trnh lm
vic c kh v in hn so vi cc d n
khc nh d n ng cao tc.
- Loi hp ng: i vi hp ng cha
kho trao tay, nh thu c th cng c
cc hot ng hnh chnh v xy dng,
c ngha l cc tin ch tm thi c th
c la chn t hn nhng ln hn v
hiu qu hn. Mt khc, nu d n c
qun l theo mt lot cc hp ng khc
nhau, iu ny c ngha l s lng tin
ch tm thi nh phc v tng nh thu
c nhn s nhiu hn.
- Quy m d n: Mt d n tng i
nh c th c qun l t mt ngi nh
di ng hoc cu trc di ng. Trong khi
mt d n 5-10 nm c th cn tin ch
tm thi c tnh cht lu di hn.
- V tr d n: D n nm trong khu vc
khng c ngi hoc nhng ni
khan him lao ng lnh ngh l yu cu
tin ch b sung cho vic n ung v
sinh hot. D n xa trung tm cng
nghip i hi nhiu hn v cc dch v
cng trng chng hn nh trm trn,
ca hng bo tr thit b, khu vc lu tr
lu di, v thm ch mt s trung tm
gii tr khc cho cc gia nh.
Ngoi ra, vic la chn mt s tin ch
tm thi ph thuc vo ngun nhn lc
thng tr t khu vc. Lc lng lao
ng chia thnh ba loi nh th hin
trong hnh 1:

L1: local labor force (5 km from site). No

lodging or transportation needs.
L2: nearby labor force (5 - 60 km from
site). No lodging needs, but daily
transportation needed.
L3: far away (more than 60 km from
site). Lodging facilities needed.
The type and number of temporary
facilities needed for a specific project
must be determined prior to their sizing
and location. Table 1 gives a list of
common temporary facilities that can be
used in a project. While some temporary
facilities are to be selected from this list
for
a specific project, taking into account the
factors cited above, as well as other
temporary facilities justified by the
uniqueness of the project.

L1: lc lng lao ng a phng (5

km t cng trng). Khng cn ch
hoc cc nhu cu vn chuyn.
L2: lc lng lao ng gn (5-60 km
t cng trng). Khng cn ch ,
nhng vn chuyn hng ngy cn thit.
L3: xa (hn 60 km t ch). Tin ch vt
cht ch cn cung cp.
Loi hnh v s lng ca cc tin ch
tm thi cn thit cho mt d n c th
phi c xc nh trc kch thc v
v tr ca chng. Bng 1 a ra mt danh
sch cc tin ch tm thi ph bin m
c th c s dng trong mt d n.
Trong khi mt s tin ch tm thi s
c chn t danh sch ny cho mt d
n c th, c tnh n cc yu t nu
trn, cng nh tin ch vt cht tm thi
khc bin minh bi s c o ca d
n.

Temporary Facilities Sizing

After selecting the temporary facilities
that are needed on the site, the size
required for them must be estimated. The
size of temporary facilities is mainly
based on the manpower requirements,
estimate quantity of work, production
rate of resources, availability of site
space, and cost considerations. Some of
the rules of thumb, safety regulations,
and
other
criteria
for
sizing temporary facilities are described
below.
Rules of thumb of sizing temporary
facilities
According to survey among 36
construction Company of various sizes,
the size of temporary facilities are based
on manpower requirements, project size,
duration or costs. Ignoring the large
variations of the numeric values, his rules
show that the companies have similar
practices. However, some adjustments
have to be made when they are applied to
a unique project. Tables 2, 3, and 4
illustrate the results of the survey. The
values presented in Table 4 for projects
ranges
from $200 million to $4.5 billion, with
average values around $2 billion.

Kch thc tin ch tm thi

Sau khi chn cc tin ch tm thi cn
thit trn cng trng, kch thc yu
cu chng phi c c lng. Kch
thc ca cc tin ch tm thi ch yu
c da trn cc yu cu nhn lc, s
lng c tnh ca cng vic, t l sn
xut cc ngun lc, khng gian sn c
ca cng trng, v cn nhc chi ph.
Mt s quy tc ca ngn tay ci, cc quy
nh v an ton, v cc tiu ch khc cho
kch thc tin ch tm thi c m t
di y.
Quy tc ngn tay ci ca kch thc tin
ch tm thi
Theo kho st trong s 36 cng ty xy
dng c quy m khc nhau, kch thc
ca tin ch tm thi da trn yu cu
nhn lc, quy m d n, thi gian hoc
chi ph. B qua s bin i ln ca cc
gi tr s, quy tc ca ng cho thy cc
cng ty c hot ng tng t nhau. Tuy
nhin, mt s iu chnh phi c thc
hin khi chng c p dng cho mt d
n c bit. Bng 2, 3, v 4 minh ha kt
qu ca cuc kho st. Cc gi tr c
trnh by trong Bng 4 cho cc hng mc
d n t 200 triu USD n 4,5 t
USD, vi gi tr trung bnh khong 2 t
USD.

The size of sanitary facilities depended

on the manpower requirements and it can
be entirely temporary or permanent. If
portable toilets are used, a minimum of
one toilet per twenty persons must be
provided. Space required for some
facilities as fabrication shops dependent
on the amount of on-site fabrication work
as well as rate of fabrication dictated by
construction
schedule. Also, the size of the equipment
maintenance shop depends on the amount
of construction equipment on the site

Kch thc ca thit b v sinh ph thuc

vo yu cu nhn lc v n c th c
b tr tm thi hoc vnh vin. Nu v
sinh di ng c s dng, ti thiu l
mt nh v sinh mi hai mi ngi
phi c cung cp. Khng gian cn
thit cho mt s c s nh cc xng
ch to ph thuc vo s lng ch lm
vic ch to cng nh t l ch to c
quyt nh bi tin xy dng. Ngoi
ra, kch thc ca cc xng bo tr
thit b ph thuc vo s lng cc thit
b xy dng trn cng trng.

Based on experience, the following

general equation is used to determine the
material
storage area for any type of construction
project. Table 5 shows the parameters
that affect this equation. The total
required storage area, An, is calculated as
follows:

Da trn kinh nghim, phng trnh

tng qut sau y c s dng xc
nh cc khu vc lu tr vt liu cho bt
k loi d n xy dng. Bng 5 cho thy
cc thng s nh hng n phng
trnh ny. Tng din tch lu tr cn
thit, An, c tnh nh sau:

Qmax : Maximum estimated quantity in

storage space;
Im : Utilization index for materials;
qn : quantity of materials can be stored
per
m2;
Qtotal : Total quantity of materials
required for the project;

S lng c tnh ti a trong khng

gian lu tr
Ch s s dng cho cc vt liu
S lng vt liu c th c lu tr
mi m2
Tng s lng nguyn liu cn thit cho
d n

qdaily : estimated quantity required per

day;
T : construction period (not total project
duration);
t : Average stock (days); and
k : Fluctuation factor

S lng c tnh cn thit mi ngy

Thi gian xy dng (khng phi l tng
thi gian d n)
Thi gian trung bnh lu kho (ngy); v
Ch s bin ng

Bng 6 cho thy cc quy tc ca ngn

tay ci c pht trin bi Cng ty
Obayashi ca Nht Bn. Cc khu vc
c a ra trong Bng 6 c da trn
cc gi nh sau y:
- For each facility, the unit area includes - i vi mi tin ch, cc n v din
tch bao gm cc khu vc hnh lang, kho
areas for corridors, closets and aisles.
v cc li i.
- Din tch ca phng tm nn c
- The area of the bathroom should be
adequate for simultaneous use by 10% of trang b y cho s dng ng thi
the residents, and one toilet for 15 labors. bng 10% c dn, v mt nh v sinh
cho 15 lao ng.
- The number of labors is the peak
- S lng lao ng l nh im ca
number of labors required.
ngi lao ng yu cu.
Table 6 shows the rules of thumb
developed by Obayashi Corporation of
Japan. The areas given in Table 6 are
based on the following assumptions:

7. Regulations and Safety Standards

Some safety rules were also compiled
from safety and health manual (ILO
1992), safety and health administration
(OSHA 1987), building codes (UBC
1985; SBC 1985). Some of these
regulations are listed below.
- At least 10 feet clearance from
buildings or structures shall be

7. Cc quy nh v tiu chun an ton

Mt s quy tc an ton cng c bin
son t hng dn an ton v sc khe
(ca ILO 1992), an ton v qun l y t
(OSHA 1987), m xy dng (UBC 1985;
SBC 1985). Mt s cc quy nh c
lit k di y.
- t nht 10 feet (3m) trng tri t cc ta
nh hoc cc kt cu s c duy tr cho

maintained for piles of lumber and other

combustible materials to be used in the
construction.
- Driveways between and around open
yard combustible storage piles shall be at
least 15 feet wide and free from
accumulation of rubbish.
- Material stored inside buildings under
construction shall not be placed within 6
feet of any hoist way or inside floor
openings, or within 10 feet of an exterior
wall, which does not extend above the
top of the material stored.

cc ng g v cc vt liu d chy khc

c s dng trong xy dng.
- ng li xe gia v xung quanh khu
kho d chy phi rng t nht 15 feet
(4,57m) v trng tri trnh tch t rc.
- Vt liu c lu tr bn trong cc ta
nh ang xy dng khng c t trong
vng 6 feet (1.83m) ca bt k h thang
no hoc bn trong l sn nh, hoc
trong vng 10 feet (3m) ca mt bc
tng bn ngoi, ci m khng m rng
trn nh ca vt liu c lu tr.

8. Examples of Site Layout Planning

8. V d v Quy hoch b tr cng

trng
V d 1

Example 1
Figure 2 illustrates the layout of building
materials and access roads for the
purposes of servicing
two hoists for the erection of a low-rise
building. Comment on and criticize the
present layout in
relation to the positioning of both the
materials and hoists.

Hnh 2 minh ha cch b tr ca vt liu

xy dng v cc tuyn ng tip cn
nhm mc ch phc v cho hai cn trc
cho vic xy dng mt ta nh thp tng.
Nhn xt v ph bnh cch b tr hin ti
lin quan n cc v tr ca c cc
nguyn liu v cn trc

Hnh 2: b tr cng trng hin ti

- Scaffold: gin gio
-

waste materials: ph liu

timber: g xy dng

Scaffold store: kho gin gio

Reinforcement stockpile: kho d

tr ct thp

Joiners shop: ca hng th mc

Concrete batch plant: dng c trn

b tng

Criticism of existing site layout:

- Both hoists have separate scaffold
staging, causing increased costs.
- Materials are not stockpiled near hoists.
- Entrance to the site is too narrow for
truck to pass.
- Stores are located behind the batching
plant so obscuring storeman's view and
check point is separated from the stores.
- Concrete and mortar mixers are located
too far from the hoists.
- Stockpiles are dispersed and hinder
unloading.
- Temporary roads are long and narrow.
- Some stores are difficult to reach.

Cement silo: hm cha xi mng

Mat. Stockpile: tm thm, kho d

tr

Material stockpile: nguyn liu

d tr

Temporary road: ng tm thi

Mortar road mixer: va trn

ng

Check point: im kim tra

Access road: ng tip cn

Li ph bnh cho b tr cng trng hin

ti:
- C hai vn thng dn dng gin gio
ring bit, lm chi ph tng ln.
- Vt liu khng c d tr gn trc.
- Li vo cng trng qu hp cho xe ti
vt qua
- Kho c t pha sau trm trn che
khut tm nhn ngi qun l kho v
im kim tra tch ra t cc kho.
- B tng v va trn u nm qu xa
cc trc.
- Cc kho d tr phn tn v gy tr ngi
cho bc xp.
- Giao thng ng tm thi di v hp.
- Mt s kho rt kh tip cn.

Suggested improved layout:

ngh:

- Both hoists are housed in a common

scaffold.
- Batching plants have direct discharge
into dumpers.
- The access has been widened near the
site entrance.
- The stores are located to give a good
view of all materials stockpiles, and are
sited near the temporary road.
- Concrete and mortar mixers are located
near the hoists.
- The temporary road is shorter and
wider.
- A compound is provided to police nonbulk materials.

- C hai vn thng c t trong mt

gin gio chung.
- My trn x trc tip vo xe ch rc.
- Vic tip cn c m rng gn li
vo cng trng.
- Cc kho hng nm nh vy cho mt
ci nhn p ca tt c cc vt liu kho
d tr, v c b tr gn ng tm
thi.
- B tng v va trn nm gn cc
trc.
- Con ng tm thi ngn hn v
rng hn.
- Mt hp cht c quy nh gim
st cc vt liu s lng khng ln.

Example 2

V d 2

Figure 4 shows the construction site for

the construction of a radio transmitter
station on a
remote site in open location. The site
involves the construction of a
transmitting tower and
transmitter building along with some
access roads.

Hnh 4 cho thy cng trng thi cng

xy dng mt trm pht radio trn
mt khun vin cng trng t xa
v tr m. Cng trng lin quan n
vic xy dng mt ta thp truyn v
pht cng vi mt s tuyn ng tip
cn.

Hnh 4: trm my pht ca cng

trng xy dng
- transmitter building: ta nh my
pht
- erosion site to be filled: xi mn ca
cng trng c lp y
- centre line of proposed station access
- road: ng trung tm ca ng
xut vo trm
- sewer line: ng cng thot nc
- septic tank: b t hoi
The contractor prepared the site layout
plan as shown in Figure 5. In developing
this given plan, the contractor collected
the following information to layout the
site:

Nh thu xy dng k hoch cng

trng nh trong hnh 5. Trong vic pht
trin k hoch c a ra ny, cc nh
thu thu thp cc thng tin sau b tr
cng trng

- All equipment was delivered before

building foundations were complete. All
other fitting also delivered (doors,
sanitary, etc.).
- Generator house completed. Hoist was
not available at commencement and has
only just delivered.
- Nearest pure water is in the town 20-km
away. Water delivered by tanker and
stored in 6 200-litre drums.
- Pylon bases and sewer/septic tank not
yet started.
- Agents' office is sited on a privileged
place and to satisfy the best view for site.

- Tt c cc thit b c chuyn giao

trc khi xy dng c s hon chnh.
Tt c cc lp t khc cng c cung
cp (ca ra vo, v sinh, vv).
- Nh my pht in hon thin. Cn
trc khng c sn v ch va c giao
khi khi cng
- Nc tinh khit gn nht l th trn
20 km. Nc chuyn bng xe v lu tr
trong 6 thng 200 lt.
- Pylon v cng / b t hoi cha bt
u.
- Vn phng i din c t mt ni
c bit v p ng tm nhn tt nht
cho cng trng

Criticize the layout given in Figure 5 and

prepare another layout to correct the
criticism.

Ph bnh cch b tr a ra trong hnh 5

v chun b b tr khc sa cha li
ph bnh.

cement store: kho xi mng

surplus excavate: khai qut thng

d

Sealed containers for generators,

transmitter componenets: Bnh kn
cho my pht in, linh kin my
pht

steel laid at random on ground:

t thp ngu nhin trn mt t

stock making and curing: lm giy

t v bo dng

watchman's hut: chi canh gc

fabrication and stacking bench

sanitary fittings and pipes metal
door and window frames: ch to
v xp chng bng gh ph kin
v sinh v ng kim loi ca v
khung ca s

Li ph bnh ca b cc cng trng

hin c:
- Nhn chung, khu vc lm vic l qu
- In general, the working area is too
spread out, making control more difficult lan rng ra, lm cho kh khn trong vic
kim sot, tng thi gian di chuyn v
and increasing travelling time about the
cng trng m s dn n gim nng
site which will lead to reducing
sut.
productivity.
- t xy dng nh v sinh v nh n
- Site latrines and canteen are too far
qu xa, gy mt thi gian do phi i li
away, causing loss of time due to
khng cn thit. Khng c ngun cung
unnecessary travelling. There is no
apparent supply of drinking water on site. cp r rng ca nc ung ti ch.
- Khng c hng ro bo mt c th
- No security fencing is shown.
hin.
- ng vo tm thi phi thc hin
- Temporary access road should follow
theo cc ng ca ng vo trm
the line of the proposed station access
c xut trnh trng lp cng
road to avoid duplication of work.
vic.
- t ( thng d) c khai qut
- Surplus excavation should have been
dn trc tip n xi mn ca cng
led directly to the erosion site to avoid
trng trnh x l kp.
double handling.
- Dm Pylon c xp chng ln
- Pylon girders have been stacked over
nhau trn nn, cn phi x l tng gp
foundation bases, necessitating double
i.
handling.
- Sn xy nh cn tr vic vn chuyn v
- Stonemason's yard interferes with the
x l cc thit b k thut t cc thng
movement and handling of technical
cha kn.
equipment from the sealed containers.
- Vn phng cng trng c sai lc. Khi
- Site office is wrongly located. As the
building rises the view of the site will be to nh mc ln ci nhn t cng trng
s b chn.
blocked.
- Cement store is too far from the mixer. - kho xi mng ang qu xa khi my
trn.
- Cn trc ang bn mt tri ca ta
- Hoist is on the wrong the side of the
nh, qu xa khu vc lm vic.
building, too far from the work areas.
- Mortar-mixing and block-making areas - Va trn v cc khu vc xy dng l
qu xa khi ta nh.
are too far from the building.
- Ta nh tm thi v cc vng lu tr
- Temporary buildings and storage areas
c nh v vi nhau qua ng dy
are sited over the line of the sewer. The
ca h thng thot nc. Cc cng phi
sewer should be constructed early to free
c xy dng sm gii phng mt
the ground.
t.
- Steel is laid on the ground and not
- Thp c t trn mt t v khng
stacked in an orderly manner. Bending
xp chng ln nhau mt cch c trt t.
and fabrication benches are wrongly
B cong v cc bng gh ch to b t
placed.
sai.
- Timber storage area is unorganized.
- Khu vc lu tr g l thiu t chc.
- Sanitary fittings, pipes, and frames are
- ph tng v sinh, ng ng, v khung
stacked too near to the access road
c xp chng ln nhau qu gn n
Criticism of existing site layout

violating safety.

phm vi tip cn an ton ng b

Suggested improved layout:

ngh ci tin cch b tr:

Figure 6 shows the suggested improved

site layout planning to offset the
drawbacks recorded
from the previous site plan given in
Figure 5.

Hnh 6 ch ra cc ngh tng cng

quy hoch cng trng b p nhng
hn ch ghi li trong k hoch cng
trng trc c a ra trong hnh
5.

9. Exercise
The project shown in the following figure
is for the construction of water treatment
plant located at Elmansoura City on the
east bank of the Nile River (Domiatte
branch) near Mansoura University.
Access to the site is provided by an
adjacent road, which joins the project site
with the nearby highways. The project
involves the construction of reservoirs

9. bi tp
Cc d n c th hin trong hnh di
y l dnh cho vic xy dng cc nh
my x l nc t ti Elmansoura
thnh ph b pha ng ca sng Nile
(chi nhnh Domiatte) gn i hc
Mansoura. Tip cn cc cng trng
c cung cp bi mt ng gip ranh,
trong tham gia vo cng trng d n
vi cc ng cao tc gn . D n bao

gm vic thi cng cc h cha nc v

and basins needed for the treatment
operations and an operation building. The lu vc cn thit cho cc hot ng x
l v mt khu iu hnh. Din tch xy
construction site area is about 53,000 m
dng l 53.000 m2 khong (13 mu).
(13 acre). The following figure shows the Hnh di y cho thy k hoch b tr
chung ca cc cng trng xy dng ca
general layout plan of the construction
d n chun b ca cc nh thu. Nhn
site of the
xt v ph bnh cch b tr nht nh.
project prepared by the contractor.
Comment and criticize the given layout.