ELECTRONIC WARFARE Q

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

Frequency (MHz)

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

20

Wavelength (Meters)
RADIO
10

MICROWAVE

10

INFRARED

-2

VISIBLE

-5

ULTRAVIOLET

-6

10

10

10

X-RAY

-8

30

100

Frequency (GHz)

200 300

1.5 2

500

3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 60 80 100
12 18 27

GAMMA RAY

-10

10

10

VHFF

7 (HF)

8 (VHF)

UHF

X K*u K K*a

9 (UHF)

Millimeter

11(EHF)

10 (SHF)

Frequency (Hz)

10

10

12

10

15

10

16

18

10

10

20

Band Frequency
Designation Range

12

HF
VHF
UHF
L
S
C
X
Ku
K
Ka
V
W

International Standard Bands

250
4

U.S. Industry Standard Bands

(IEEE Radar Designation)

110

-12

HF

10

200 300 400

E F G H I

Military Standard Bands

* u stands for unabsorbed or under K; a stands for absorption region or above K

EIRPradar

Target (Target Range - 2HRe)2

=
Height
2Re

radar

100 MHz

3.00 m

3 GHz

0.10m

X-band

S-band

6 GHz

0.05m

Velocity 300 m/s

300 m/s

10 GHz

0.03m

Wavelength 0.03 m

0.1 m

Doppler Shift 20 kHz

6 kHz

f(k; n, p)= Pr(X =k) =( n ) pk (1p)nk

k

p(r)=

e
2

ln L (; x1, ..., xn )= ln f (xi| )

i=1

0.8

10

p(x) =

for (r < 0)

(x)

e 22

=(|x) =

(z=0; x=1.0)

[ ]

= 1.00
v = 0.0
v = 0.5
v = 1.0
v = 2.0
v = 4.0

0.5
0.4

-<x<

1
0.8

-80

0.6
0.4

-90

0.2

Burn- through
range for SNR =
13 dB

-120

ln f (xi| )
i=1

-130

-140

-2

-1

0.1

68.27%
95.45%
99.73%

1-

3
2-

dt

0.8
0.7
0.6

+
x(t) = 1 - X()e jt d
2

Noise Power in Receiver = kTsBNNf

kTs : = -174 dBm
K: Boltzmanns constant = 1.38*10-23 J/K
Bn: Noise Bandwidth
Ts: System Noise Temperature
Ts usually set to T0= 290K
Nf : Noise figure of receiver

0.4

Fourier Relationships
PARSEVALS RELATION

0.3
0.2
5

10
15
20
25
30
Jammer to Noise Ratio (dB)

35

Radar Processing
SPEED OF LIGHT

40

1 |X()|2 d
- |x(t)|2 dt = 2
-
+

Rmax: Max Radar Range

J/N: Jammer to Noise Ratio
N: Total Noise
k: Boltzmanns constant
Ts: Receiver Temperature
BN: Receiver Noise Bandwidth
SNR: Radar Signal to Noise Ratio
Nf : Receiver Noise Figure (>1)

Speed of Light (approx)

Units

3x10^8
300
1.62x10^5
1x10^9
1x10^3

m/sec
m/usec
NM/sec
Ft/sec
Ft/usec

+
~
2
2
1 |x(t)|
|
dt
=
|a

k
To To
k=-

Radar Processing
MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE

x(t)

X() =- x(t)e -jt dt

Modulation

F
s(t) p(t)

x(t)

1 [S()P()]
2

Convolution

F H()X()
h(t)* x(t)

F e -jto X()
x(t-to)

Fourier Relationships
FILTERING

1
e

|X()|

Ideal Lowpass Filter

2

Differentiator
y(t) = dx(t) =>H() = j
dt

-c

Doppler

PRF

Unambiguous Range

Ambiguous

Unambiguous

100 kHz

1.5 km

Ambiguous

25 kHz

6 km

Unambiguous Ambiguous

10 kHz

15 km

Low

c: Speed of Light
PRF: Pulse Repetition Frequency

x(t)

Radar Processing
SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

- T1

/2

F 1 X() + X(0) ()
- x()d
j

FaX1()+bX2()
ax1(t)+bx2(t)

Range

High

< X()

Integration
t

Linearity

: Mean
: Standard Difference
A: Distance between the reference point and
the center of the bivariate distribution

PRF

X()

|H()|

c
2PRF

X()

1/a

-a

Rmax =

Medium Ambiguous

dx(t) F
j
dt

sin wt
2t

1/a

-w

Differentiation

1/a 2

H()
: Mean
: Standard Difference
A: Distance between the reference point and
the center of the bivariate distribution

Radar Processing
NOISE POWER

0.5

SNR=

T1
X()

/4
2T1

: Mean
: Standard Difference
A: Distance between the reference point and
the center of the bivariate distribution
I0: Bessel Function of the first kind with order zero

(time)

Fourier Relationships
MODULATION PROPERTY

F
x(t) X()

3-

S(t): Complex Baseband Pulse

: Time Delay
f: Doppler Shift

Analysis

Synthesis

z e -t2 d t
0

-2

x(, t) =s(t)s*(t-)ei2ft dt

Duality Property

-t 2

0.5

-4

s(): Transmitted Signal Waveform

fc: Center Frequency
: Range Time (fast time)
p: Pulse Length
b: Chirp Rate
Bp: Pulse Bandwidth
: Range Frequency

0.9

Fourier Relationships
CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORMATION

0.2

Reduction in Radar Detection Range due to JNR

Lrradar: Radar Receiver Losses

Ptradar: Radar Transmit Power
Gtradar: Radar Transmitter Gain
: Radar Target Radar Cross Section
BWRadar: Radar Transmit Bandwidth
BWJam: Jammer Transmit Bandwidth
J: Jammer Power
Rmaxjammed: Jammed Radar Range
(Burn through Range)

4
Jself: Self R
Protect
Jammer Power
Skin Return
J/S: Jam to 2Signal Ratio at Radar Receiver
Jammer
R Received Signal Power
S: Radar
Ptjam: Jammer Transmit Power
Gtjam: Jammer Transmit Gain
Rjr: Range between Jammer and Radar
R: Range between Radar Target and Radar
: Jammer Transmit Wavelength
Grradar: Radar Receiver Gain

determines
signal energy

0.1
0

Rmax
Rmax Jammed

103

102
Range (km)

1.5

0.2

-3

Main
Beam

determines Bp
resolution

Sidelobe

Time Shifting

0.1

(frequency)

Reduction in Normalized Rmax

erfc(x)
2

1-: P (-1 z 1) = 0.6827

2-: P (-2 z 2) = 0.9545
3-: P (-3 z 3) = 0.9973

0.4

)(

BWradar
BWjam

,-

Bp = b p

PtG'tG'r 2

=
(4)3(kTsBNNf +J)*SNR*Lr*Lt

-110

)(

4R2

0.3

0.3

f(z)

0.6

1
n

ln L

erfc(z)=1erf(z)=
erf(z)=

z
fz(z)= 1 e - 2
2

-70

Detection & Estimation Probability

ERROR FUNCTIONS

Standard Normal Curve

)(

Rmaxjammed

-100

xi : Observations
n: Number of Samples
f: Is one, or joint, probability distribution(s)
: Distribution parameters can be vectors

Detection & Estimation Probability

NORMAL

for (A 0, r 0)

1
n

0.4

Mainlobe

radar

4R2

Assume: J >> N
BWJam = BWRadar

Reduction in Radar Detection Range due to JNR

-60

= 0.5
=1
=2
=3
=4

0.6

Detection & Estimation Probability

RICIAN

Log-Likelihood
n

Average Log-Likelihood

EIRPjam
J
= EIRP
S
radar

-150
101

0.2
: Mean
: Standard Difference
0
A: Distance between the reference point and 0
the center of the bivariate distribution

p: Success probability of each trial

k: Number of successes
n: Number of trials

p(r)=
0

] })

-1

1.2

(r < 0) (0r)

2
2
r e (r +A2 )I0 ( Ar2 )

2
2

ln p(x, )

Detection & Estimation Probability

RAYLEIGH
r2
2 2

maxjammed

If BWjam BWradar

x: Observations
p: Probability distribution function (or joint)
: Distribution parameters can be vectors

Detection & Estimation Probability

BINOMIAL

J/N ~ ( R

Rmax

s() = e j2(fc+2

VHF

][

2 Grradar
4Rjr ) Lr

EIRPjam
J
= EIRP
S
radar

i=1

1 b2)

c: Speed
f: Frequency

( {[

CRB = E

ln p(x, )

L(; x1, ..., xn )= f (x1, x2, ..., xn | )= f (xi| )

Detection & Estimation Probability

CRAMER RAO LOWER BOUND

fd = 2vr /

Wavelength

Likelihood

Gr 2

(4)3 R4

Jself = Ptjam Gtjam(

H: Horizon
Re: Earth Radius ~ 6,371 km

RF Propagation
DOPPLER SHIFT

Band

radar

f (x1, x2, ..., xn | )= f (x1 | ) x f (x2 | ) x ... x f (xn | )

Normalized Maximum Radar Range

H: Horizon
Re: Earth Radius ~ 6,371 km

= c
f

S=

Joint Density Function

Gt

EIRPjam

RF Propagation
WAVELENGTH

0.0

Pt

Dh= 2HRe

Radar Processing
RADAR AMBIGUITY FUNCTION

Radar Processing
LINEAR FM WAVEFORM

Normalized Maximum Radar Range

Pr: Received Power

Pt: Transmit Power
Gt: Transmit Gain
Gr: Receive Gain
R: Range

Electronic Warfare
NOISE JAMMING

Detection & Estimation Probability

MAX LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION

RF Propagation
TARGET VISIBILITY

Pr =Pt Gt Gr 4R

RF Propagation
RADAR HORIZON

RF Propagation
FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION

330 MHz
30300 MHz
3001,000 MHz
12 GHz
24 GHz
48 GHz
812 GHz
1218 GHz
1827 GHz
2740 GHz
4075 GHz
75110 GHz

sin T1

Pr: Received Power

Pt: Transmit Power
Gt: Transmit Gain
Gr: Receive Gain
R: Range
No: Noise Power
L: Losses

/4
/2

T1

PR PtGtGr2GpL
=
No (4)3R4kBTsBnNf

-23

K: Boltzmanns constant = 1.38*10 J/K

Bn: Noise Bandwidth
Ts: System Noise Temperature
Ts usually set to T0= 290K
Nf : Noise figure of receiver

Convolution Property

Antennas
ANTENNA BEAMWIDTH

Phased Array, Radians

BW3dB 0.886

Antennas
ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY

Nd cos 0

x(t)
X()

D 4

Parabolic, Radians

180

1d 2d

40000

Gant =

1d 2d

BWnull 1.22 BW3dB 0.88

d
d
1d: Half-power beamwidth in one principal plane (degrees)
2d: Half-power beamwidth in the other principal plane (degrees)

: Wavelength
d: Antenna Diameter

RF Propagation

Detection & Estimation Probability

F H() X()
h(t)* x(t)

Antennas
ANTENNA GAIN

Antennas

Electronic Warfare

Fourier Relationships

4Ae

Ae: Effective Aperture Area

: Wavelength

Radar Processing

h(t)
H()

h(t)* x(t)
H() X(t)
e

jt
H()

(t)
1
e

jt

h(t)
H()

h(t)
H()

Pt
Pr or S

|Es|
Reflected Power to Receiver / Solid Angle
2
=
= lim 4r
2
Incident Power Density / 4
r
|Ei|

H()

H(): Frequency Response

: Convolution operation

Radar Processing
TYPICAL VALUES OF RCS

Radar Processing
RADAR CROSS SECTION

.0001

.001

.01

0.1

1.0

10

100

1000

-40

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

Insects

Birds

Human

S, range

Radar Cross Section (RCS, )

Scattering

m2

40

dBsm

Ships

Small Car

Fighter
Aircraft

10000

Bomber:
Transport
Aircraft

THE ELECTRONIC WARFARE

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

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