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Table of Thermodynamic Equations - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Table of Thermodynamic Equations - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Thermodynamics
Contents
Branches
1 Definitions
1.1 General basic quantities
1.2 General derived quantities
1.3 Thermal properties of matter
1.4 Thermal transfer
2 Equations
2.1 Phase transitions
2.2 Kinetic theory
2.2.1 Ideal gas
2.3 Entropy
2.4 Statistical physics
2.5 Quasi-static and reversible processes
2.6 Thermodynamic potentials
2.7 Maxwell's relations
2.8 Quantum properties
3 Thermal properties of matter
3.1 Thermal transfer
3.2 Thermal efficiencies
4 See also
5 References
Definitions
Main articles: List of thermodynamic properties, Thermodynamic potential, Free entropy,
Defining equation (physical chemistry)
Many of the definitions below are also used in the thermodynamics of chemical
reactions.
Classical
Statistical
Chemical
Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium
Laws
Zeroth
First
Second
Third
Systems
State
Equation of state
Ideal gas
Real gas
State of matter
Equilibrium
Control volume
Instruments
Processes
Isobaric
Isochoric
Isothermal
Adiabatic
Isentropic
Isenthalpic
Quasistatic
Polytropic
Free expansion
Reversibility
Irreversibility
Endoreversibility
Cycles
Heat engines
Heat pumps
Thermal efficiency
System properties
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Quantity (Common
(Common)
Name/s)
Symbol/s
SI Units
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
y' '
dimensionless
dimensionless
Number of moles
mol
[N]
Temperature
[]
Heat Energy
Q, q
[M][L]2[T]2
Latent Heat
QL
[M][L]2[T]2
Number of molecules
Property diagrams
Intensive and extensive properties
Dimension
Functions of state
Temperature / Entropy (introduction)
Pressure / Volume
Chemical potential / Particle number
Vapor quality
Reduced properties
Process functions
(Common)
Symbol/s
Work
Heat
Defining Equation
SI Units
J1
Entropy
J K1
Negentropy
J K1
[T]2[M]1[L]2
temperature
Partition
Function
Gibbs free
energy
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1
[M][L]2[T]2
[M][L]2[T]2
dimensionless dimensionless
Internal Energy U
Enthalpy
[M][L]2[T]2
Chemical
potential (of
component i in
a mixture)
Helmholtz free
energy
[M][L]2[T]2
[M][L]2[T]2
constant)
A, F
, G
[M][L]2[T]2
Carnot's theorem
Clausius theorem
Fundamental relation
Ideal gas law
Maxwell relations
Onsager reciprocal relations
Bridgman's equations
Table of thermodynamic equations
Free energy
Free entropy
potential
Massieu
J K1
entropy
Planck
potential, Gibbs
free entropy
Equations
Enthalpy
Energy, Grand
Helmholtz free
Thermal expansion
Internal energy
potential,
Potential,
Compressibility
Potentials
Landau
Landau Free
Material properties
Property databases
Thermodynamic
beta, Inverse
Dimension
J K1
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1
History
Culture
History
General
Heat
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Entropy
Gas laws
(Common)
name/s)
symbol/s
General heat/thermal
capacity
Heat capacity
(isobaric)
Specific heat capacity
(isobaric)
Molar specific heat
capacity (isobaric)
Heat capacity
(isochoric/volumetric)
Specific heat capacity
(isochoric)
Molar specific heat
capacity (isochoric)
Specific latent heat
Defining equation
SI units
[M][L]2[T]2
J K 1
Cp
J K 1
Cmp
J kg1 K1
Cnp
JK
Philosophy
Dimension
[]1
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1
mol1
CV
J K 1
CmV
J kg1 K1
CnV
J K 1 mol1
J kg1
[L]2[T]2
Theories
[]1
Caloric theory
Theory of heat
[M][L]2[T]2
[]1 [N]1
[]1
Key publications
[L]2[T]2
[]1
[M][L]2[T]2
"Reflections on the
Motive Power of Fire"
[L]2[T]2
Ratio of isobaric to
Timelines
isochoric heat
capacity, heat
capacity ratio,
adiabatic index
Thermal transfer
Main article: Thermal conductivity
dimensionless dimensionless
Thermodynamics
Heat engines
Art
Education
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Quantity
(common
(Common)
symbol/s
name/s)
Defining equation
Temperature No standard
SI units
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Dimension
K m1
[][L]1
W=J
[M] [L]2
s1
[T]3
W m2
[M] [T]3
analogue of q
W m2
[M] [T]3
gradient
symbol
v
t
e (https://en.wikipedia.org
/w/index.php?title=Template:Thermodynamics&
action=edit)
Thermal
conduction
rate, thermal
current,
thermal/heat
flux, thermal
power
transfer
Thermal
intensity
Thermal/heat
flux density
(vector
thermal
intensity
above)
Equations
The equations in this article are classified by subject.
Phase transitions
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Physical
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Equations
situation
Adiabatic
transition
Isothermal
transition
Isobaric
p1 = p2, p = constant
transition
Isochoric
V1 = V2, V = constant
transition
Adiabatic
expansion
Free
expansion
Process
Work done
by an
expanding
gas
Kinetic theory
Ideal gas equations
Physical
situation
Nomenclature
Equations
p = pressure
V = volume of container
T = temperature
Ideal gas law
n = number of moles
R = Gas constant
N = number of molecules
k = Boltzmann's constant
Pressure of
an ideal gas
Mm = molar mass
Ideal gas
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Quantity
General Equation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Isobaric
Isochoric
Isothermal
p = 0
V = 0
T = 0
(for monatomic
Adiabatic
Work
W
Heat
Capacity
gas);
ideal gas);
C
(for diaatomic ideal gas)
(for diatomic
ideal gas)
Internal
Energy
U
Enthalpy
H
Entropy
S
[1]
Constant
Entropy
, where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and denotes the volume of macrostate in the phase space or otherwise called
thermodynamic probability.
, for reversible processes only
Statistical physics
Below are useful results from the MaxwellBoltzmann distribution for an ideal gas, and the implications of the Entropy quantity. The distribution is
valid for atoms or molecules constituting ideal gases.
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Physical
Nomenclature
situation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Equations
v = velocity of
atom/molecule,
m = mass of each molecule
(all molecules are identical in
kinetic theory),
Non-relativistic speeds
Boltzmann
below)
distribution
molecule:
</div">
K2 is the Modified Bessel function
of the second kind.
Entropy
Logarithm of
the density
of states
Pi = probability of system in
microstate i
= total number of
where:
microstates
Entropy
change
Entropic
force
Average kinetic energy per degree of
freedom
Equipartition
theorem
df = degree of freedom
Internal energy
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Physical
Nomenclature
situation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Equations
Mean speed
Root mean
square speed
Modal speed
= Effective cross-section
Mean free
path
n = Volume density of
number of target particles
= Mean free path
where Q is the heat supplied to the system and W is the work done by the system.
Thermodynamic potentials
Main article: Thermodynamic potentials
See also: Maxwell relations
The following energies are called the thermodynamic potentials,
Name
Symbol
Formula
Natural variables
Internal energy
Helmholtz free energy
Enthalpy
Gibbs free energy
Landau Potential (Grand potential)
Differential
Internal energy
Enthalpy
Helmholtz free energy
Gibbs free energy
Maxwell's relations
The four most common Maxwell's relations are:
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Physical
Nomenclature
situation
= Enthalpy
potentials as
their natural
variables
Equations
= Internal energy
Thermodynamic
functions of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
= Helmholtz free
energy
= Gibbs free
energy
GibbsHelmholtz equation
Quantum properties
Indistinguishable Particles
where N is number of particles, h is Planck's constant, I is moment of inertia, and Z is the partition function, in various forms:
Degree of freedom
Partition function
Translation
Vibration
Rotation
where:
= 1 (heteronuclear molecules)
= 2 (homonuclear)
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Equation
Joule-Thomson coefficient
Compressibility (constant temperature)
Coefficient of thermal expansion (constant pressure)
Heat capacity (constant pressure)
Heat capacity (constant volume)
Derivation of heat capacity (constant pressure)
Since
Thermal transfer
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Nomenclature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_thermodynamic_equations
Equations
Texternal = external
temperature (outside of
Net intensity
emission/absorption
system)
Tsystem = internal
temperature (inside system)
= emmisivity
CV = isovolumetric heat
Internal energy of a
substance
capacity of substance
T = temperature change of
substance
Cp = isobaric heat capacity
Meyer's equation
CV = isovolumetric heat
capacity
n = number of moles
Series
i = thermal conductivity of
Effective thermal
conductivities
substance i
net = equivalent thermal
conductivity
Parallel
Thermal efficiencies
Physical
situation
Nomenclature
Equations
= efficiency
W = work done by engine
QH = heat energy in higher
Thermodynamic engine:
temperature reservoir
Thermodynamic
engines
temp. reservoir
TL = temperature of lower
temp. reservoir
Refrigeration performance
Refrigeration
K = coefficient of
refrigeration performance
See also
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Antoine equation
GibbsHelmholtz equation
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Bejan number
Bowen ratio
Kopp's law
Bridgman's equations
KoppNeumann law
ClausiusClapeyron relation
Departure functions
DuhemMargules equation
Stefan number
Ehrenfest equations
References
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Divisions
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Classical
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Statistical
Fluid
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Gravitation
Electromagnetism
Waves
Fields
Relativity
Special
General
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Accelerator
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