DNS port no: 53

DNS system uses fully qualified domain names [FQDN] to identify both the names of systems
and the network on which the system is located.
Forward lookup zone: It resolves hostname to IP on the internet
Reverse Lookup zone: it resolves IP to hostname on the internet.
What is DNS?
Ans : Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a phone book. They
maintain a directory of domain names and translate them to Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. This is necessary because, although domain names are easy for people to
remember, computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses
What is Active Directory?
Ans: Active Directory is a central point for storing , Organizing, Managing and
Controlling Networks Objects Such as Users, Computers & Groups.
What is Organizational Units(OU)?
Ans: It is a logical container used to organize objects within a same domain. Objects such as
Users, groups, and other OUs can be stored.
Network Topologies are of two types 1. Physical Topology(Ring, Bus) 2. Logical topology(Ring,
Bus, Mesh, Star, Hybrid)
Dhcp Port no: 67(Server) 68(client)
NTP port no: 123
TCP port No: 23
FTP port no 21
TFTP port no 69
ARP uses port 219
HTTP Port no 80
HTTPS port no 443
Internet Protocols work on layer 3 of the OSI model,
CIDR is used to represent a SUBNET mask and is repreented by notation \.
IP SUBNETTING is the process in whch large Network can be broken off into smaller Groups of
Subnetworks.
We use VLAN so that we can create smaller Broadcast Domain within a Layer 2 device
internetwork by assigning different ports in on the switch to different subnetwork
A trunk port is a port that is assigned to carry traffic for all the VLANs that are
accessible by a specific switch, a process known as trunking.
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is an older network protocol that ensures a loopfree topology for any bridged Ethernet local area network. The basic function of STP is
to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation that results from them.
Spanning tree PortFast is a Cisco enhancement to STP used to allowports attached to
end devices to transition from a Blocked or Disabled state to the Forwarding state,
allowing devices to begin sending and receiving data immediately.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a way to map an entire network (or networks) to a
single IP address. NAT is necessary when the number of IP addresses assigned to you
by your Internet Service Provider is less than the total number of computers that you
wish to provide Internet access for.

load balancing distributes workloads across multiple computing resources, such as

computers, a computer cluster, network links, central processing units or disk drives.

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a telecommunication protocol used for

resolution of network layer addresses into link layer addresses, a critical function in
multiple-access networks.
The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is an obsolete computer
networking protocol used by a client computer to request its Internet Protocol (IPv4)
address from a computer network, when all it has available is its Link Layer or hardware
address, such as a MAC address.
OSI model developed in late 1970s