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Unit 67 The Mass Media in English (1) : Journalistic Style. The Press: Quality Papers and Popular Papers
Unit 67 The Mass Media in English (1) : Journalistic Style. The Press: Quality Papers and Popular Papers
Unit 67 The Mass Media in English (1) : Journalistic Style. The Press: Quality Papers and Popular Papers
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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1. INTRODUCTION.
1.1. Aims of the unit.
The present unit, Unit 67, aims to provide a useful introduction to the mass media in English
which comprises the main means of communication: press, radio and television. Yet, we shall
namely concentrate on the former so as to analyse the (1) journalistic style and the press. It is
within the field of journalism that we shall examine the main types of newspapers in Great
Britain, that is, quality papers and popular papers. In doing so, we shall also approach other
general features of journalism in terms of aims, style and language so as to better understand its
scope within the international arena.
So, the unit is to be divided into two main chapters which correspond to the main tenets of this
unit. Thus, Chapter 2 provides a general introduction to (1) the mass media in English and then,
to the journalistic style in particular. So, we shall start by offering a definition of mass media in
English in terms of (a) means (press, radio, television), and main (b) aims regarding the
audience. Next, we focus on the former element, that is, (2) journalistic style and we examine its
(a) aims, (b) language, (c) main features, and (c) main genres.
Then, with this background in mind, Chapter 3 shall address the Press within the scope of the
English language (in and out the United Kingdom), and shall review its main features, among
which we shall focus on the distinction between quality papers and popular papers. In doing so,
we shall examine (1) the origins of the press, (2) common features of press nowadays; and (3)
the press in the United Kingdom. At this point we shall examine the main newspapers and
magazines in England (South, Midlands, North), Wales, North Ireland, and Scotland regarding
the (a) main variables that mark the difference between them (national vs. regional/local press,
daily vs. Sunday papers, weekly vs. periodical papers). Hence we shall divide the papers
between (b) national papers, including (i) quality vs. popular papers regarding daily vs. Sunday,
and (ii) journals and magazines (women, children, teenage) which refer to other types of press,
such as weekly vs. periodical versions, Then we address the question of (c) regional and local
papers; finally, we shall examine (4) the press out of the United Kingdom at the international
level, namely the United States as the most outstanding English-speaking country.
Chapter 4 will be devoted to the main educational implications in language teaching regarding
the introduction of this issue in the classroom setting. Chapter 5 will offer a conclusion to
broadly overview our present study, and Chapter 6 will include all the bibliographical
references for further information.
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first news from radio or television, newspapers are more and more demanded in terms of
explanatory and background information.
Broadly speaking, following the website britannia.com, within the press, there are about 130
daily and Sunday newspapers, over 2,000 weekly newspapers and some 7,000 periodical
publications in Britain. Thats more national and regional daily newspapers for every person in
Britain than in most other developed countries. The major papers, twelve national morning daily
newspapers (5 qualities and 7 populars) and nine Sunday papers (4 qualities and 5 populars) are
available in most parts of Britain. All the national newspapers use computer technology, and its
use in the provincial press, which has generally led the way in adopting new techniques, is
widespread.
Also, the press in Britain is free to comment on matters of public interest, subject to law. By
the open discussions of all types of goings on, it is obvious that there is no state control or
censorship of the press, which caters to a variety of political views, interests and levels of
education. Newspapers are almost always financially independent of any political party, but
their political leanings are easily discerned. The industry is self regulating, having set up a Press
Complaints Commission in 1991 to handle public complaints. The Commission was established
at the suggestion of a government-appointed committee to promote more effective press selfregulation and to prevent intrusion into privacy.
Regarding the British broadcasting, that is, radio and television, it has traditionally been based
on the principle that its a public service accountable to the people through Parliament.
Following 1990 legislation, it is also embracing the principles of competition and choice. Three
public bodies are responsible for television and radio throughout Britain. They are: (1) the
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcasts television and radio; (2) the Independent
Television Commission (ITC) licenses and regulates non-BBC television servic es, including
cable and satellite; and (3) the Radio Authority licenses and regulates all non-BBC radio.
On the other hand, television viewing is Britains most popular leisure pastime: 95 per cent of
households have a color television set and 68 per cent have a video recorder. The Government is
not responsible for programming content or the day-to-day conduct of the business of
broadcasting. Broadcasters are free to air programs with the only limitation on their
independence being the requirement that they not offend good taste.
Note that the BBC operates two complementary national television channels and five national
radio services. It also has 39 local radio stations, and regional radio services in Scotland, Wales
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and Northern Ireland. BBC World Service Radio transmits in English and 37 other languages
worldwide. Regular listeners are estimated to number 120 million. BBC World Service
Television, set up in 1992, provides three services: a subscription channel in Europe; a 24-hour
news and information channel available throughout Asia; and a news and information channel
in Africa. Both BBC overseas services have complete editorial independence.
BBC domestic services are financed almost exclusively by the sale of annual television
licenses; World Service radio is financed from a government grant, while World Service
Television is self-funding. Popular television drama programs produced for the BBC are shown
in America and many other countries around the world.
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since there must be a reciprocity between producer and receiver. As a result, we find the three
main types of communication means: the press, the radio and the television with a common way
of expression: the journalistic style.
2.2.1. Aims.
The main aims of journalistic communication are three. First, to satisfy the need of informing
about matters of common interest which any well-organised society has; second, to spread the
news; third, though informative objectivity is very difficult to reach, different mass media is
aimed to cultivate the audiences opinion, by interpreting the information spread and by using
different semiotic devices. This is specially felt when they support some particular ideological
or political position, together with the information and their opinions. Hence their
propagandistic purpose to attract converts to the ideology or policy they are interested in, which
is supported by the freedom of press.
2.2.2. Language.
Journalistic language makes reference to the particular channel each means of communication
uses. This means that each text (oral or written) has its own particular rules and ways of
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expression in the sense that each type of text shares some exclusive and general features no
matter how many different channels it has. For instance, within the press, all the different types
of newspapers (national vs. regional/local; quality vs. popular) shall present common features.
Hence there is a threefold formulae called the three cs code, that is, the journalistic language
must be clear, concise and correct.
This is so for the item of news to be understood by any reader no matter what their cultural level
is, and also because in this type of communication the important thing is the content rather than
the form, which must just be a transparent means of transport of the former. Actually, there are
three main aspets that journalistic texts should avoid in style: literalising (adjectives,
metaphores), vulgarising, and technifying (using non comprehensible words for the audience).
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the linguistic expression may be the narration of events in a totally impartial way (i.e. images in
commercials).
Thus, the context where the text appears (page, radio dials, TV commercial). Actuallly, in
written texts, the most important location is the front page or the first page of each section
(home vs. International policy, domestic life, sports, fashion, culture). Note that the pieces of
news appearing on uneven pages, within each section, are rather relevant. Also, the number of
columns (or radio/TV commercials) expresses the hierarchy which the text allows it. The item
of news is, no matter what their length is, more relevant than the one published in just one place.
Then the way we highlight the news (typeface, height of letters, intonation/emphasis in
radio/TV) is also a sign of importance given by the text. Finally, in audio-visual texts,
photographs and images illustrating a piece of news make it more relevant.
All these manipulations are the editorial staffs responsibility so as to value, depreciate, give
prominence or reduce the importance of the text. As a result, the published text is believed to
present a general journalistic language which gathers several characteristics unique to each type.
2.2.4. Main genres.
Within journalism there is a great variety of genres, which have particular features with regard
to content and expression. Among the most outstanding ones we include: report, interview,
chronicle, editorial, article, column and review. Thus,
(1) reports, which are defined as a vivid narration of what a journalist has seen and heard
about something which must interest public opinion. It may not be of immediate current
affairs, which is what we expect from a piece of news. Sometimes a report may be of
denouncing character, usually with negative connotations (i.e. bad news). Often, reports
are illustrated with photographs.
(2) Interviews, which include dialogues between the journalist and the person whose
opinions or secrets may be interesting for the audience. Note that they are usually
reported in indirect style.
(3) Chronicles, which tell a series of events that have taken place during a certain time
(daily, weekly) and which are interesting to considers (i.e. a session held in Parliament,
Royal events, car races). Like reports, they are usually signed.
(4) Editorial texts are a written piece without signature. They appear in a fixed and
outstanding place, where the view of the paper about an important matter is exposed.
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The person in charge of the editorial is the newspaper director, radio manager, the
editorial advisor, or TV director.
(5) Articles are written by journalists or collaborators, where within certain length the
authors thought is exposed about any topic which may interest people because it is upto-date or for just historical, artistic, scientific, or philosophical reasons. This is said to
be the most subjective journalistic genre, since the quality of the language and the
suggestive strength of the content are very much appreciated.
(6) Columns are a fixed space reserved to reporters or collaborators who, daily or very
often, comments on current matters in a rather subjective tone. There are column
reporters considered as greatly influential on public opinion. Note that columns are the
synonyms of daily or weekly collaborations in radio and television.
(7) Finally, reviews are carried out by journalists or collaborators who judge books, films,
plays, concerts, sports, or any other show through oral or written texts.
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Council is intended to safeguard the privacy of the individual as well as the freedom of the
press.
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On the other hand, most of the significant regional newspapers are evening papers, each
publishing about four editions between about mid-day and 5 p.m. London like every other
important town has one. All these evening papers are semi-popular, but none has a circulation
approaching that of any popular national paper.
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Among quality papers main functions we include: first, the fact that they are the reference for
other newspapers which will not produce their own ideas and judgements about a particular
issue without having consulted the opinion of quality newspapers, although they do not say so
in so many wor ds; second, that they are the ideal vehicle for political leaders, social institutions
and national associations when they address leading groups in the country; and finally, that they
are very useful in embassies and diplomatic institutions so as to know about the countrys
situation. Hence the quality press is said to be linked to the certain public voices of democratic
government and be able to fall within a partys doctrine or ideas.
Regarding semiotics, an edition of quality papers might consist of forty pages, of which 20
might deal with foreign and home news and opinion, 8 with business and sports news, and 12
with other features and advertisements. Among these other features there will be theatre and
film reviews, obituaries, TV pages, crosswords and advertisements. Over the past decade, as
competition for readership has increased, the percentage of purely news-orientated pages has
decreased steadily, and many of the quality papers have run competitions for their readers along
the lines of the Bingo competitions first set up by the Daily Mirror and the Sun.
2. Semi-popular papers.
Though traditionally regarded as popular tabloids, the Daily Mail and The Express, are (possibly
thankfully) concerned with a very different readership - that of affluent women and, as a result,
they are framed up within the category of middle -market tabloids. Weekend supplements and
carefully-placed sponsorship ensure that these titles are a cheap alternative to a magazine, while
sports supplements aimed at the husband aim to broaden their readership.
3. Popular papers.
Popular papers, also known as mass-market tabloids and defined as yellow journalism, is
characterized by the use of lurid features and sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to
attract readers and increase circulation (britannica, 2004). Since they respond to their estimates
of the readers interests, they show particular features such as the use of enormous banner
headlines, coloured comics and copious illustrations to thrive on the excitement of the readers.
Also, they include leading items of each day, which are one day political, one day to do with
crime, one day sport, one day some odd happening. They have their pages of political report and
comment, short, often over-simplified but vigorously written and (nowadays) generally
responsible (Bromhead, 1962:183).
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With respect to typograhical resources we highlight the make-up of the first page, which aims to
heighten sensationalism by emphasizing human interest on fantasy and other unusual issues (i.e.
The so-called Page Three girl in The Sun). For instance, usual tools are the unbalanced lay-out
of the pages (large headlines vs. little text), exaggeration of the news (epic on occasions), a
treatment of news which pays little or no attention to the truth and to tact, illogic design and
distribution of spaces, and an unclear division between information and opinion.
With this background in mind, let us examine these main features within each type of paper,
both quality and popular within the further distinction of daily and Sunday press.
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to the Liberal Party and humanitarian attitudes. It has made great progress during the past thirty
years, particularly among intelligent people who find The Times too uncritical of established
interests (Bromhead, 1962:185).
The Daily Telegraph, known affectionately as the Daily Torygraph because of the staunch
support to the Conservative Party, is bought by the majority of Conservative middle -class
readers (c. 1,300,000 readers). It contains much more reading matter than the popular papers
and its circulation is said to be greater than that of The Times and The Guardian because of its
low price.
The Financial Times is a financial newspaper which, incidentally, is not related to The Times in
any way. It has recently shed its old commercial specialism and has become a major quality
paper, enjoying a reputation rivalling The Times. Its circulation, though small (c. 200,000
readers), has grown enormously. Its success in recent years has rivalled the Suns at the opposite
end of the scale (Bromhead, 1962:185).
The Independent is the newest of the broadsheets, and has quickly established a reputation for
unbiased and interesting reporting. It shows the similar large format of the previous newspapers,
similar content, though it pays little or no attention to the activities of the Royal Family, and a
good selection of news.
Moreover, it is worth mentioning that Scotland has two important quality papers, the
Scotsman in Edinburgh and the Glasgow Herald. The Glasgow Daily Record survives: two
other popular papers have disappeared. On Sundays the Sunday Post, of Dundee, claims to be
read by four-fifths of the Scottish population. Scotlands cultural distinctness is refelcted in its
press (Bromhead, 1962:179).
On the other hand, regarding the daily popular press we analyse the main features of: The Sun,
the Daily Mirror, the Daily Express, the Daily Mail, the Morning Star, and the recent
Manchester-based The Sport.
The Sun, which appeared in the mid 1970s, is regarded as the successor of the old Daily Herald,
which was a quasi-official organ of the Labour Party until the 1960s. Following Bromhead
(1962:184), after several changes of status and ownership The Sun was taken over by Mr
Rupert Murdoch, whose first big newspapers were in Australia. Before his firm took over The
Sun it already owned the News of the World, a British Sunday paper which pays special
attention to reports of crimes and whose sales once exceeded 8 million copies. With similar
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features to the daily popular press, it keeps minimum contents such as politics and maximum
about football, sports, horseracing, but above all, pictures and girls built on nudity and bigger
headlines (c.4,200,000 readers).
The Daily Mirror appeared in the 1940s and soon became a serious rival of the Express and
Mail in popupar journalism. Following Bromhead (1962:183), it was always a tabloid, always
devoted more space to pictures. It was also a pioneer with strip cartoons. During the war it was
the Governments fiercest and most effective critic, and at one time Chruchill was tempted to
use the Governments special wartime powers to supress it. He was indeed sorely tempted; but
he left it free. After 1945 it regularly supported the Labour Party. It soon outdid the Express in
size of headlines, short sentences and exploitation of excitement. It also became the biggestselling daily newspaper. For many years its sales have been above 4 million; sometimes well
above (c.3,500,000).
The Daily Express and the Daily Mail are the two archetypal popular papers with circa
2,000,000 readers each. Both of them were built up by individual tycoons [rich businessmen]
in the early twentieth century. Both had a feeling for the taste of a newly-literate public: if a
man bites a dog, thats news. The Express was built up by a man born in poverty in Canada. He
built up his newspaper in Britain, not only on crime and human interest stories, but on his
simple message about the greatness of the British Empire. He became a great man in the land, a
close friend and associate of Winston Churchill, a powerful minister in his war Cabinet. The
circulation of the Express at one time exceeded 4 million copies a day. Now the first Lord
Beaverbrook is dead, the paper is searching for a new identity, and the daily sales are not much
more than half of their highest figure. The history of the Daily Mail, with its more conventional
conservatism, is not greatly different. Both of these papers have become tabloids (printed on
smaller sheets of paper) within the past ten years (Bromhead, 1962:183).
The Morning Star belongs to the Communist Party and might well be placed beside the
Express and Mail. But the Morning Stars circulation is said to be about 60,000 only a small
fraction of that of any other national paper; most people would scarcely regard it as a national
paper at all. It supports all strikes, condemns all the social evils it can find and sells more
copies in Eastern Europe (where it is the only permitted British paper) than in Britain.
Finally, just mention a relative newcomer, the Manchester-based The Sport, which deals with
sport news and keeps the same format and style as the other tabloids. It is closely linked with
the pornography industry, and consists mainly of a diet of fanciful stories, any stories or trials
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connected to sex, and a diet of nude women on almost every page, although no pubic hair is
shown. Advertising seems to consist of sex products and services.
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more than half outside Britain. The New Statesman and Spectator are weekly journals of
opinion, one left, one right. They regularly contain well-written articles, often politically
prejudiced. Both devote nearly half their space to literature and the arts. Both lost circulation
after other weeklies had disappeared. It is worth noting that these specialist papers are not
cheap. They live off an infinite variety of taste, ambition, desire to know, create and buy and
their production, week by week and month by month, represents a fabulous amount of effort.
The Times has three weekly Supplements, all published separately. The Literary Supplement
is devoted almost entirely to book reviews and covers all kinds of new literature. It makes good
use of academic contributors, and has at last, unlike the Economist, abandoned its old tradition
of anonymous reviews. The Times Educational and Higher Education Supplements are
obviously specialist, and useful sources for any serious student of these fields of interest. New
Society and New Scientist, both published by the company which owns the Daily Mirror,
sometimes have good and serious articles about sociological and scientific research, often
written by academics yet useful for the general reader.
One old British institution, the satirical weekly Punch, survives, more abrasive than in an
earlier generation yet finding it hard to keep the place it once had in a more secure social
system. Its attraction, particularly for the intellectual youth, has been surpassed by a new rival,
Private Eye, founded in 1962 by people who, not long before, had run a pupils magazine in
Shrewsbury School. It is so scurrilous that some main chains of newsagents will not sell it, but
its scandalous material is admirably written on atrocious paper and its circulation rivals that of
the Economist.
Glossly wekkly or monthly picture magazines cater either for women or for any of a thousand
special interests. Almost all are based in London, with national circulations, and the womens
magazines sell millions of copies, encouraging people to buy new wallpapers, carpets and
equipment for their kitchens and, of course, new clothes. These, along with commercial
television, are the great educators of demand for the new and better goods offered by the
modern consumer-society. For every activity with any human following, there is a magazine,
supported mainly by its advertisers, and from time to time the police bring a pile of
pornographic magazines to local magistrates, who have the difficult task of deciding whether
they are offensive.
There are also other types of magazines which are addressed to young people. For instance, 15year-old magazines are Just Seventeen, Smash Hits, Shout, TV Hits, and More, among the best
sold. Other magazines are linked to the radio and, actually, the best-selling magazine is the
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Radio Times which, as well as listing all the television and radio programmes for the coming
week, contains some fifty pages of articles. Other publications include computer magazines (PC
Weekly ), other TV listing magazines, and womens magazines.
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The truly local papers are weekly. They are not taken very seriously, being mostly bought for
the useful information contained in their advertisements. But for a foreign visitor wishing to
learn something of the flavour of a local community, the Friday local paper can be useful. Most
of the daily and wekkly newspapers are owned by large companies which also own national
papers, as well as large shares in the regional commercial television companies. The dominance
of these few big firms in the whole world of public information is often criticised, but they have
become sensitive to the criticism and take care to avoid giving cause for complaint.
The most outstanding example of the press out of the United Kingdom is to be found in the
United States. The reason is that Americans hold the press in high regard and that their
newspapers have gained greater public and professional recognition for offering unbiased and
comprehensive coverage of news, as well as editorial opinion in support of basic principles of
human freedom and social progress. Yet, it is important to highlight the fact that there are hardly
any truly national newspaper since competition with broadcast media (radio, TV) and
restrictions for most dailies to their local or regional area due to nationwide distribution issues,
determine some of the features of American newspapers.
However, they also distinguish three main types of publications: daily, tabloids and magazines.
Following Vaughan-Rees (1995), the most famous daily newspapers include: The New York
Times, which tells news with integrity and completeness, has a virtually nation-wide distribution
due to its high prestige; The Washington Post, which covers national and foreign news, has won
recognition as one of the most influential of the liberal, intellectual newspapers in the country
thanks to its editorial page; The Los Angeles Times, one of the oldest newspapers (founded in
the late nineteenth century), is acknowledged as an independent-minded publication for his
high-regarded editorial position; The Wall Street Journal, a financial daily newspaper, has been
solidly edited since its foundation in the late nineteenth century. It was broadened to include
written summaries of important national and world news, as well as comprehensive articles
interpreting trends in industry; finally, the USA Today, which is the first attempt at a serious
national daily newspaper of general interest.
Among the well-known tabloids, The New York Daily News is the one with the largest
circulation, and among the publication of journals and magazines, these may be la unched
weekly, bi-weeklly, or monthly. Though some of them are consumer magazines, others are
devoted to trade and business. Among periodical papers, the best-selling types include: top mass
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magazines (TV Guide, Readers Digest), womens general magazines (Cosmopolitan, Working
Woman), news and opinion (Time), and business (Business Week, Fortune), among others.
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among the stage objectives for both E.S.O. and Bachillerato students (stated respectively in RD
112 and RD 113/2002, 13 September) there is a clear reference to the fact of getting acquainted
with other cultures so as to promote respect and, for our purposes, an attitude of critical
awareness of other language systems.
Thus, E.S.O. objectives (5, 6) make reference to first, Know and value the scientific and
technological development. Its applications and importance in a physical and social
environment (objective 5), and secondly, to obtain, select, deal with and transmit information
using sources, methodologies and technological instruments, included the technologies of
information and communication, proceeding in an organised, autonomous and critical way
(objective 6). Furthermore, within the Foreign Language General Objectives (8, 9, 10), we find
a closer approach to the cultural dimension of English when saying that students are expected to
accede to the knowledge of the culture transmitted by the foreign language, developing respect
towards it and its speakers, to achieve a better understanding between countries (objective 8);
recognise the value of foreign languages as a means of communication between people
belonging to different cultures and as an enriching element for social and interpersonal
relations (objective 9); and use the foreign language as a means of communication with a
ludic and creative attitude and enjoy its use (objective 10).
On the other hand, Bachillerato students are expected to understand and know how to express
oneself fluently and correctly in the foreign language or languages being studied (objective 2);
and also, to use the information and communication technologies to acquire types of
knowledge and transmit information, solve problems and facilitate interpersonal relations,
valuing its use critically (objective 7). Furthermore, within the Foreign Language General
Objectives (6, 7), we find a closer approach to the cultural dimension of English when saying
that students are expected to know the sociocultural aspects of the target language as a means
to improve communication in the foreign language and for the critical knowledge of ones own
culture (objective 6) and also, to value the importance of the study of foreign languages as an
element of understanding and encouragement of respect and consideration towards other
cultures.
Actually, the success partly lies in the way this issue becomes real to the users since theory
about the press only becomes relevant when students may check by themselves the difference
between the main types of press (quality vs. Popular papers, daily vs. Sunday versions, natio nal
vs. Local, journals vs. magazines) in and out the classroom setting. This is to be achieved within
the framework of the European Council (1998) and, in particular, the Spanish Educational
System which establishes a common reference framework for the teaching of foreign languages
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where students are intended to carry out several communication tasks with specific
communicative goals. One of them being closely related to. Broadly speaking, the final aim is
for students to be aware of their current social reality through the use of the media in the English
language, for our purposes, the press.
5. CONCLUSION.
The journalistic style in Britain has traditionally followed the model we have already presented.
Throughout most of the Commonwealth, the media in English has its roots in the British
version. In fact, English is used as a technical language around the world, in medicine, computer
science, air traffic control, and many other such areas of concentrated expertise and
international user populations. Hence, the relevance of the English language makes of it the
language of the media so as to transmit news all around the world.
As we have seen, the press language may vary slightly from one paper to another, and even
more from journals or magazines, at both national or regional/local level. Hence the aim of this
unit has been, then, to provide first a useful introduction to the mass media in English (press,
radio and television) from a general overview regarding the journalistic style. Then we have
focused on the press, and its two different manifestations : quality vs. popular papers. In doing
so, Chapter 2 has provided a general introduction to the mass media in English (press, radio,
television) and then, to the journalistic style in terms of aims, language, main features, and main
genres.
With this background in mind, Chapter 3 has addressed the Press within the scope of the
English language (in and out the United Kingdom), and the distinction between quality papers
and popular papers. So, we have examined the origins of the press, common features of press
nowadays; and the press in the United Kingdom. At this point we have examined the main
variables that mark the difference between the newspapers (national vs. regional/local press,
daily vs. Sunday papers, weekly vs. periodical papers).
Hence we have divided the papers between national papers, including quality vs. popular papers
(daily vs. Sunday) and journals and magazines, which refer to other types of press, such as
weekly vs. periodical versions, Then we address the question of regional and local papers, and
finally, we have examined the press out of the United Kingdom at the international level,
namely in the United States as the most outstanding English-speaking country.
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So far, we have attempted to provide the reader with a general overview of the media within the
United Kingdom, and its further influence out ot it. This information is relevant for language
learners, even 2nd year Bachillerato students, who do not automatically detect differences
between different newspapers in English. So, learners need to have these associations brought to
their attention in socio-cultural aspects within cross-curricular settings (Spanish language,
history, technology format, presentation). As we have seen, understanding how the press works
and is reflected in our world today is important to students, who are expected to be aware of the
richness of the English language, not only in English-speaking countries, but also in Spain.
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6. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
- B.O.E. 2002. Consejera de Educacin y Cultura. Decreto N. 112/2002, de 13 de septiembre. Currculo de la
Educacin
Secundaria Obligatoria en la Comunidad Autnoma de la Regin de Murcia.
- B.O.E. 2002. Consejera de Educacin y Cultura. Decreto N. 113/2002, de 13 de septiembre. Currculo de
Bachillerato en la Comunidad Autnoma de la Regin de Murcia.
- Bromhead, Peter. 1962. Life in Modern Britain. Longman.
- Council of Europe (1998) Modern Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. A Common European Framework
of reference.
- Land, G. 1981. What the Papers Say? A Selection of newspapers extracts for language practice. Longman, London.
- McLean, A. 1993. Profile UK. Heinemann, Oxford.
- Tebel, J. & M. E. Zucherman. 1991. The Magazine in America (1741-1990). Oxford University Press, New York.
- Vaughan-Rees, M. 1995. In Britain. Richmond Publishing Editors.
Other sources include:
"British Empire." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 2004. Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service. 28 May 2004
<http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=383356>.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2003, Columbia University Press
www.wikipedia.org (2004)
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