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Ac Fundamnetals Manual
Ac Fundamnetals Manual
Example
For the example, the 2 points are seperated by 4.5 divisions vertically. Set the VOLTS/DIV
setting be 0.2 V/div and the probe attenuation be 10:1.
Substituting the given values:
Voltage between two points = 4.5 (div) X 0.2 (V/div) X 10 = 9.0
Frequency measurement are made by measuring the period of one cycle of waveform and
taking the reciprocal of this time value as the frequency.
Procedure
1. Following the procedure described in section 5 "Time Measurement", measure the time of
each cycle. The figure obtained in the signal period.
2. Frequency is the the reciprocal of the period measured.
Example
A period of 40us is observed and measured.
Assuming that SWEEP TIME/DIV indicated 5 us/div, sustituting the given value:
Frequency = 1/(40us) = 25 kHz
EXPERIMENT NO 3.
STEP D O W N TR AN SFOR M ER
STEP D O W N TR AN SFOR M ER
W IT H 2 -1 2 V T A P P IN G S
AC OUTPUT
To connect ac meter / cro probe to
see the Vrms/Vpp voltages.
Measurement of the ac voltage at the output by varying the select knobs to find out the ac
voltage.
Measure the ac input voltage of primary voltage
Secondary voltage are tabulated on the tabular column.
The transformer
During the negative half cycle of the input voltage the polarity of the secondary voltage gets
reversed. As a result, the diode is reverse biased. Practically no current flows through the
circuit and almost no voltage is developed across the resistor. All input voltage appears
across the diode itself.
Hence we conclude that when the input voltage is going through its positive half cycle,
output voltage is almost the same as the input voltage and during the negative half cycle no
voltage is available across the load. This explains the unidirectional pulsating dc waveform
obtained as output. The process of removing one half the input signals to establish a dc level
is aptly called half wave rectification.
Ripple Factor
Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of rms value of ac component to the dc component in
the output. Ripple factor
Efficiency
Efficiency,is the ratio of the dc output power to ac input power thus
A C F U N D A M E N T A L S T R A IN E R
STEP D O W N TR AN SFO R M ER
STEP D O W N TR AN SFO R M ER
W IT H 2 -1 2 V T A P P IN G S
AM M ETER
V O LT M E T E R
AC OUTPUT
V O LT M E T E R
AC
V O LT M E T E R
DC
M ETER
S E L E C T IO N
F ILT E R C IR C U IT
R E C T IF IE R C IR C U IT
ON
M A IN S
L 200m H
IN 4 0 0 7
mA
+
IN 4 0 0 7
10 0 0 F
25V
10 0 F
25V
V
IN 4 0 0 7
IN 4 0 0 7
330E
560E
220E
V
S1
470 E
1K
15 0 E
RL
10 0 E
LO A D R E S IS T O R
RL
Steps
The average voltage or the dc voltage available across the load resistance is
Efficiency
Efficiency, is the ratio of the dc output power to ac input power
If the value of the capacitor is fairly large, or the value of the load resistance is very large,
then it can be assumed that the time T2 is equal to half the periodic time of the waveform.
From the above assumptions, the ripple waveform will be triangular and its rms value is
given by
The ripple may be decreased by increasing C or RL (both) with a resulting increase in the dc.
Out put voltage.
Procedure
Steps to perform on the kit
Make the connection as per the connection diagram
Ensure that , Connect should be all way right before switching on the trainer.
Switch off the S1 and S2 (to Take the reading without capacitor filter.
Switch on the power.
Note down the reading in the voltmeter and ammeter. These reading are DC rectified
values.
See the ripple output on to the CRO to observe the waveform and ripple amplitude.
Repeat the reading with capacitor and pi filter by switching on the Switch S1, S2. See
the difference of filtered output and without filtered output.
Record the reading in the table.
Find the practical values.
Bridge rectifier
FULL WAVE BIRIDGE RECTIFIER
Theory
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half
cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of
the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the
load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as
in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Waveforms
A C F U N D A M E N T A L S T R A IN E R
STEP D O W N TR AN SFO R M ER
STEP D O W N TR AN SFO R M ER
W IT H 2 -1 2 V T A P P IN G S
AM M ETER
V O LT M E T E R
AC OUTPUT
V O LT M E T E R
AC
V O LT M E T E R
DC
M ETER
S E L E C T IO N
F ILT E R C IR C U IT
R E C T IF IE R C IR C U IT
ON
M A IN S
L 200m H
IN 4 0 0 7
mA
+
IN 4 0 0 7
10 0 0 F
25V
10 0 F
25V
V
IN 4 0 0 7
IN 4 0 0 7
330E
560E
220E
V
S1
470 E
1K
15 0 E
RL
10 0 E
LO A D R E S IS T O R
RL