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Mitosis/Meiosis Notes
Mitosis/Meiosis Notes
Mitosis/Meiosis Notes
Asexual reproduction
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Clones
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Genetically identical
Sexual reproduction
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Gametes
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Meiosis
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Process of cell division resulting in half the genetic material being passed on
During this process, genetic material is randomly separated and reorganized
so that daughter cells differ genetically from one another
Chromosome
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Somatic Cells
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Body cells in multicellular organisms that are not specialized for reproduction
Contains two sets of chromosomes
Chromosomes occur in pairs called homologous pairs
Homologous pairs
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One chromosome of each pair comes from the organisms female parent and
other from the male parent
Two chromosomes contain corresponding but not identical genetic
information
Haploid
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Zygote
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Has two sets of chromosomes like a somatic cell denoted by 2n and referred
to as diploid
Usually divides by mitosis, producing a new mature organism with diploid
somatic cells
Reproductive signal which initiates cell division- may originate from inside or
outside the cell
Replication of DNA must occur so that each of the two new cells will have a
full set of genes to complete cell functions
Segregation cells must distribute the replicated DNA to each of the two new
cells
Enzymes needed for cell division must be synthesized, new organelles must
be formed and new material must be added to the plasma membrane
division of cytoplasm to form two daughter cells is called cytokinesis
Binary fission
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During replication, DNA sequences adjacent to the ori region bind proteins
that are essential for segregation
Active process since binding proteins hydrolyze ATP
Components of the cytoskeleton are involved in segregation such as through
the use of providing a filament along which ori and proteins move
Cytokinesis in prokaryotes
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Actual division of single cell and its contents into two cells begins after
chromosome segregation
Pinching of membrane caused by contraction of ring of fibers on the inside of
the surface of the membrane
As membrane pinches in, new cell wall materials are deposited which
separates the two cells
When cell divides, one copy of each chromosome must end up in each of the
two new cells
Newly replicated chromosomes are closely associated with each other
Chromosomes become highly condensed and a mechanism called mitosis
segregates them into two new nuclei
Cytoskeleton is involved in this process
Replication, segregation, cytokinesis occur within the context of the cell cycle
In eukaryotes, cell cycle can be divided into mitosis and cytokinesis referred to as M
phase and the interphase.
During interphase, cell nucleus is visible and typical cell functions occur including
DNA replication in cells that are dividing.
Interphase
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In mitosis, single nucleus gives rise to two daughter nuclei that each contain
the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
During interphase only the nuclear envelope and nucleolus- region where
ribosomes are formed- are visible under the light microscope
The chromatin- DNA with associated proteins- is not yet condensed and
individual chromosomes cannot be discerned
Appearance changes during prophase- following three are the structures that
contribute to segregation
Condensed Chromosome
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After replication, each chromosome has two DNA molecules called sister
chromatids
Chromatids are held together at the centromere until separation during
mitosis
Kinetochores, specialized protein structures, assemble on the centromeres,
one on each chromatid- important for chromosome movement
Centrosome
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Spindle
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Developing microtubule end is unstable and will fall apart unless attached to
kinetochore
Separation of chromatids and movement of the daughter chromosomes is the
central feature of mitosis
Chromosome separation and movement are highly organized
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Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and is the final stage of cell
reproduction. This process occurs differently in plants and animals.
Animal cells
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Plant cells
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After restriction point in G1-S transition phase, cell will proceed with rest of
the cell cycle and divide
S-M phase entered by molecular activators involving cell fusion
Binary fission and mitosis result in daughter cells with the same number of
chromosomes as their parent cells. Sexual reproduction requires a process of cell
division in which the number of chromosomes is halved.
Meiosis halves the Nuclear Chromosome Content and Generates Diversity
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