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Biology Project 2015
Biology Project 2015
PROJECT
HARMFUL EFFECTS
OF
MOBILE RADIATION
XII B
CERTIFICATE
NAME :
ROLL NO. :
INSTITUITION :
CLASS :
Examiners Sign
Teachers Sign
Date :
Principals Sign
School Stamp
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I greatly acknowledge the valuable contributions of my Biology
Teacher, Mrs. Preeti Agarwal for reviewing the manuscript and
giving valuable suggestions. I would also like to thank the Lab
Assistant Mr. Lakhmir Chamd Sharma for his timely help.
AIM
TO STUDY
THE HARMFUL EFFECTS
OF
MOBILE RADIATION
LIST OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction : What is Mobile Phone
2. History And Evolution Of The Mobile Phone
3. Some common features to all mobile handsets
4. Base Station and its Health Hazards
5. Mobile Phone Radiation And Health
6. Some of the Potential Side Effects of Exposure to
Electromagnetic Radiation:
7. Effects of Cell Phones as an Environmental Hazard
8. Effects of Mobile Radiation on Living Tissue
i.
Radiation Absorption
ii. Thermal Effects
iii. Blood-Brain Barrier effects
iv. Cognitive Effects
v. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
vi. Behavioural Effects
vii. Sperm count and sperm quality
9. What has research shown about the possible cancercausing effects of radiofrequency energy?
10.
Findings from famous studies
11.
Research and Survey
12.
Tips for Reducing Potential Harmful Effects of
Mobile Phone Radiation
13.
Conclusion
14.
Bibliography
A Shifting Purpose
Early cell phones were just for talking. Gradually, features like voicemail
were added, but the main purpose was talk. Eventually, cell phone
manufacturers began to realize that they could integrate other
technologies into their phone and expand its features. The earliest
smartphones let users access email, and use the phone as a fax
machine, pager, and address book.
Changing Shape
Just in recent years, cell phone designs have actually started to become
larger and simpler, making room for a larger screen and less buttons.
Because phones have become mobile media devices, the most
desirable aspect is a large, clear, high-definition screen for optimal web
viewing. Even the keyboard is being taken away, replaced by a touch
screen keyboard that only comes out when you need it.
Rank
Manufacturer
Gartner[24]
IDC[25]
Samsung
24.6%
24.5%
Nokia
13.9%
13.8%
Apple Inc.
8.3%
8.4%
LG
3.8%
3.8%
ZTE
3.3%
Headaches
Tumours
Memory Loss
Melanoma
Fatigue
CELL
PHONE
HEALTH
Cardiovascular
Stress
Genetic
Damage
Behavioural
Reduced
Blurry Vision
Headaches
Nausea
Fatigue
Neck Pain
Memory Loss
Leukaemia
Birth Defects
Changes In Metabolism
Thermal Effects
One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating,
in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by
rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the
case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur
at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a
fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an
order of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the
head to direct sunlight. The brain's blood circulation is capable of
disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow. However, the
cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation mechanism
and exposure of 23 hours duration has been reported to produce
cataracts in rabbits' eyes at SAR values from 100140 W/kg, which
produced lenticular temperatures of 41 C. This has known to cause
premature cataract in humans.
A image via thermal scans showing heating of the facial skin after 4
hours of phone usage.
*Thermal effects have also known to cause harm to ear drum and
impair hearing in the long term.
Cognitive Effects
A 2009 study, examined the effects of exposure to radiofrequency
radiation (RFR) emitted by standard GSM cell phones on the cognitive
functions of humans.
The study confirmed longer (slower) response times to a spatial working
memory task when exposed to RFR from a standard GSM cellular phone
placed next to the head of male subjects, and showed that longer
duration of exposure to RFR may increase the effects on performance.
Right-handed subjects exposed to RFR on the left side of their head on
average had significantly longer response times when compared to
exposure to the right side and sham-exposure.
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity
Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several unspecific
symptoms during and after its use; ranging from burning and tingling
sensations in the skin of the head and extremities, fatigue, sleep
disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times and
memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart
palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive system.
Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to
stress and that current research cannot separate the symptoms from
nocebo effects.
Genotoxic Effects
In December 2004, a pan-European study named REFLEX
(Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low
Energy Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Using Sensitive
in vitro Methods), involving 12 collaborating laboratories in
several countries showed some compelling evidence of DNA
damage of cells in in-vitro cultures, when exposed between 0.3
to 2 watts/kg, whole-sample average. There were indications,
but not rigorous evidence of other cell changes, including
damage to chromosomes, alterations in the activity of certain
genes and a boosted rate of cell division.
Australian research conducted in 2009, by subjecting in vitro
samples of human spermatozoa to radio-frequency radiation at
1.8 GHz and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 to 27.5
W/kg showed a correlation between increasing SAR and
decreased motility and vitality in sperm, increased oxidative
Behavioural Effects
A study shows that exposure to excessive mobile radiation
during pregnancy can cause a risk of ADHD in child.
cancer between ages 7 and 19 with similar children who were not,
found no relationship between their cell phone use and risk for brain
cancer.
Studies of workers exposed to radiofrequency energy have shown
no evidence of increased risk of brain tumors among U.S. Navy
electronics technicians, aviation technicians, or fire control
technicians, those working in an electromagnetic pulse test program,
plastic-ware workers, cellular phone manufacturing workers, or Navy
personnel with a high probability of exposure to radar.
cancer. Their heads are smaller than those of adults and therefore have
a greater proportional exposure to the field of radiofrequency radiation
that is emitted by cell phones. And children have the potential of
accumulating more years of cell phone exposure than adults do.
Questionnaire
A sample of the questionnaire used in the survey:
b. No
5. Currently which mobile phone do you own?
Company
Model
Purchased in
(Year)
Nokia
Samsung
Apple
Motorola
Micromax
Sony
6. How much did you pay for it?
a. 5,000-10,000 Rs.
b. 10,000-15,000 Rs.
c. 15,000-25,000 Rs.
d. >25,000 Rs.
7. Why did you buy the mobile phone?
a. Prize
b. Function
c. Screen size
d. Appearance
e. Trend
f. Ads
8. How much do you spend on your mobile (calls
only) a day ?
a. >30 mins
b. 30 mins -1 hr
c. 1hr-2hrs
d. >2hrs
9. Do you use any other features of your mobile
phone? If so, how much time do you spend on
this feature?
Feature
Dont use it
>30 minutes
1hrs-2 hrs
2hrs-3hrs
Internet browsing
Music
Text messaging
Gaming
Camera
Other utilities
10.
Which of these is your favourites feature?
Scale of 1 to 6? (6 = extremely satisfied)?
a. Internet
browsing/Application
b. Music
c. Text
messaging
d. Gaming
e. Camera
11.
What is
your primary purpose for using
internet on
your mobile phone? Please
rank your answers from 1 to 4. (1 is the most
frequent purpose and 4 is the least frequent)
a. To browse
(www.)
b. To read news
c. To read/send
e-mails, messages, etc.
d. To use online
applications
e. Social Media
f. To play
Online Games
12.
What
would you describe as the
main benefits of using internet on your mobile
phone? (Multiple answers possible 3 answers at
the max)
a. It helps me to contact people when necessary
>3hrs
Gender
1
6Male
Female
3
4
Age
0
9
0
8
10-13 years
14-17 years
18-25 years
0
7
26-35 years
>40 years
1
5
1
1
1
4
>30 mins
0
8
2
3
30mins-1hr
1hr-2hrs
>2hrs
Music
Social Media
Other Utilities
CONCLUSION
BIBLOGRAPHY
www.google.co.in
ww.wikipedia.org
www.lifeextension.com
www.digitaltrends.com
www.cancer.gov
www.safespaceprotection.com