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Grammar 8 PDF
Grammar 8 PDF
Conjunctions
- Coordinate conjunctions
- Correlative conjunctions
- Subordinate conjunctions
- Conjunctive adverbs
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Essential English Grammar
Lesson 8 Page 1
Maria English Society
(Version 1.0 2007)
Unit 8
Conjunctions
Coordinate conjunctions
Subordinate conjunctions
__because__
Because __ , __
__ and __
__ or __
__ but __
__ if __
If __ , __
__ nor __
__ so ___
__ yet __
__ for __
__ although __
Although __ , __
Conjunctions are words that join together words, phrases or clauses. Here are some examples.
1. Coordinate conjunctions
A coordinate conjunction joining two words:
John and Mary are classmates.
(n.)
(n.)
(n.)
(phrase)
(phrase)
The traveler cant go through the forest by car nor on horse back.
(phrase)
(phrase)
S V
(clause)
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More examples:
Night came on, and the house grew dark.
You can go by car, or you can take the train.
He works many years in the company, but he doesnt get promotion.
It is raining heavily, so I stay at home.
She was not present, nor were her sisters.
I come as a friend, yet you treat me as a stranger.
She returned to school, for she wants to be a nurse.
2. Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs. Common pairs of correlative conjunctions are
both .. and, either or , neither nor , not only but also ., and whether or .
Examples:
She types both quickly and accurately.
Either you or your partner needs to find the solution.
Neither the manager nor her assistant has the key.
Not only Jane but also Mary will be given an award.
3. Subordinate conjunctions
Unlike coordinate conjunctions, Subordinate conjunctions can be used to join clauses only. It is the
first word of a subordinate clause.
Examples:
The fairy gave him all the axes [because he was an honest man].
main clause
subordinate clause
[Because he was an honest man], the fairy gave him all the axes
subordinate clause
main clause
When two sentences are joined by a conjunction to form a new sentence, they are called clauses. A
subordinate clause can be put before the main clause or after the main clause.
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Essential English Grammar
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More examples:
When I see our teacher, Ill tell him the news.
He came while I was speaking.
I have not seen her since I met her in her birthday party.
Please wait until I come.
He is honest, although he is poor.
I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.
He speaks English better than I do.
Here is a long sentence. It isnt a very good sentence because it has too many conjunctions in it, but
it will show you what conjunctions can do.
The woodcutter looked at the gold axe, and he looked at the silver axe,
and he looked at the iron axe , but he chose the iron axe
because he was an honest man, so the fairy gave him all the axes.
Exercise
Join these sentences with the conjunctions and, but, because, so or or. You will sometimes find it better
to leave out one or two words.
Example: We were afraid of them. We ran away.
Answer: We were afraid of them, so we ran away.
1.
The fire happened. Ian had left a towel near the stove,
2.
The doctor sent a bill to Savage. He hadnt any money. He couldnt pay it. (2 conjunctions)
3.
The boy shook his head. He said, That water would be useless. It is hot water.
(2 conjunctions).
4.
5.
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Essential English Grammar
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To join coordinating main clauses (ideas of equal importance), we have THREE ways to
do so.
1.
Using a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet),
including correlative conjunctions (either ... or, neither ... nor, both ... and,
not only ... but also).
2.
Using a semicolon.
3.
Meaning
Function
and
in addition to
to link ideas
but
however
to contrast ideas
for
as a result
to show cause
nor
negative
to reinforce negative
or
choice
to show possibilities
so
therefore
to show result
yet
however
Conjunction
1.
2.
3.
4.
The merchant neither returned the goods nor paid the bill.
5.
Your foul temper must not occur again, or you will be dismissed.
6.
7.
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I got up.
I got up, (and) I looked about everywhere, (but) I couldn't see my companion.
b.
London merchants.
Parliament refused money, (but) the king wanted it, (so) he borrowed it from the London merchants.
c.
A is equal to B.
B is equal to C.
A is equal to C.
3.
I lost my way.
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and
either
or
neither
nor
(verb)
Question form takes place if 'not only' stands at the beginning of a sentence.
Not only do they accept my views but they also support my actions.
v.
v.
We add 'do' and put the subject 'they' between 'but' and 'also'. More example:
Not only do you cut the grass but you also water the flowers.
These four pairs correlative conjunctions, in addition to linking up coordinating main clauses, can
also join parallel structures of nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Wrong: We discuss not only politics but weather. (Missing 'also')
Right:
(noun)
Wrong: We discuss not only politics but also talk about weather.
(noun)
Right:
Right:
(verb)
(noun)
(verb)
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Right:
It is not only the money but also the principle that makes me angry.
Wrong: The young girl not only looks beautiful but also mature.
(verb)
(adj.)
Right: The young girl looks not only beautiful but also mature.
(adj.)
(adj.)
(prep.)
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Exercise
1.
The belief in life after death is prevalent in both primitive societies _____ advanced cultures.
(A) and
(B) and in
(C) and also
(D) also
2. This new machine is used not only to detect ______ smoke poisonous gas.
(A) but determining
(B) but also determining
(C) but to determine
(D) but also to determine
3.
It is usually ____ lava but gas that kills people during volcanic eruptions.
(A) not only
(B) not
(C) neither
(D) no
4. Both viruses as well as genes are made from nucleoproteins, the essential chemicals
(A)
(B)
(D)
Either the assistant nor the manager has the solution to the problem.
A
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2.
Using a semicolon.
To join coordinating main clauses, we now come to use the 2nd method:
(A semicolon shows that the two main clauses (independent clauses) are closely related.)
My family is Chinese; we celebrate Chinese New Year.
'Chinese' and 'Chinese New Year' are closely related, and the relationship is seen by putting them
into the same sentence. In fact, ';' is equal to 'and', so we can also write this way:
My family is Chinese, and we celebrate Chinese New Year.
Right:
My father is a coach at the university; we get free tickets to any sports event.
(Being a coach and getting free tickets are closely related.)
Wrong:
My father is a coach at the university; we have some cousins living in Texas.
(Being a coach and having cousins in Texas are NOT closely related.)
Right:
My father is a coach at the university. We have some cousins living in Texas.
(We have to separate the two unrelated main clauses with a period.)
Right:
I have three dogs; two of them are golden retrievers.
Also Right:
I have three dogs, and two of them are golden retrievers.
('Retriever' is a type of dog that picks up a bird which the dog's owner shoots.)
Exercise
Join these two sentences with a semicolon.
It was the best of times.
It was the worst of times.
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Essential English Grammar
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3.
accordingly
furthermore
otherwise
still
thus
moreover
then
however
hence
likewise
in fact
nevertheless
besides
as a result
also
therefore
again
nonetheless
indeed
consequently
in addition
for instance
only
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Concession
Coordinating conjunction
but, yet
condition.
Conjunctive adverbs
still/however/nevertheless
Subordinating conjunctions
in good condition.
Prepositional phrases
Result
Coordinating conjunction
so
Conjunctive adverbs
therefore/ consequently/thus/
accordingly/ as a result
Subordinating conjunction
so that (adverb clause)
Prepositional phrases
at/ with/ under/ as a result of/
in consequence of (adv. phrase)
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Reason
Coordinating conjunction
for
Conjunctive adverb
hence (= for this reason)
Subordinating conjunctions
because/ as/ since
(adverb clause of reason)
Prepositional phrases
because of/ owing to/ due to/
by reason of/ on account of
Condition
Coordinating conjunctions
and/ or (= if. ... not)
Conjunctive adverbs
otherwise (= if not)
in that case
Subordinating conjunctions
if / in case/ unless (= if not)
(adverb clause of condition)
Prepositional phrases
in case of/ in the event of
(adverb phrases of condition)
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Time
Coordinating conjunctions
and
Conjunctive adverbs
then / at that time
Subordinating conjunctions
when/ as/ as soon as
(adverb clauses of time)
Prepositional phrase
on (= when)
at (adverb phrases)
Comparison
Coordinating conjunction
and . . . too
Conjunctive adverbs
similarly / in comparison
Subordinating conjunction
just as (adverb clause)
Prepositional phrases
like/ in comparison to
(adverb phrases)
At this stage, students should find that their knowledge of adverb clauses will give them a lot of
help in composing compound sentences and simple sentences.
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Exercise
Select the answer that is appropriate in the context.
1.
2. Hospitals are competing for a shrinking market share; _____ , they are attempting to discover
the most cost-effective and highest quality care.
(A) therefore
(C) also
(B) besides
(D) furthermore
3. These ads can bring in revenue; _____ , they can keep our costs down.
(A) for example
(C) moreover
(B) on the whole
(D) however
4. The firm intends to move its plant; _____ , it will keep sales, marketing and distribution
here.
(A) to this end
(C) consequently
(B) nevertheless
(D) furthermore
5.
The contract only runs for one year; _____ , there are options to renew for two more years.
(A) meanwhile
(C) however
(B) besides
(D) moreover
6. Our sales have increased recently; _____ , we are optimistic about future growth.
(A) however
(C) nevertheless
(B) thus
(D) also
7.
Since its inception, the bank has lent twenty-eight billion dollars; _____ , its membership has
grown to include sixteen regional countries.
(A) thus
(C) in addition
(B) on the whole
(D) nevertheless
8. We are on the whole a local company; _____ , we can offer services beyond our area.
(A) nevertheless
(C) accordingly
(B) meanwhile
(D) hence
9. She had the most hands-on experience; _____ , she was hired.
(A) nevertheless
(C) however
(B) furthermore
(D) therefore
10. Our banking clients want flexibility; _____ , we provide ATMs (automated teller machines)
for 24-hour use.
(A) moreover
(C) consequently
(B) however
(D) furthermore
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Exercise
Select the one answer that is appropriate in the context.
1.
_______ she possesses such business acumen, she was able to regain control of the company.
(A) Despite
(C) Because
(B) Even though
(D) For
2. For a more effective ad campaign, we need both a new product ________ a new director.
(A) or
(C) and
(B) either
(D) so
3. Our department did not reach its monthly quota ________ we worked a lot of overtime.
(A) because of
(C) despite
(B) even though
(D) but
4. The new employee is not only ambitious ________ hardworking.
(A) or
(C) and also
(B) neither
(D) but also
5.
________ he arrives, our representatives will present the new plan to the public.
(A) When
(C) So
(B) While
(D) Since
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Essential English Grammar
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Types of sentences
Simple sentence
There are four types of simple sentences
Exclamation - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence ends with
an exclamation mark.
Example: The monster is attacking!
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Command
take
speak
go
do
Take.
Speak.
Go!
Do.
You will notice that the command form of the verb usually hasnt any subject. We sometimes say
that the subject of the command is you understood.
In commands there is generally no subject (thats why their heads are missing!).
Statement
Command
Subject
I
Verb
open
open
Object
the door
the door
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Essential English Grammar
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Exercise
Write down the following sentences and put after each whether it is a statement, a question, a
command or a request. Put a question mark(?) where necessary in your answer. The first sentence
is done for you.
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Proofreading
Correct the mistakes on the use of commands.
For the Black Belt essay, Master Gibbons gave us this assignment:
Write about something important to you. My topic is The Right Way, the rules of life
for the martial arts. First, respect other people treats them the way you want them
to treat you. Second, helped people in need. In other words, use your strength for
others, not to use it just for your own good. Third, no lie or steal. These are the
most important rules to me.
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Man proposes.
(Simple sentence)
main clause
This sentence has only one clause because it has only one finite verb proposes. This clause is
called MAIN CLAUSE and this sentence is called SIMPLE SENTENCE.
2. Compound sentence
If we use one of the seven coordinate conjunctions (and, or, nor, but, for, so, yet) to introduce a
clause, this clause is called COORDINATE MAIN CLAUSE and the sentence is called
COMPOUND SENTENCE.
Coordinate conjunction
Man proposes,
main clause
(Compound sentence)
Each of the sentences in a compound sentence makes complete sense by itself, but we dont
always repeat the subject if it is the same as the subject of the first sentence.
For example, the boy or he is left out of the second part in this sentence:
The boy opened the door. He walked into the room.
The boy opened the door and walked into the room.
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3. Complex sentence
If we use a subordinate conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause, the new sentence is called
COMPLEX SENTENCE.
Subordinate conjunction
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
subordinate clause
(Complex sentence)
main clause
(Complex sentence)
subordinate clause
Summary
In any sentence, there must be one and only one main clause, and this main clause doesnt have any
conjunction in its front. A coordinate main clause has a coordinate conjunction in its front. A
subordinate clause has a subordinate conjunction in its front.
A main clause and a coordinate main clause are also called INDEPENDENT CLAUSES. A
subordinate clause is also called DEPENDENT CLAUSE. A dependent clause together with its
subordinate conjunction can be put at the beginning of a sentence, or behind a main clause.
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More examples:
subordinate clause
main clause
main clause
subordinate clause
A coordinate main clause together with its coordinate conjunction must be put after the main
clause.
main clause
Dependent clause:
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Exercises
A.
Make each of the following pairs of simple sentences into a compound sentence. Leave
out a word or two where necessary.
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B.
Underline the subordinate clauses (dependent clauses) for each of the following complex
sentences.
1. Some people act as though they could do no wrong.
5. Among the many reasons which made me glad to have been born in England,
one of the first is that I read Shakespeare in my mother tongue.
C.
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Exercise
Select the answer that is appropriate in the context.
1. Either Mr. Monroe
(A) and
(B) or
2. If the goods you received are unsatisfactory, we will issue you a refund check
credit your account if you paid by credit card.
(A) for
(B) nor
(C) so
(D) or
3. Engaging in outside consulting work with competitors is
tolerated.
(A) both
(B) neither (C) or
(D) either
__
approved of nor
4. It is obligatory
to appear in person or to write to any borough
officer to renew this license.
(A) neither
(B) both (C) either (D) between
5. The company has begun to manufacture polypropylene, which is used in such things as
appliance parts
baby bottles.
(A) but
(B) and
(C) both (D) either
6. Taxi fares are calculated by zone
(A) and
(B) or
7. Ms. Yeh believes that the final trade negotiations should be brief
comprehensive.
(A) either
(B) nor
(C) for
(D) but
8. The executive board has not
the factory.
(A) only
(B) still
(D) but
inflation is low, many people are worried about the lack of job growth in
the Northeast.
(A) Moreover
(B) Nevertheless (C) Consequently
(D) Although
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A summary
Coordinate
Correlative
Subordinate
conjunctions
conjunctions
conjunctions
N and N
both N and N
SV ,and SV
and
Conjunctive adverbs
Prepositions
SV [because SV]
Therefore,
( prep. Obj )
[Because SV] , SV
;therefore,
(N)
Moreover, ;moreover, In
addition, Additionally,
or
Otherwise, ;otherwise,
but
However, ;however,
nor
so
so that
Therefore, ;therefore,
Hence, Thus
yet
Still
that, when, who, which,
whose, where, whom, why,
as, since, if, unless, before,
after, until, because
SV
,for SV
SV because SV
because of Obj
Because SV, SV
Although, Though
(N)
Despite, In spite of
Even though
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Essential English Grammar
Lesson 8 Page 28
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