Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 3 Rama 8 Bridge

Analysis of

Tension Members

< Allowable Tensile Strength

< Net Areas
< Staggered Holes
< Effective Net Area
< Block Shear
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Types of Tension Members

S W

Tension Members subjected to axial tensile forces

- truss members
- bracing for buildings and bridges
- cables in suspended roof
and bridges
P
The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
Stress in an axially loaded
tension member:

- near the point of application of load, and

- at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities, etc.

P
f =
A

The stress P/A must be less than a limiting stress F or

Thus the load P must be less than FA or

P
< F
A

P < FA

For example, consider an 20 x 1 cm. bar connected to a gusset plate and

loaded in tension as shown below.
Area of bar = (20 2 x 2.2) x 1
Gusset plate
b

Section b-b

= 15.6 cm2

22 mm hole

20 x 1 cm. bar

Area of bar = 20 x 1 = 20 cm2

Section a-a

P
From f = P/A, the reduced area of Section b b will be subjected to higher stresses.
However, the reduced area and therefore the higher stresses will be localized
around Section b b.

Section b-b

TENSILE STRENGTH
Use the minimum of
Yield Strength :

P = 0.60 Fy Ag

Ultimate Strength :

P = 0.50 Fu Ae

P
0.50 Fu Ae

Ag

Gross
Area

An

Net
Area

Ae

Effective
Area

0.60 Fy Ag

0.50 Fu Ae

The unreduced area of the member = cross-section total area

The reduced area of the member = Ag hole area

which may be equal An or smaller

(Net Area), An
d
T

Net area

Ag = Gross Area =
An = Net Area =

An = Ag -
Hole = bolt + punched(1/16 or 1.5 mm)
+ damaged metal (1/16 or 1.5 mm)
= bolt + 3 mm

 3-1 36
AISC
A36 19 ..

20 cm

Ag = 20 .1.5 . = 30 .2
1.5 cm

36 ton

36 ton

An = 30 .2 2(1.9 . + 0.3 .)(1.5 .)

= 23.4 .2

f = 36(1,000) .. / 30 .2 = 1,200 ../.2

0.60Fy = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ../.2 < 1,200 ../.2

OK

f = 36(1,000) .. / 23.4 .2 = 1,539 ../.2

0.50Fu = 0.50(4,000) = 2,000 ../.2 < 1,539 ../.2

OK

3-2
25 19 .. A36
15 cm

25 ton

Ag = 25 /0.60Fy = 25/(0.62.5) = 16.67 .2

25 ton

t = 16.67/15
= 1.11 .

12 ..

An = 25 /0.50Fu = 25/(0.54.0) = 12.5 .2

t
An = 15 t (1.9 + 0.3) t = 12.8 t
12.5 = 12.8 t
t = 0.977 .

10 ..

 3-3 P
A36 22 ..

P = 0.60Fy Ag = 0.60(2.5)(15)(1.2) = 27

Bar 15 cm1.2 cm

An = 1.2(152.20.3) = 15 .2 = Ae
P = 0.50Fu Ae = 0.50(4.0)(15) = 30

P 27

Example 3.4 A 15 x 1 cm bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension member. It is

connected to a gusset plate with six 22 mm. diameter bolts as shown in below.
Assume that the effective net area Ae equals the actual net area An and compute the
tensile design strength of the member.
Solution
Gross section area = Ag = 15 x 1 = 15 cm2
Gusset plate
22 mm bolt

Net section area = An = (15 2 x (2.2+0.3)) x 1

= 10 cm2
Gross yielding design strength = 0.6 Fy Ag

15 x 1 cm. bar
P

= 0.6 x 3.5 x 15 = 31.5 ton

Fracture design strength = 0.5 Fu Ae
Assume Ae = An (only for this problem)
Fracture design strength = 0.5 x 4.5 x 10 = 22.5 ton

Design strength of the member in tension = smaller of 31.5 ton and 22.5 ton
Therefore, design strength = 22.5 ton (net section fracture controls)

Ans

Staggered Holes
s

A
B

s = pitch distance
g

g = gage distance

D
C

Possible failure paths: ABC or ABDE

Compute net area of each path:

An = t min b n (d + 0 . 3) +

s2
4g

Select the minimum net area

3-4

A
10 cm
B

Plate thickness = 12 mm
Bolt diameter = 19 mm

10 cm
T

10 cm
10 cm

C
E
D

10 cm

ABCD = 40 2(2.2) = 35.6 cm

102
ABCEF = 40 3(2.2) +
= 35.9 cm
4(10)
102
ABEF = 40 2(2.2) +
= 36.85 cm
4(20)
An = 35.6(1.2) = 42.7 cm2

(control)

 3-5 Minimum pitch (smin)

D
5 cm

ABC = 15 (1)(2.2) = 12.8 .

5 cm

5 cm

s2
s2
DEFG = 15 (2)(2.2) +
= 10.6 +
(4)(5)
20

F
C

G
s

s ABC = DEFG

s = 6.63 .

, s^2/4g, .

s2
12.8 = 10.6 +
20

s = 20 .

s = 15 .
s = 10 .

3
2

s = 5 .

1
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

, g, .

3-6
A36 19 ..
D A

Unfolding

30 mm

E
L100x75x10
100 mm

45 mm

g = 100 + 75 - 10 - 30 - 40 = 95 mm

60 mm

ABC = 100 + 75 10 22
= 143 ..

40 mm
C
5 @ 50 mm

DEBC = 100 + 75 10 2(22) + 502/(495) = 127.6 ..

An = (12.76)(1.0) = 12.76 .2

 3.5
g
g + g1 tw

g1
tw

g
g/2 + g1 tw/2

g1
tw

3-7 ABCDEF C38010054.5 (Ag =

69.39 .2, tw = 10.5 .., tf = 16 ..) 19 ..
A
g = 60 mm

B
g1 = 90 mm

40 mm
g + g1 t w
60+90-10.5
= 139.5 mm

tw = 10.5 mm
380 mm

200 mm

200 mm

10.5 mm

tf = 16 mm

D
90 mm

139.5 mm
E

100 mm

40 mm
F

16 mm
80 mm

ABCDEF

82
82
1.6 + 1.05
= 69.39 2(2.2)(1.6 + 1.05) +
(1.05) + (2)

4(20)
4(13.68)
2

= 61.6 cm 2

Effective Net Areas, Ae

shear lag

Shaded area
stressed very little

Bolted or Riveted Members:

Ae = U An

3.2 U
I W, S

2d/3
(min.)

U = 0.90

2d/3
(min.)

II I

U = 0.85

III

U = 0.75

Load

Load

3 Bolts per line

U = 0.90 or 0.85

2 Bolts per line

U = 0.75

3.7

Welded Members:

Ae = U A g

1. Transverse welded: Ae = Connected area

2. Longitudinal welded:
- Flat plate and Bar:

L > 2w

U = 1.00

2w > L > 1.5w

U = 0.87

1.5w > L > w

U = 0.75

L
Short connection fittings: splice plate, gusset plate, and beam-to-column fitting

Ae = An 0.85 Ag

TABLE D3.1: Shear Lag Factors for Connections to Tension Members

Case Description of Element

Shear Lag Factor, U

All tension members where the tension

load is transmitted directly to each of
cross-sectional elements by fasteners
or welds (except in Cases 3, 4, 5 and 6)

U = 1.0

All tension members, except plates and

HSS, where the tension load is transmitted to some but not all of the crosssectional elements by fasteners or longitudinal welds (Alternatively, for W, M,
S and HP, Case 7 may be used.)

U =1 x /L

All tension members where the tension

load is transmitted by transverse welds
to some but not all of the cross-sectional elements.

U = 1.0

Example

x
x

and
An = area of the directly
connected elements

x = the distance from the centroid of the connected area to the plane of the connection.
L = length of connection.

x
U = 1
L

The definition of x was formulated by Munse and Chesson (1963).

If a member has two symmetrically located planes of connection,

x is measured from the centroid of the nearest one-half of the area.

Munse, W.H. and Chesson, E., Jr. 1963. Riveted and Bolted Joints: Net Section Design. Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE 89 (no. ST1): 107-126.

Case Description of Element

4

Plates where the tension load is transmitted by longitudinal welds only.

Shear Lag Factor, U

L 2w

Example

U = 1.0

2w > L 1.5w U = 0.87 w

1.5w > L w U = 0.75

Round HSS with a single concentric

gusset plate

L 1.3D

U = 1.0

D > L 1.3D U = 1 x / L

x = D /

Rectangular HSS

LH
with a single concentric gusset plate
2

x=

with two side

gusset plates

B + 2BH
4(B + H )

LH

x=

U = 1 x / L

U = 1 x / L

B2
4(B + H )

w = plate width
B = overall width of rectangular HSS measured 90o to the plane of the connection
H = overall height of rectangular HSS measured in the plane of the connection

Case Description of Element

7

W, M, S or HP
shapes or tees cut
from these shape.
(If U is calculated
per Case 2, the
larger value is permitted to be used)

Single angles (If U

is calculated per
Case 2, the larger
value is permitted
to be used)

Shear Lag Factor, U

with flange con- bf 2/3d

nected with 3 or b < 2/3d
f
more fasteners per
line in direction of
loading

U = 0.90
U = 0.85

with web connected

with 4 or more
fasteners per line in
the direction of
loading

U = 0.70

with 4 or more fasteners per line in

the direction of
loading

U = 0.80

with 2 or 3 fasteners per line in

the direction of
loading

U = 0.60

Example

Eccentric Bracing Connection

Sydney Airport Domestic Terminal - Sydney, Australia

3-8 W250 66.5 19 .

. A36
T/2
W 250 x 66.5

T/2

W25066.5 (Ag = 84.70.2, d = 248 .., bf = 249 ..)

T = 0.60FyAg = 0.60(2.5)(84.70) = 127
An = 84.70 4(2.2)(1.3) = 73.26 .2
U = 0.90 bf > 2/3d
Ae = UAn = 0.90(73.26) = 65.93 .2
T = 0.50FuAe = 0.50(4.0)(65.93) = 132
T = 127
n

Example 3.2 A single-angle tension member, an L90 x 90 x 10 mm, is connected to

gusset plate with 22-mm-diameter bolts. A36 steel is used. The service loads are 16
ton dead load and 8 ton live load. Investigate this member for compliance with the
AISC Specification. Assume that the effective net area is 85% of the computed net
area.

L90 x 90 x 10 mm
Section

Solution

First compute tensile strengths.

Gross section: Ag = 17.1 cm2 (

Yielding design strength:

P = 0.6 Fy Ag = 0.6(2.5)(17.1) = 25.7 ton

Net section:

An = 17.1 1 x (2.2+0.3) = 14.6 cm2

Effective area:

Ae = 0.85An = 0.85(14.6) = 12.4 cm2

Fracture design strength:

.5)

P = 0.5 Fu Ae = 0.5(4.0)(12.4) = 24.8 ton

The design strength is the smaller value: P = 24.8 ton (Fracture)

Dead Load + Live Load = 16 + 8 = 24 ton
Since the design strength 24.8 ton > 24 ton required by loads,
the member is satisfactory.

Ans.

Single Angle Connections

Sydney Convention &
Exhibition Centre - Darling
Harbour, Australia

Example 3.4 Determine the effective net area for the tension member
x = 2.58 cm

L90 x 90 x 10 mm
Section
7.5 cm
7.5 cm

Gross section: Ag = 17.1 cm2 (

Net section:

.5)

An = 17.1 1 x (2.2+0.3) = 14.6 cm2

Only one leg of the cross section is connected, so the net area must be reduced.

.5, the distance from the centroid to the outside face of an L90x90x10 is
x = 2.58 cm
The length of the connection is

L = 7.5 + 7.5 = 15 cm
U = 1

Effective area:

x
2.58
= 1
= 0.828
L
15

Ae = UAn = 0.828(14.6) = 12.09 cm2

Alternative U : this angle has 3 bolts in the direction of load.

the reduction factor U can be taken as 0.60
Effective area:

L90

x
x 90

Ae = UAn = 0.60(14.6) = 8.76 cm2

Either U value is acceptable, and the code permits the larger one to be used.
Computed U is more accurate.
Alternative U can be useful during preliminary design.

10 m

Block Shear

Tbs = 0.30Fu Av + 0.50Fu At

Tension area

P
P
Shear area

P
Shear area

3-11 A36 19 ..

T
9 cm 6 cm

L150x100x12 mm, A = 28.56 cm2

5 cm
10 cm
10 cm

:
T = 0.30(4.0)(25-2.5(2.2))(1.2)+0.50(4.0)(6-0.5(2.2))(1.2)
T = 39.8
:
T = 0.60FyAg = 0.60(2.5)(28.56) = 42.8
An = 28.56 2.2(1.2) = 25.92 .2
U = 0.85 AISC
T = 0.50FuAe = 0.50(4.0)(0.8525.92) = 44.1
T = 39.8

 3-12

:

10 cm

PL1.2 20 cm

T = 0.30(4.0)(2)(101.2) + 0.50(4.0)(201.2)
= 76.8
:
T = 0.60(2.5)(201.2) = 36.0

T = 36.0