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Review Final UTeM 2015
Review Final UTeM 2015
Review Final UTeM 2015
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Engineering Thermoplastics
This term was first introduced by the General Electric
Co. in the 1960s, & they defined it as a polymer alloy
which could replace metals in many applications.
Polyethylene is the most common of them. It is a linear
polymer. That is why they soften when heated.
Thermoplastics are made by adding together
(polymerizing) sub-units (monomers) to form long
chains.
H H
Example:
-C - C
H R
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Thermoplastics
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Thermosetting Plastics
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Elastomeric Materials
Elastomers are linear polymers with
occasional-cross links. These cross-links
provide a memory so it returns to its
original shape on unloading.
Polymers which show rubbery behavior
at their operating temperature are called
elastomeric [See the Smith textbook].
Some elastomeric polymers are
thermoplastics & others are thermosetting.
The prototype is natural rubber.
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Glassy plateau
E
Glass transition
Rubbery plateau
Viscous flow
Temperature
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Portland Cement
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Manufacture
Raw Materials:
2/3 calcareous materials (lime bearing) - limestone
1/3 argillaceous materials (silica, alumina, iron)- clay
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CaO
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
H2O
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Cement Minerals
C3S : 3CaOSiO2
C2S : 2CaOSiO2
C3A : 3CaOAl2O3
C4AF : 4CaOAl2O3Fe3O4
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
General Purpose
Type II- moderate heat of hydration and sulfate resistance (C3A <
8%) : general construction, sea water, mass concrete
Type III- high early strength (C3A < 15%) : emergency repairs,
precast, winter construction.
Type IV- low heat ( C3S < 35%, C3A < 7%, C2S > 40%) : mass
concrete
Type V-
Aggregates
cost
provide dimensional stability
influence hardness, abrasion resistance,
elastic modulus
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Aggregate Type
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Effect of moisture
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Testing
ASTM Testing
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Importance
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Compressive Strength
Fundamental relationship
S = So exp (-kp)
Where So is the strength at zero
porosity, p is the porosity and k a
constant.
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
REASON
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Microstructural improvement
Use of silica fume
reduce the porosity of the ITZ
geometrical effect (no space)
reduces the amount of CH due to
pozzolanic reaction
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Humidity
Great importance of moist curing.
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Temperature
Cast and cured at the same temperature
Cast at different temperature but cured at
the same temperature
Cast at normal temperature but cured at
different temperatures.
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Testing parameters
Specimen Size: Fracture mechanics will
explain the importance of size effect.
Loading Rate: Increasing rates lead to
increasing strength.
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Thermal stresses
t = K r
E
1+
where:
t: tensile stress
Kr: degree of restraint
E: elastic modulus
: coefficient of thermal expansion
T: temperature change
: creep coefficient
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Temperature Evolution
Durability
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Water Structure
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Abrasion - Erosion
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
The problem
Deterioration by fire
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Volumetric change
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Expansive Reaction
In the presence of sulfates
C3A.C$.H18 (monosulfate)
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Simple cubic:
Lattice points are located only at the corners of the cube
8 corners (1/8) = 1
In BCC unit cells, lattice points are located at the corners and the center of the cube:
8 corner (1/8) + 1 center (1) = 2
In FCC unit cells, lattice points are located at the corners and faces of the cube:
8 corners (1/8) + 6 faces (1/2) = 4
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
2R + 2r= 2R sqrt(3)
r/R = 0.732
R
2R + 2r= 2R sqrt(3)
2R
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Problem
Calculate the change in volume that
occurs when BCC iron is heated and
changes to FCC iron. The lattice
parameter of BCC iron is 2.863 A and of
FCC iron is 3.591 A
Volume of BCC cell = a3 = 2.863 = 23.467
Volume of FCC cell = a3 = 3.591 = 46.307
But the FCC unit cell contains four atoms and the BCC unit cell contains only two
atoms. Two BCC unit cells with a total volume of 46.934 will contain 4 atoms.
Volume change/atom = (46.307 -46.934)/46.934 = -1.34%
Steel contracts on heating!!
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
Problem
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
An Example
(Assume a Eutectoid Low Carbon Steel)
Pearlite
Pearlite
CE 60
All martensite
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro
CE 60
Instructor: Paulo Monteiro