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Complex Numbers Notes
Complex Numbers Notes
i= 1
o
i 2=1
Addition, subtraction and multiplication follow the same rules as with pronumerals:
ai bi=i ( a b )
ai bi=ab i 2
ai a
=
bi b
a a i
=
bi bi i
ai
b i2
ai
b
i
i :
*No is in the
denominator*
i 2=1
z=a+ib
x+iy= a+ib
( x+iy )2=a+ib
x 2 y 2=a
2 xy =b
a = Re(a+ib),
4. Solve equations simultaneously for x and y and subRe(x+iy)
into x + iy.
x2 y2 =
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METHOD B:
1. Apply the Quadratic Formula.
EXAMPLE: x2 + 2x + 8 = 0
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Quadratic Equations with Complex (Imaginary) Coefficients
1. Use the Quadratic Formula.
2. Express the square root in the form x + iy if necessary.
3. Solve the equation and express in the form x + iy.
EXAMPLE: z2 4(1 i)z + 15 = 0
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Quadratic Theory
The quadratic equation, where is a complex root, is
x 2( + ) x+ =0 , which can be
written as:
2
x 22 ( ) x+|| =0
EXAMPLE: One of the zeroes of a quadratic equation with real coefficients is 3 + i. Find
the quadratic equation.
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( xa ) ( p x 2+ qx+r )=0 .
z3 = 1 has 3 zeroes over the complex field: 1, and 2, where is a complex root.
Hence for z3 = 1:
1 + + 2 =
b
a
For z3 = 1, z3 1 = 0; b = 0.
Therefore, 1 + + 2 = 0.
3
Also, = 1 (since is a root of the equation).
EXAMPLE: is a non-real cube root of unity. Show that the other complex cube root is 2.
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Conjugate Theorems
The conjugate of a complex number z = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers, is
z =xiy
z+ z =2 ( z )
zz =2 ( z )
z z =a2+ b2
, where z = a + ib
Conjugate of the
Sum of two complex
numbers
z 1+ z 2= z1 + z2
Product
z 2= z1 z2
z1
Subtraction
z 1z
2= z1 z2
Division
z 1 z 2= z1 z2
Re(z
)
Modulus
|z|=| x+iy|= x 2+ y 2
Argument
Mod-arg form
y
x
)
tan 1
The Pol key on the calculator Pol(real, imaginary) can help determine
the argument of the imaginary number.
numbers
|z 1 z 2|=r 1 r 1
Complex numbers raised to a
power
|z n|=| z|n
The division of two complex
numbers
arg(zn) = n arg(z)
DIVIDE the modulus and SUBTRACT the arguments.
||
z1 |z 1|
=
z2 |z 2|
arg ( z 1) arg ( z2 )
Represented by
the same complex
number
ARGUMENT is undefined
at the tail of the vector
arg(zz1) as arg(0) =
undefined
The Conjugate of z
Found by reflecting across the x-axis
**|z| =
|z| **
**arg(z) = arg(z) **
Multiplication by i
Rotate ninety degrees in the
anticlockwise direction
**i = (1)cis
( )
2
|zz 1|=r
Length of vector
zz 1=r
z 1 to
z 1 and radius r.
Hence the equation of the locus of z is
( xx 1)2 +( y y 1)2=r 2
b)
arg ( zz 1 )=
The angle the vector
OPEN CIRCLE
for arguments
c)
|zz 1|=|z z 2|
d)
arg ( zz 1 )arg ( zz 2 )=
If >
2 ,
MINOR arc
If <
e)
arg ( zz 1 )=arg ( zz 2 )
f)
arg ( zz 1 )=arg ( zz 2 )
2 ,
z1
|z 1+ z 2|
= arg
is |
z 1 | + | z 2 | when
z 1 and
z 2 are collinear.
z2
|z 1+ z 2|
z 1 and
z 2 . i.e. when
De Moivres Theorem
Note:
z =cos n+ isin n
Powers of sin
1. Let
cis
=cis ( )
cis
and cos
2. Equate real and imaginary parts to find formulae for cos and sin
Expressing powers of sin
multiples of
and cos
1. Let
1
=( cos ( )+ isin ( ) )=cos i sin
z
then
z n=cos n+ isin n
2. De Moivres Theorem:
1
=cos ni sin n
zn
3. Hence
1
z+ =2 cos
z
n
z+
and
1
=2 cos n
zn
1
z =2i sin
z
n
and
1
=2 isin n
zn
: use
: use
z n
n
z+
1
=2 isin n
zn
1
=2 cos n
zn
and expand
and expand