TYPES OF VOLCANO

Strombolian-type eruption observed during the 1965 activity of Iraz Volcano in Costa Rica,
huge clots of molten lava burst from the summit crater to form luminous arcs through the
sky. Collecting on the flanks of the cone, lava clots combined to stream down the slopes in
fiery rivulets.
"Vulcanian"-type eruption, in which a dense cloud of ash-laden gas explodes from the crater
and rises high above the peak. Steaming ash forms a whitish cloud near the upper level of
the cone. the eruptive activity of Parcutin Volcano in 1947 demonstrated
Phreatic" (or steam-blast) eruptions are driven by explosive expanding steam resulting from
cold ground or surface water coming into contact with hot rock or magma. The
distinguishing feature of phreatic explosions is that they only blast out fragments of
preexisting solid rock from the volcanic conduit; no new magma is erupted. Phreatic activity
is generally weak, but can be quite violent in some cases, such as the 1965 eruption of Taal
Volcano, Philippines, and the 1975-76 activity at La Soufrire, Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles).
A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian
eruption or steam-blast eruption,[1] occurs when magma heats ground or surface water.
The extreme temperature of the magma (anywhere from 500 to 1,170 C (932 to 2,138 F))
causes near-instantaneous evaporation to steam, resulting in an explosion of steam, water,
ash, rock, and volcanic bombs.[2]At Mount St. Helens, hundreds of steam explosions
preceded a 1980 plinian eruption of thevolcano.[2] A less intense geothermal event may
result in a mud volcano.
The most powerful eruptions are called "plinian" and involve the explosive ejection of
relatively viscous lava. Large plinian eruptions--such as during 18 May 1980 at Mount St.
Helens or, more recently, during 15 June 1991 at Pinatubo in the Philippines--can send ash
and volcanic gas tens of miles into the air. The resulting ash fallout can affect large areas
hundreds of miles downwind. Fast-moving deadly pyroclastic flows ("nues ardentes") are
also commonly associated with plinian eruptions.

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are defined as juvenile forming eruptions as a result of

interaction between water andmagma. They are different from magmatic and phreatic
eruptions. The products of phreatomagmatic eruptions contain juvenile clasts, unlike
phreatic eruptions, and are the result of interaction between magma and water, unlike
magmatic eruptions.[1] It is very common for a large explosive eruption to have
magmatic and phreatomagmatic components.

Phreatic eruption at the summit ofMount St.

Helens, Washington, in the spring of 1980

April 21, 1990 eruption cloud

from Redoubt Volcano as viewed to
the west from the Kenai Peninsula
plinian

Iraz Volcano in Costa Rica, Strombolian

Parcutin Volcano
Vulcanian

Signs of an impending volcanic eruption

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of
volcanic tremors;
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray
due to entrained ash;
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater;
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma
intrusion;
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area which not
attributable to heavy rains;
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes;
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g., Bulusan and Canlaon) and
crater lake (e.g., Taal) near the volcano;
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the
vicinity of the volcano;
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano; and,
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance
of solfataras.

How do volcanic eruptions affect the society?

Beneficials:
1. The land is more fertile as it is covered in mineral rich ashes.
2. The processes of making coal is shortened.
3. It can figure land into different shapes and forms eg making a slightly
mountainous area into flat land.
4. Flames can destroy plants allowing them to repopulate in different areas.
5. Flames can force animals to move to a different area to repopulate making
animal migration possible.
Harmful Effects:
1. The gases released from the volcano is extremely toxic and can lay waste to an
area of land for a extended period of time.
2. The flames could destroy the plant life too much, making it impossible for them
to repopulate pushing it to extinction.
3. The flames could annihalate a whole animal species instead of driving it away
causing them to go extinct.
4. Human culture (eg monuments etc.) can be destroyed along with the eruption of
the volcano.
5. Any human activity near the volcano will render the people certain to die.

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Plant Name

Location

Owner/
Operator

Steam
Supplie
r

Rated
Capacit
y
(MW*)

Date
Commissione
d

Luzon
Makban
Plant A
Makban
Plant B
Makban
Plant C
Makban
Plant D
Makban
Plant E
Tiwi A

Bitin,
Laguna
Bitin,
Laguna
Bitin,
Laguna
Bitin,
Laguna
Bitin,
Laguna
Tiwi, Albay

NPC

Chevron

110

1979

NPC

Chevron

110

1980

NPC

Chevron

110

1984

NPC

Chevron

40

1995

NPC

Chevron

40

1996

NPC

Chevron

110

1979

Tiwi, Albay
Tiwi, Albay
Bacon,
Sorsogon
Bacon,
Sorsogon
Bacon,
Sorsogon

NPC
NPC
NPC

Chevron
Chevron
PNOCEDC
PNOCEDC
PNOCEDC

110
110
110

1980
1981-82
1993

20

1994

20

1998

Valencia,
Negros
Oriental
Valencia,
Negros
Oriental
Negros
Occidental
Tongonan,
Leyte
Kananga,
Leyte

NPC

PNOCEDC

112.5

1983

NPC

PNOCEDC

80

1993-95

PNOCEDC
PNOCEDC
NPC

PNOCEDC
PNOCEDC
PNOCEDC

49

2007

On rehabilitation

610.18

1996

NPC-IPP

112.5

1983

Kidapawan,
N. Cotabato

Marubeni
Corporatio
n
Marubeni
Corporatio
n

PNOCEDC

54.24

1996

NPC-IPP

PNOCEDC

54.24

1999

NPC-IPP

Tiwi B
Tiwi C
Bacman A
BacMan
(Cawayan)
Bacman
(Bacon)
Visayas
Palinpinon I

Palinpinon
2
Northern
Negros
Leyte A & B
Leyte
Tonginan
Mindanao
Mt Apo I

At Apo II

Kidapawan,
N. Cotabato

NPC
NPC

Remarks

On prolonged
shutdown

decommissione
d

GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY

GEOTHERMAL
HEAT PUMPS

GEOTHERMAL
POWER PLANT

TURBIN
E

GENERATOR

STEA
M