PLANNING NOTES

City - Relatively dense aggregation of

population of considerabe size, in which the
conditions in life can be described as urban in
contrast with the rural life.

The main factors for the development of cities:

Defense safety and mutual protection

in some easily defensible location. Early
cities such as Acropolis in Athens.
Rome: had its seven hills.
Trade and Commerce the exchange of
products: raw materials for food. Cities
fed food supplied by the countryside in
exchange for crafts.

Navigational stream were the first highway of

commerce
Early Civilization started in:

Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia

Nile in Egypt

In later years trade established:

Industry
Commerce
Transportation
Markets

Religion some have gained

importance as a religious center:
Ex. Jerusalem, Rome
Education some cities became centers
of learning and of the arts: Ex. Paris,
Oxford, Cambridge.
Climate climate also draws people to
cities: Ex. Los Angeles, Nice, Miami,
Baguio.
Government centers of power. It
survives from the tribute it receives from
far flung provinces. Ex. Imperial Rome,
Washington, London, Berlin.
Environment influences urbanization
by imposing limits upon city growth. The
growth and death of cities due to
environmental factors.
Ex. Kish: died after Tigris river shifted
course, Pompeii was overcome by Mt..
Visuvius.

Why Cities have Developed, Spread

and Declined?

Technology and Social Power the

most crucial variables in accounting for
the origin and proliferation of city life.

Technology
In primitive times, accessibility to water
transportation was of primary importance to city
growth. In later times, railways, highways and
airways usurped the need for water ways. Cities
in later times were located far from the sea with
only a navigable stream or river crossing it.

-the places where land and water or ocean and

river transportation meet are places where
merchants thrive.
Other Factors:

Had to progress before settlements

could develop into true cities.
Had to be advanced before it could
invade remote and inhospitable
regions.
In order for cities to expand and
diffuse the level of technology had
to be such as to ensure the surplus
of food and raw materials necessary
to sustain non-agricultural
specialties.
Early technology such as: irrigation
developed and enhanced
agricultural yield.

Early mechanism such as the pulley

and winches made production of
crafts easier.
Introduced coined money.
Introduced long distance commerce.
Facilitated the marketing process
within the city itself.
Fostered economic enterprise
involving investment, capital
formation, etc.
Introduced the papyrus
Introduced writing and the speard of
the alphabet.
In later times: print a by product if
print media and communication.
Transportation developed.

Power Structure (Social Power)

Power operating through the social
structure accounts for many urban
developmental configurations. In feudal society,
power is concentrated on the ruling family
located on the fortified places: castle and these
fortified places are used to protect the upper
class against local marauders or invading
armies. They became the focal point of transport
and communication not only of survailance
against their own or enemises but as well as
with other groups or fortified communities.
Without an effective political apparatus through
which power can be exerted, cities could not
drive sustenance from the hinterland.
-taxation and tributes are used to sustain the
growth of a city.

Social Power becomes a variable for the

development of a city due to the following:

The expansion of the city both in size

and number.
Their diffusion into previously unurbanized or lightly urbanized areas.
Their decline and occasional
resurgence("the revival of trade").

PLANNING TERMINOLOGIES

Theoretical and classification of terms:

Accessibility the ease with which a place may be

reached. An area with high accessibility will generally
have well-developed transport network and be located
centrally or at least at a route center. Many economic
activities, such as retailing, commerce, and industry,
require high accessibility for their customers and raw
materials.

Agribusiness commercial farming on an industrial

scale, often financed by companies whose main
interest lie outside agriculture; for example multinational corporations. Agribusiness are mechanized,
large in size, highly structured, reliant on chemicals,
and may be described as food factories.
Agriculture the practice of farming, including the
cultivation of the soil (for raising crops) and the raising
of domesticated animals.

Aid money or resources given or lent on a favorable

terms to developing countries. A distinction may be
made between short-term aid (usually food and
medicine), which is given to relieve conditions in
emergencies such as famine, and long term aid,
which is intended to promote economic development
and improve the quality of life.

Bid-Rent theory assumption that land value and

rent increases as distance from the central business
district (CBD) increases.

Birth Rate- the number of live births per 1000 of the

population of an area over the period of the year.

Central Business District (CBD) - area of a town or

city where most of the commercial activity is found.
This area is dominated by shops, offices,
entertainment venues, and local government

buildings. Usually CBDs are characterized by high

rent and rates, tall buildings, and chain stores, and is
really accessible to pedestrians,

Central Place - or service centre place to which

people travel from the surrounding area(hinterland) to
obtain goods or services.

Resort Town urban settlement whose main function

is to cater for tourism of one type or another.

Rural Depopulation loss of people from remote

country areas to cities; it an effect of migration.
Settlement place where people live, varying in size
from isolated dwellings to the largest cities.

Population the number of people inhabiting a

country, region, area, or town.

Population Statistics measurements taken by

some government to limit growth of their countries
population by trying to reduce birth rate.

Population Density the number of people living in

a given area, usually expressed as people per square
kilometer. Population density provides a useful means
for comparing population distribution.

Population Distribution the location of people

within an area.

Poverty Cycle or Development Trap set of factors

or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to
continue unless there is outside intervention. Once an
area or a person has become poor, this tends to lead
to other disadvantages, which may in turn result in
further poverty. This situation is often found in inner
city areas and shanty towns.

Shanty Town group of unplanned shelters

constructed from cheap or waste materials (such as
cardboard, wood, or cloth). Shanty towns are
commonly located on the outskirts of cities in poor
countries, or within large cities on derelict land or near
rubbish tips. Land available for shanties are often of
poor quality.

Slum area of poor-quality housing. Slums are

typically found in parts of the inner city in rich
countries and in older parts of cities in poor countries.
Slum housing is usually densely populated, in bad
state of repair, and has inadequate services (poor
sanitation).

Sphere of Influence the area surrounding a

settlement that is affected by the settlements
activities. This sphere of influence may be mapped by
looking at the catchment areas of various services or
by considering local-newspaper circulation, delivery
areas, and public transportation destinations.

Squatter illegal occupant of a building or land.

Primate City city that is far the largest within a
country or area. Such city holds a larger proportion of
the population, economic activities, and social
functions than other settlements within an area.

Pull Factor any factor that tends to attract people to

an area. Examples include higher wages, better
housing, and better education opportunities.

Technology the tools and the know how, connected

with the use of the both tools and sources of energy
for the production of goods and services.

Urban Decay the decline of the social, physical,

and economic fabric of a city. Usually located in the
oldest part of the settlement.

Urbanization process whereby an increasing

proportion of a regions population becomes
concentrated in urban areas.

Urban Renewal adaptation of existing buildings in

towns and cities to meet changes in economics,
social, and environmental requirements rather than
demolishing them. Urban renewal has become
increasingly important element of inner city policy. A
major objective is to preserve the historical and
cultural character of a locality, but at the same time to
improve the environment and meet new demands,
such as rapidly increasing motor traffic. Once option
is gentrification, raising an areas social and economic
status.

Infrastructure the type of technology that utilizes

inanimate source of energy for driving its tools and
sources of energy for the production of goods and
services.

Inner City the area that immediately borders the

central business district of a town or a city. In may
cities this is one of the older parts and may suffer
from decay and neglect, leading to social problems.

Linear Development or Ribbon Development

housing that has grown up along a route such as
road.

Urban Sprawl outward spread of the built-up areas

caused by their expansion.

Growth Pole point within an area where economic

growth is concentrated. This growth may encourage
further development in the surrounding area (through
the multiplier effect). Especially in areas of industrial
decline or stagnation, such existed areas.

Market Town settlement with a permanent or

periodic market (once a week, for instance). This acts
as a selling point for goods produced in the
sorrounding hinterlands.

Multiplier Effect process whereby one change sets

in motion a sequence of events that result in decline
or growth.
Heavy Industry industry that processes large
amounts of bulky raw materials. Ex.; iron and steel
industry, shipbuilding, etc.
Overpopulation too many people for the resources
available in an area (such as food, land, and water).
Hinterland areas that are served by a port of
settlement (the central place) and includes in its
sphere of influence.

Industrial Estate are planned for industry, where

space is available for large buildings and further
expansion.

Industrial Location the place where industry is

found. Traditionally industries have located near to the
market, raw materials, or sources of labour. Generally
industries located in areas where they can make the
most profit.

Peasant country-dweller engaged in small scale

farming. A peasant normally owns or rents a small
amount of land, working with an aim to self-sufficient
and to sell surplus supplies locally.