Laporan Lemigas 2009

LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
LEMIGAS REPORT
REPORT 2009
2009
LEMIGAS
CONTENTS
P R E F A C E .............................................................................................................................................................................
CONTENTS ...............................................................................................................................................................................
ii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................
A. PRINCIPAL TASK AND FUNCTIONS ...............................................................................................................
B. VISION AND MISSIONS ........................................................................................................................................
C. GOALS OF LEMIGAS ..............................................................................................................................................
D. TARGETS AND INDICATORS .............................................................................................................................
E. STAKEHOLDERS PERSPECTIVE .....................................................................................................................
F. INTERNAL PROCES PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................................................
G. LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................................
H. PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE ASPECT .........................................................
I. R/D PROGRAM STRATEGY .................................................................................................................................
J. TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICE PROGRAM STRATEGY .................................................................................
K. R/D SUPPORTING PROGRAM STRATEGY ..................................................................................................
CHAPTER 2. OIL AND GAS UPSTREAM R/D PROGRAM .....................................................................................
A. TARGETS ....................................................................................................................................................................
B. OUTPUTS ...................................................................................................................................................................
C. OUTCOMES ...............................................................................................................................................................
10
D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................
10
OF WESTERN INDONESIA OIL ................................................................................................................
11
EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS TERRAIN OF UPPER KUTAI BASIN .......................................
13
PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND HC POTENTIAL OF PRE-TERTIARY BASIN IN KEPALA

BURUNG REGION, PAPUA ..........................................................................................................................
15
2D AND 3D SEIMIC INTERPRETATION IN EAST NATUNA REGION .......................................
17
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR SHALLOW

WELL ...................................................................................................................................................................
22
STUDY OF COALBED METHANE GAS IN EAST KALIMANTAN ..................................................
23
INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF COALBED METHANE AND EOR LABORATORY ............
25
OPTIMIZING CBM WELL DEWATERING PUMP ...............................................................................
27
OIL AND GAS RESERVES INVENTORY AND PRODUCTION BY PRODUCING REGION OF

INDONESIA, 01-01-2009 .............................................................................................................................
ii
29
LEMIGAS
LEMIGAS REPORT
REPORT 2009
2009
INCREASING GEOMECHANICAL MODELING CAPABILITY FOR DESIGN OF DRILLING

AND PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................
30
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON CEMENT EXPANDING AGENT MATERIAL ...........
33
DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION IN CARBONATE RESERVOIR

BASED ON PRODUCTION DATA AND OIL AND GAS FIELD TEST DATA ...............................
34
DESIGN OF MUD FOR OVERCOMING DEPOSITION OF MUD MATERIAL OR FORMATION

DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE ...............................................................................................................
36
STUDY ON THE CAUSE OF SCALE FORMATION IN OIL FIELDS IN SUMATRA ...................
37
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING CO2 EOR SEQUISTRATION POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
38
PREPARATION OF SURFACTANT FOR APPLICATION IN DISPLACEMENT OF OIL BY

CHEMICAL INJECTION .................................................................................................................................
40
CHAPTER 3. OIL AND GAS DOWNSTREAM R/D PROGRAMS ...........................................................................
42
A.TARGETS .....................................................................................................................................................................
42
B. OUTPUTS ...................................................................................................................................................................
43
C. OUTCOMES ...............................................................................................................................................................
43
D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................
44
STUDY OF OPTIMIZING LOCAL CRUDE OIL BASED NEW REFINERY FOR REDUCING
OIL FUEL DEFICIT. ........................................................................................................................................
45
OPTIMIZING OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCTION AS ALTERNATIVE

ENERGY THROUGH FERMENTATION PROCESS .............................................................................
47
OPTIMIZING OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS .................................................................
49
STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC CHLOROPHYCEAE MICROBE BIOMASS IN

TUBE REACTOR (PILOT PLANT) AS BIOFUEL RAW MATERIAL ............................................
RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT OIL BASED GREEN FUEL IN

THE FRAMEWORK OF ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION ......................................................................
53
RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS AND UTILIZATION OF COAL LIQUEFACTION

PRODUCT ...........................................................................................................................................................
51
54
STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF NATURAL GAS FOR SMALL SCALE FERTILIZER

PLANT .................................................................................................................................................................
56
RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL SCALE GAS TO LIQUID .......................................
60
RESEARCH ON SEPARATION OF NATURAL GAS CONTAMINANTS BY NANO
TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................................
62
FORMULATION OF PLANT OIL BASED ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL ......................................
64
LEMIGAS REPORT
REPORT 2009
2009
LEMIGAS
iii
STUDY ON COMPATIBILITY OF BLEND OF MINERAL TYPE AND PLANT TYPE

BASE OILS AS BASE OIL FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL. ....................
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL UTILIZATION IN REDUCING CO2 AND

PARTICULATE EMISSIONS ........................................................................................................................
73
STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF PLANT OIL FROM KISAMIR SEEDS AS FUEL

ALTERNATIVE TO KEROSENE .................................................................................................................
71
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF PURE PLANT OIL (PPO) AS FUELS FOR
GENERATOR DIESEL ENGINE ON ENGINE DEPOSITS .................................................................
68
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE VOLATILITY ON OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE. ................................................................................................................
66
75
FORMULATION OF LUBE OIL FOR MANUAL TRANSMISSION OF HEAVY DUTY

VEHICLE .............................................................................................................................................................
77
FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LUBRICATING GREASE .............................
80
RESEARCH ON AROMATIC CONTENT IN DIESEL OIL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIFICATION FOR SOLAR DIESEL OIL IN INDONESIA
(CONTINUATION) ..........................................................................................................................................
82
CORRELATION PROGRAM OF LUBE OIL LABORATORIES IN INDONESIA .........................
84
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNO ECONOMIC MODEL FOR UTILIZATION OF COALBED

METHANE ..........................................................................................................................................................
DESIGN OF PREPARATION OF BIOADSORBENT FOR GAS STORAGE IN GAS FUEL

CYLINDER. .........................................................................................................................................................
86
89
PREPARATION OF FORMULATION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR FROM PALM OIL

INDUSTRY WASTE .........................................................................................................................................
91
MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SECTOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ...................................
92
DESULFURIZATION OF OIL FUELS BY MEMBRANE AND ADSORPTION METHOD .......
95
STUDY ON PREPARATION OF SKID MOUNTED MEMBRANE FOR FIELD APPLICATION
INVENTORY AND IDENTIFICATION (FINGERPRINTING) OF CRUDE OILS THAT HAVE
96
POTENTIAL TO POLLUTE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA ..................................
99
ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MONITORING OF OIL AND GAS

INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................ 102
CHAPTER 4. CLOSING REMARKS ................................................................................................................................. 104
iv
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
- evaluation of the performance of technological research and development in oil and gas.
B. Vision and Missions
Based on the considerations of oil and gas dynamic environment and assumptions of economic
and technological development factors up to the
year 2014, LEMIGAS has established its vision as
an excellent, professional, and world class institution in oil and gas. The vision will be realized
through the following missions:
- To intensify LEMIGAS role in supplying inputs
for formulating government policy in improving conducive climate for oil and gas industry
development;
- To improve the quality of research and development service for giving added value to
LEMIGAS customers;
- To create priority products and develop reliance
products.
by oil and gas industry stakeholders (S-1/S-4)

- Realization of integrated management system
in the framework of Competitive Power Advantage (IP-1/IP-6)
- Realization of excellent and competitive organizational resources (LG-1/LG-4)
Furthermore, to achieve synergy between
goals and objective plus performance indicators
to be achieved, each perspective (of stakeholders,
internal process, learning and growth) is spelled
out in the form of table as in the following Objectives.
D. Targets and Indicators
In conducting the missions, the three goals are
spelled or put in synergy with respects to three
perspective targets through a perspective Balance
Scorecard as shown in Table 1, and elaborated as
follows:
C. Goals of LEMIGAS
E. Stakeholders Perspective
To conduct the above mentioned missions,

LEMIGAS formulates three (3) organizational
goals related to the targets to be achieved, based
on perspective balance scorecard.
- Deliverance of integrated technological solution in the framework of solving problems faced
LEMIGAS presents technological solution to the

stakeholders (market) through achievement of target indicator or customer satisfaction of over
80%, the amount of PNBP revenue from technological service funding ratio (80:20), Malcolm
Badridge criteria based performance (450).
Table 1
LEMIGAS Strategic Targets
Stakeholder
Realization of solution of government problem (S-1)
Prespective
Realization of solution of customer problem (S-1)

Growth in income and distribution of non-tax sate income (PNBP) (S-2)
Execution of effective, transparent, and accountable planning and budget management (IP-1)
Execution of effective, efficient, and productive operational management (IP-2)
Execution of excellent customer management (IP-3)
Internal Process
Perspective
Execution of development of knowledge and innovation with excellence (IP-4)

Execution of applied R/D portfolio that responds to government and indusry problems (IP-5)
Execution of R/D for solving industry problems (IP-6)
Execution of R/D for solving government problems (IP-7)
Achievement of human capital readiness (LG-1)
Learning and
Growth
Perspective
Availability of integrated strategic information/technology system (LG-2)

Creation of entrepreneurship innovation culture (LG-3)
Etablishment of strategy-focused organization (LG-4)
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Table 2
Stakeholders perspective goal, target, and indicator
TARGET
GOAL
TARGET
DESCRIPTION
Delivery of integrated
technological solution
in the framework of
solving problems of oil
and gas industry
stakeholders (S-1/S-4)
To realize solution of
government/industry
problems (S-1)
To realize growth in PNBP
(S-2)
To be professional,
excellent, and world class
oil and gas R/D institution
(S-3)
INDICATOR
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
75
80
85
88
90
45
54
65
78
94
Government/industry
funding ratio
10
95
90
85
80
Malcom Badridge
Criteria for
Performance
Excellence (MBCFPE)
450
% solution with
satisfaction index
>80%
Total PNBP revenue
(Rp. Million)
Table 3
Learning and growth perspective goal, target, and indicator
TARGET
GOAL
TARGET
DESCRIPTION
INDICATOR
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
To realize human capital

readiness
% human capital
readiness
65
70
75
80
85
To realizei ntegrated
information system
% readiness of
information system
portfolio
65
70
75
80
85
% innovation proposal
per total employees
that received > 80 from
Scientific Board
10
12
14
16
20
Leadership index
6.5
7.5
8.5
60
70
80
85
90
Realization of excellent
and competitive
organizational resource To realize
entrepreneurship and
(LG-1/LG-4)
innovation culture (LG-3)
% activity proposals
To realize strategy-focused
that comply with
organization (LG-4)
strategic plan
F. Internal Process Perspective
G. Learning and Growth Perspective
LEMIGAS applies integrated management in

developing competitive advantage through effective
budget management, effective operational management, excellent customer management, knowledge
and innovation development management, as well as
research and development portfolio for government
and industry.
LEMIGAS achieves excellent and competitive

organizational resources through achievement of R/
D organizational human resource readiness 85% of
target, integrated information technology resource
readiness 85% of target, application of entrepreneurship and innovation culture, and strategy focused organization.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Development of
processing technology
for oil and gas and
the processing
products
Development
of biofuel
technology
Development of
gas storage and
transportation
technology
Reduction of CO2
emission
Oil & Gas Downstream Aplication Technology Sofware

Convertion & Catalyst
Technology
Biodiesel Technology 2nd

Generation Etanol
Strong Tecnology
Active Carbon
Stimulating & Modelling
Burning Technology
Material Technology
Furifaying Technology
Convertion & Catalyst
Technology
Burning Pericle Technology
CO2 Emission Producing

Technology
Hydrate Technology
Burning Technology
Transmithing &
Distributibg Technology
Biotechnology
Environmental Technology
Economics Technology
Nano Technology
Oil & Gas Refining & Consuming Technology
Figure 3
Downstream Oil and Gas R/D Programs
Upstream R/D programs consist of four (4) R/

D trees, namely (Figure 2):
- Increasing oil and gas resources and reserves;
- Development of unconventional gas;
- Increasing oil and gas reserves and production;
- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
Downstream R/D programs consist of four (4)
R/D programs, namely (Figure 3):
- Development of processing technology for oil
and gas and the processing products;
- Development of biofuel technology;
- Development of gas storage and transportation
technology;
- Reduction of CO2 emission.
J. Technological Service Program Strategy
Technological service programs carried out are
grouped into upstream technology and service
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
program and downstream technological service

program. Each program group covers study service activities and laboratory service activities as
shown in Tables 5 and 6.
K. R/D Supporting Program Strategy
R/D supporting program comprises activities
that are conducted by structural units in supporting R/D activities for realizing program/activities
in development of competitive organizational resources (learning and growth perspective), intensification of integrated, transparent, and accountable internal process.
The R/D supporting programs consists of eight
(8) programs that are related to organizational performance criteria that were established by the Secretariat of the Research and Development Agency
for Energy and Mineral Resources as listed in the
following:
formance, analysis, monitoring and evaluation

of organization performance achievement.
- Financial, household, facilities management service improvement program;
This program is directed to maintenance/repair of organizational inventory materials and
transparent and accountable financial management.
- Policy program;
This is directed to preparation of R/D techni-
cal policy, preparation of organizational policy

procedure.
The relations between the programs and R/D
supporting activities with the executors of the activities are shown in Table 7.
The elaboration in the following chapters gives
a broader picture of the three programs that have
been conducted as well as the achievement of performance indicators in 2009 by each organization
unit of LEMIGAS.
Table 6
Activity Criteria of Downstream Technological Service Program
WORK
PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
NO.
ACTIVITY CRITERIA
EXECUTING
UNIT
Study
Service
Increase in
Up- stream
Technological
Service
Laboratory
Service
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Reserves Certification
Reserves Management
Production Optimizing Study
Field Development Study
Oil and Gas Field Prospect Review Study
Geological, Geophysical and Reservoir (GGR) Study
Seismic Data Processing
Petroleum System Study
Prospect and Lead Evaluation Study
10
Remote Sensing & SIG Study
Core Laboratory Analysis Study
PVT Laboratory Study
Reservoir Fluid Composition Laboratory Study
Drilling Laboratory Anallysis
Wireless Unit Contact
Gas and Chemical Injection Laboratory Study
Biostratigraphy Laboratory Study
Geochemical Laboratory Study
Sedimentology Laboratory Study
10
Gas Analysis Technology
11
Gas Utillization Technology
12
Gas Transportation Technology
Exploration
and
Exploration
division
Exploration
and
Exploration
division
Table 7
Relationship between R/D Supporting Program and Activities
WORK PROGRAM
ACTIVITY
NO.
3
1
4
Knowledge audit/assessment
Knowledge repository
Development of entrepreneuership innovation

culture
Work procedure stndard
First class service standard
Service management
Work environment safety
Development of employee personality
Knowledge and
innovation
Development of R/D
quality system
Management of R/D
human resource
Revitalization of R/D
facilities and
infrastructure
Development of
working network and
R/D promotion
Development of
organizational
knowledge and culture
Development of quality
management system
and LK3
Employee recruitment
Employee placement
Facilities and
Business
Development
Division
Employee training and education

Employee performance evaluation
Employee career development
Development of reward and punishment system
Development of employee information system
Revitalization of
building/laboratory and
equipment
Revitalization of office building facilities and

infrastructure
Revitalization of laboratory building facilities and

infrastructure
Development of R/D
cooperation
R/D cooperation
R/D synchronization
Scientific publication
Workshop on R/D results
R/D discussion frum
Scientific lecture
Development of information system for

dissemination of R/D products
Preparation of work planning
Preparation of strategic planning
Establishment of planning
Analysis of activity execution
Quarterly monitoring of activity execution
Evaluation of activity execution
Salary and allowance
Financial management information system
Development of R/D
product dissemination
Anaysis and evaluation

on activities
Financial management
Employee planning
Affiliation
Division
R/D Planning and

Evaluation
Policy
Development of R/D
human resource
Preparation of planning
Improvement of
financies household
service and
management of
facilities
EXECUTING
UNIT
ACTIVITY CRITERIA
Household
management
R/D technical policy
Inventory management information system
Equipment procurement
Equipment inventory
Equipment mutation
DIPA execution
Office/Lab building and facilities maintenance
Office/Lab Building/Maintenance
General Affairs
Department
General Affairs
Department and
Facilities
Division
Program and
Affiliation
Division
Affiliation and
Business
Development
Division
Program
Division
Program
Division
General Affairs
Department
Service vehicle (2/4/6 wheel) maintenance
Oil and gas R/D technical policy
Preparation of organization procedure policy
Development of oil and gas R/D policy information

system
Facilities and
Program
Division
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
CHAPTER 2. OIL AND GAS UPSTREAM

R/D PROGRAM
A. TARGETS
The targets of the execution of research activities in oil and gas upstream research and development programs in 2009 are as shown in Table 8.
The distribution of achievement of each program target is explained in the following elaboration of each oil and gas upstream R/D program.
It is shown that the development of unconventional gas had the greater share of the 2009 target
where there are 16 activities in the upstream oil
and gas R/D, being distributed to the amount of
37.50%, directed to the realization of unconventional gas development research which comprised
5 activity titles as follows:
- Study of Coalbed Methane Potential in East
Kalimantan
- Development of Atlas on Fingerprints of Western Indonesia Oils
- Research and Development of Cement Material Expanding Agent
- Design of Mud for overcoming deposition of
mud or formation material due to high temperature
- Increasing the Capacity in Geo-mechanical
Modeling for Drilling and Production Design
- Determination of Fracture Distribution in Carbonate Reservoir Based on Production Data
and Well Test Data in Oil and Gas Field.
On the other hand, research and development
on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and EOR
No.
1
2
3
4
amounted to 25% and consisted of 4 activity titles

as follows:
- Increasing the Capability of Coalbed Methane
Laboratory
- Optimizing of Pump for CBM Well Dewatering
- Worksheet for Screening CO2 EOR Sequestration Potential in Indonesia
- Preparation of Surfactant for Application to
drive Oil by Chemical Injection.
Research on increasing oil and gas resources
and reserves was executed 25% and consisted of
4 activity titles as follows:
- Inventory of Reserves and Evaluation of Production of Oil and Gas in Indonesia by Production Region 01-01-2009
- Study on the Cause Scale in Oil Fields in Sumatra.
All those activities (16 upstream activities)
comprised computation of hydrocarbon resource
potential and reserves for increasing oil and gas
production and increasing the quality of laboratory apparatus and personnel capability to support research activities and technological service
in upstream oil and gas industry.
B. OUTPUTS
In 2009 LEMIGAS carried out a series of oil

and gas upstream R/D programs by conducting
cooperation with government as well as private
institution in Indonesia and foreign countries.
LEMIGAS had acquired patent certificate (1 upstream patent), and 7 other patents are
still in application stage. Such patent
Table 8
applications are still in substantive exAchievement of % Target,
amination stage at Directorate General
Oil and Gas Upstream R/D Activities 2009
of Intellectual Property Rights, Department of Law and Human Rights.
% TARGET
OIL AND GAS UPSTREAM R/D PROGRAM
2009
Generally the outputs of upstream
oil and gas R/D programs in 2009 were
Development of Unconventional Gas
37,50%
in the form of results of study and sciCarbon capture and storage (CCS) dan EOR
25,00%
entific papers. There were some activiIncreasing oil gas resources and reserves
25,00%
ties which were intended as recommendation for government policy (DirecIncreasing oil and gas reserves and production 12,50%
torate of Oil and Gas), among others
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
evaluation of oil and gas terrains in East Kutai Region, East Natuna, and Kepala Burung (Papua) as
well as inventory of resources and evaluation of
oil and gas production per production region on
01-01-2009.
LEMIGAS R/D activities that have been
achieved are expected to be useful for national as
well as foreign companies, particularly in the matter of drilling operation such as the results of the
study on development of Portland cement produced in Indonesia by use of additives, study on
CBM development, mud formulation design, increase in geo-mechanical modeling, and giving information concerning determination of environmentally safe scale inhibitor that is compatible with
the oil and gas field particularly those situated in
Sumatra. One of the way to increase oil production from oil fields in Indonesia is by use of EOR
technique and surfactant injection.
C. OUTCOMES
A patent that has been approved is a logging
equipment sensor designed by Geophysics instrumentation. This patent is useful for accurately,
precisely, and easily studying log data particularly
in shallow wells. Concerning oil and gas production, production from oil wells has increased by
the discovery of chemical flooding EOR technol-
10
ogy that is more economical and applicable. Besides, the production increase was also based on
determination of allowable mud specific gravity
coefficient to ensure that well stability is properly
controlled in order to reduce potential catastrophe
such as the case of Sidoarjo mud.
Study on increasing national oil and gas reserves was supported by the discovery of new
fields in the form of prospects and leads in the Upper Kutai, East Natuna, and Kepala Burung (Papua)
regions. Increase in alternative energy reserves
was supported by the discovery of CBM potentials in East Kalimantan and Rambutan field.
The formation of national oil and gas data base
for Western Indonesia region is quite helpful to
environmental analysis, particularly oil spill, to
know the origin of the oil (production, basin, and
other characteristics) and is expected to be useful
as upstream program reference for government
(Directorate General of Oil and Gas) as well as oil
and gas investors who wish to develop exploration area to increase national oil and gas reserves
and production.
D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
Oil and gas upstream research and development activities (16 research titles) are described
in the following summary of activities.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
ATLAS ON FINGERPRINT OF WESTERN INDONESIA OIL

R & D Division for Exploration Technology
email : bambangwtm@lemigas.esdm.go.id
PPPTMGB LEMIGAS is one of government

institutions that is often taken as a reference in
giving solution to problems faced by oil and gas
industry in Indonesia, starting from exploration
problems down to environmental pollution caused
by this industry. Now that there have been increases in the occurrence and diversity of cases
that occur, indirectly LEMIGAS is required to give
solutions to the cases rapidly, precisely, and accurately.
That is why the existence of a complete, credible and easily accessed oil fingerprint database is
required. This database will be greatly helpful in
solving environmental pollution problems, particularly those that occur in Indonesian waters, because the database contains geochemical data of
oils of Indonesia. In addition to their use in environmental pollution problems, it is quite possible
that the geochemical data be developed to solve
other problems such as the problems of well production, or production allocation in comingled
wells, as well as other problems.
The methodology of this database
preparation began with mapping of oil
industry that happens in each basin,
then oil samples were collected that can
represent the geography and reservoir
in each basin. Then geochemical analysis was conducted such as by GC and
GCMS-MS, and the geochemical data
was inputted into a GIS based database.
In the 2009 period, some 400
samples of oils were collected from
North Sumatra Basin, Central Sumatra
Basin, South Sumatra Basin, and parts
of Sunda Basin, that included those from
offshore as well as onshore. The development of the database system is still
ongoing for improvement stages so that
the database will be more user friendly
in its application.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The aim of the study is to prepare a GIS based

fingerprint database of crude oils of Indonesia that
can be used to solve problems that occur in oil industry in Indonesia.
The concept used in the study was to collect
oil sample from each basin then to input their
geochemical analysis results into GIS based database system.
The methodology used was by taking oil sample
from each basin by taking into consideration the
representation of the geographical distribution of
each well in a basin and the representation of reservoirs in the basin. Then the samples so collected
were subjected analysis by use of available instrument such as Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GCMS
MS). The preparation of the database was conducted in parallel with the sampling of oils and
analysis of data, so that as the analysis result data is
available it can immediately be inputted into the
database system. The main result of the study is
11
the availability of fingerprints of oils of Western

Indonesia that consist of presentation of well location map and geochemical data of oil sample from
the well. The following are some of the presentation of database system of fingerprint of oil of Indonesia.
The main benefit of the development of this
atlas of oil fingerprint is the availability of a comprehensive and credible database to support
12
LEMIGAS in handling problems that occur in oil

industry in Indonesia from exploration to environmental pollution problem.
The impact of this development of atlas of fingerprint of oil of Indonesia is expected to facilitate
the process of analysis of data into a more precise
and accurate conclusion so that it can be used for
further needs.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS TERRAIN OF UPPER KUTAI BASIN

Exploration activities in Upper Kutai Sub-basin has been conducted since 1930. Exploration
drilling was conducted on Mamahak-1 and
Mamahak-2 wells in Upper Mahakam region by
BPM-Shell in 1941. Drilling of Mendung-1 well in
Kedang-Pahu river was conducted by Kaltim-Shell
in 1975. In 1982, Union found gas condensate accumulation in Kerendan area that originated from
Late Oligocene carbonate. In 1982-1989, ElfAquitaine Indonesia conducted exploration and
drilling activities on Batuq-1 well in 1988, but it
was dry hole.
The methodology applied on secondary and
primary data comprised interpretation of PALSAR
satellite image data, field study and laboratory

analysis, subsurface data analysis and evaluation,
petroleum system evaluation, and mapping of prospect and lead area, as well as hydrocarbon resource
computation.
Palsar image interpretation was focused on
identifying the existing rock units and geological
structures. Based on the palsar image interpretation there were identified 24 rock units and three
geological structures namely fold, fault, and joint.
Based on the results of field and laboratory studies and supported by biostratigraphic and
petrophysical analyses on Upper Kutai Sub-basin,
it was known that sedimentation development be-
Figure xxx
Stratigraphic Column of Upper Kutai Basin
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
13
gan in Early Cretaceous-Early Eocene where the

sediment was dominated by land (Kiham Haloq
Formation). Then on top of it there was Mid-Late
Eocene fluvial-deltaic sediment (Batu Ayau Formation) and shallow marine sediment that consisted
of sandstone, clay and stratified limestone and reef
of Early-Late Oligocene (Ujoh Bilang Formation).
From the results of analysis on surface and well
samples it was known that the sedimentary rock
in Upper Kutai Sub-basin is of Paleogene to Neogene age where it was grouped into five sedimentary formations, namely Tanjung Group, Ujoh
Bilang Group, Bebulu Group, Balikpapan Group,
and Kutai Group.
Sedimentary rock in Upper Kutai Sub-basin
that acts as source rock is black shale of Kiham
Haloq Terrestrial Formation, Batu Kilau Formation
shale (TOC: 0.67-0.69%), Tmax 435-439C, HI: 1930), and Batu Ayau shale (TOC: 0.77, Tmax: 440C,
HI: 16).
On the other hand, the reservoir rock is sandstone of Kiham Haloq Formation (Fluviatile-Deltaic) of Mid-Late Eocene age (porosity 13-19%),
permeability 1.2-268 mD), Batu Ayau Formation
limestone of Late Eocene age (porosity 4-8%),
Ujoh Bilang Formation sandstone of Oligocene age
(porosity 14.1%, permeability 0.58 mD) as well as
Ujoh Bilang Formaton limestone of Oligocene age
(porosity 4-8%).
14
Typical porosity that developed particularly

for sandstone covers interparticle pore and
microporosity formed by pseudomatrix that comprises debris of unstable fragments resulting from
weathering process. On the other hand for limestone the porosity is that resulting from dissolution such as moldic and vuggular.
Hydrocarbon migration process occurred vertically and laterally, with the traps in the form of
structural traps (fold and inverted fault fold) and
stratigraphic trap.
The play model that is found in Upper Kutai
Sub-basin is Kiham Haloq Formation Fluviatile
Sandstone play of Paleocene age, Batu Ayau Formation (Fluviatil-Deltaic) play of Mid-Late Eocene
age, Batu Ayau Formation limestone play of Late
Eocene age, Ujoh Bilang Formation Sandstone play
of Oligocene age, and Ujoh Bilang Formation Limestone of Oligocene age.
The result of gas resource computation of Upper Kutai Sub-basin with average P(50) scenario
is 77,734.84 MMSCF and recoverable resource is
58,301.13 MMSCF.
The benefit and impact of this study are among
others that Upper Kutai Sub-basin resource is
known and can be used as reference for oil and
gas field exploration/development program and
can be used as material for offering oil and gas
terrain by the government (Directorate General
of Oil and Gas).
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND HC POTENTIAL OF PRE-TERTIARY BASIN

IN KEPALA BURUNG REGION, PAPUA
Paleogeographic study is not intended for reconstruction of geographic position of the study
area which in Pre-Tertiary age was located far to
the south and attached to Australian Continent, but
it is to study the ancient sedimentary environment
at that age. The study area has been located in its
present position since Neogene age. This study
proved that the Pre-Tertiary Sediments in Bintuni
Basin are rich in flora and fauna fossils that made it
possible to reconstruct the paleo environment of
sedimentation. This is the first time one can ac-
cess the fossils along the Perm-Cretaceous age sediments. The Late Permian age is indicated by the
absence of sediments in Ofaweri-1 well which
probably was land (erosion). This condition was
supported by the presence of land environment in
its western part in Wiriagar Deep-4 well. The sedimentation environment changed from deepening
to literal eastern-ward in Ayot-1, Sebyar-1, and
Roabia-1 wells and even more deepening to be deep
neritic in Vorwata-1 well. Its Early Jurrasic age is
characterized by the absence of sedimentation (?
Figure xxxx
Observation Cross-section and location of sampling of Ainin river that is devided into
Cross-section I and Cross-section II
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
15
erosion). The same thing was found in Mid-Jurrasic

age where intensive erosion occurred so that most
of sediments of this age could not be found particularly in the northern parts namely in Wiriagar
Deep-1, Sebayar-1, Ayot-1, and Mogai-1 wells or
probably this area was a high place at the time.
This condition is supported by the fact that sedimentation environment in other wells is relatively
shallow. The deepest environment is found is
Vorwata-1 well, namely shallow mid-neritic (2050 m) and towards the west even shallower
(Roabiba-1, Ofaweri-1, Wiriagar Deep-4), Upper
Jurrasic age is denoted by the formation of deep
litoral neritic environment in the western parts
(Wiriagar Deep-4 and Ayot-2 wells) which gradually changed to deeper (deep neritic-mid shallow
neritic) Vorwata-1, Roabiba-1, and Ofaweri-1
wells). Early Critaceous age is denoted by the occurrence of erosion so that sediments are only
found in Sebyar-1 and Ayot-2 wells which were
formed in shallow-neritic-outer neritic (20-200
m) environment. Late Cretaceous age is dominated
by marine sediments where the center of the basin is located in Wiriagar Deep-4 and Vorwata-1
wells. Deep neritic-mid neritic (0-50 m) environment in Sungai Ainin outcrop and Ayot-2 well
(northwestern) changes to deepening into lower
bathrial (4000 m) in Wiriagar Deep-4 and
16
Vorwata-1 wells and becomes shallower again into

outer neritic-upper shallower again into outer
neritic-upper bathial in Ofaweri-1 well (southeastern).
Petroleum system analysis showed that the
main hydrocarbon source rock is located in the
Permian-Jurrasic Ainim Formation. Shale found in
Tipuma Formation (Kimbelangan-Bawah) is
thought to be secondary source rock Ainim Formation and Tipuma Formation sandstone is
thought to be the main reservoir rock whereas
Tipuma Formation clay and Jass to be the cap rock.
Hydrocarbon mainly accumulated in structural
trap as the result of Late-Miocene period formation. Kitchen area is mainly found in the southern
part where Ainim Formation source rock is buried by more than 15.000 feet and then migrated to
anticline traps in the north.
The study of hydrocarbon resource of Pre-Tertiary sediment in the study area succeeded in mapping 6 potential structure that can be divided into
4 leads, 1 prospect, and 1 proven. The computed
resource based on this study is speculative, as follows: Wiriagar Deep structure lead has total inplace resource of 98 million cubic feet of gas.
Whereas Mogoi Deep prospect gives a total inplace resource of 111 million cubic feet of gas.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
2D AND 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION IN EAST NATUNA REGION

The aim of this study is to give information

concerning hydrocarbon potential in East Natuna
Basin of which the results can be utilized for the
purpose of exploitation in the future. To achieve
the aim, the study has the following purpose:
- To conduct geological study
- To analyze several aspects that support the existence of petroleum system
- To know the potential and distribution of
source rock, reservoir rock, seal rock and hydrocarbon trap
- To map the potential area for hydrocarbon exploration in East Natuna basin.
East Natuna Basin is located in Natuna District
which administratively is part of the Province of
Riau Islands, and it is located in the border of Indonesia-Malaysia and Indonesia-Vietnam. The choice
of this basin was based on, among others, the discovery of gas, and in addition the region is included
in the category of for development.
In general the study area covers more than
85.000 km2, facilitated by 56 seismic cross-sections (16.500 km) in the form of digital data (Seg
Y) and 34 well data. In general the quality of the
seismic data is not very good, so that it complicates interpretation. Also, there are only 6 wells
that were provided with checkshoot. Then supporting data for biostratigraphic analyses and
source rock potential are also very limited.
The methodology of the study started with literature study and data collection then regional geology analysis and evaluation were conducted to
identify areas with thick and good quality sediment as well as geological evolution that supports
the presence of oil and gas. Well log analysis, regional stratigraphic correlation with well data, seismic interpretation and analyses, and regional geological structure were also part of this stage of the
study.
Based on the above interpretation, structural
contour and isochrone/isopac maps were proLEMIGAS REPORT 2009
duced. At present condition East Natuna Basin consists of several local lows separated by basement
rock highs. Orientation of the lows and highs is
generally north-south bordered by several normal
faults. The faults normally controlled sedimentation
of Early-Tertiary rock and parts of the activity continued to Late-Tertiary. Fault movement was probably accompanied by sedimentation particularly
toward the end of Early-Tertiary, namely during
the formation of Arang Formation. In addition to
normal movement, some larger faults are believed
to move horizontally followed by formation of
relatively vertical fault plane.
Some lows that were formed, among others
around AV-IX and Serasan-1 wells (5250 msec);
southwest of Paus South-1 well (5100 msec);
north of Lemadang well (4450 msec); and east of
Sokang-1well (3700 mmsec). Other local lows
were also formed, mainly at the depth of around
3000 msec, such as found in the west of AC-IX well.
Sediment on the lows was separated by several
sequence/subsequence boundary of which the
phenomena can generally be followed to the whole
basin. Based on seismic interpretation there are
12 sequence boundaries and 11 sedimentation sequences. Sequence 1 is equivalent to Gabus Formation, Sequence 2 and 3 are equivalent to Arang
Formation, Sequence 4, 5, and 6 are equivalent to
Muda Formation.
Seismic facies that developed indicate land
transition sedimentation unit, shallow coast/sea,
slope and deep basin. The condition is characterized by the formation of seismic reflector of lowmedium/strong amplitude, somewhat continuous
in pregrading clinoform, onlapping, mounded and
sheet, particularly younger sediment.
Based on well data boundary correlation was
made, other than sequence boundary correlation,
base rock correlation was also made, but not all
wells can be correlated because only Cipta B-1 and
AP-IX wells reach the base rock. This sequence
boundary is related with the well and is used as
17
Figure Lead Map of Study Area
regional reference for mapping of rocks that have

potential to be source rock, reservoir rock, and
seal rock.
Then, aided by biostratigraphic and well data,
facies, paleogeographic, and chronostratigraphic
maps can be prepared and the results can be used
for tracing the evolution of the studied basin by
reconstructing in one dimension or two dimensions. At this stage 2 Dimension basin modeling is
made to obtain a clearer picture on the petroleum
system in the basin so that it can be known the
areas that have good hydrocarbon potential. Sub18
sequently in the potential areas potential traps are

searches, the traps (P&L) so discovered can be
estimated their resources.
East Natuna basin has the form that is relatively
elongated North-South direction and is classified
as cratonic expansion with an area of about 85,670
km2. The geological structure that developed in this
basin generally has direction of north-south,
southwest-northeast, and northwest-southwest. In
this area only small folds are found and generally
they are associated with lateral faults that tend to
the right and have northwest-southeast direction.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The trends for occurrence of normal faults and at

least the faults intensity indicated that during the
Miocene regime the dominant structure in East
Natuna basin was extensional/pulling. Similar to
West Natuna, the tectonic in the eastern and northern of East Natuna basin was not active during
Pliocene-Pleistocene. However in the southern
part Pliocene aged faults occur, probably related
to the lowering of the fault and the rate of sedimentation in the eastern part. Such acceleration of
sedimentation also results in diaprism in the southeast of the basin.
Sedimentation in this basin began in Oligo-Miocene namely in the form of sedimentation of
Gabus Formation that occurred without conformity on metamorphic rock of which the materials
originated from denudation of the high that existed
near the basin. This formation consists of sandstone, shale, and conglomerates, as well as coal layers at the upper part that were deposited in fluvial-transition environment.
The sedimentation was followed by deposition
of Arang Formation during Early Miocene-Mid Miocene. At transition environment to the sea. This
formation is composed of layering of sandstone,
siltstone, and delta shale up to shallow sea. This formation thickened towards the north.
During Mid MioceneUpper Miocene, due to

tectonic activities, shelf carbonate environment
grew in the northern part of the basin that was
then followed by Terumbu Formation limestone
deposition. Local horsts of reef were found in the
upper parts, whereas dolomite developed in the
northern part of the carbonate shelf. In some places
these horsts continued to developed until Lower
Pliocene. In the meantime at relatively the same
time in the southern part of the basin Arang Formation deposition continued to develop until UpperMiocene, so that further to the south Terumbu
Formation fingered with Arang Formation.
The youngest formation sedimentation in the
basin occurred in PliocenePleistocene namely in
the form of deposition of fine sediments of Muda
Formation in outer neritic that are widely spread
in the whole basin.
The source rock in this basin consisted of
Gabus Formation shale and Arang Formation. Based
on the the results of geochemical analyses of some
wells in East Natuna basin, it was known that Gabus
Formation shale has TOC ranging from 0.55% to
2.9% with its kerogen type consisting of vitrinite
and inertinite, whereas for Arang Formation its
TOC ranged from 0.9% to 3.41% and some thin
layers of coal in this formation has TOC up to
Stratigraphic Sequence Correlation (well log and Biostratigraphy in Southern part of East Natuna Basin
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
19
Petroleum System Column
55.62%. Thermal maturity of these two formations

in some places has reached mature stage, particularly for Gabus Formation.
The most potential reservoir rock in East
Natuna basin is Terumbu Formation Limestone
and Gabus Formation sandstone. Terumbu Formation limestone reservoir developed well only in
the northern part of the basin, generally it is, me20
dium to good with average porosity around 2032% and average permeability 10-350 mD however it can reach 1700 mD. Gabus Formation limestone has relatively good reservoir quality with a
porosity reaching 33 mD.
The main seal rock in East Natuna basin is
Muda Formation shale which spread in relatively
wide area. Arang Formation can act as local seal
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
for the reservoir which is located underneath. Shale

intercalation at sandstoneshale alternation can act
as inter formational seal.
Based on 2D modeling, expulsion and migration on source rock is thought to occur at first in
Late Miocene and the peak HC formation and migration occurred in PlioPleistocene. Present day
HC formation is thought to be still occurring in
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
deeper areas. The path of migration generally occurred through faults as well as up dip layering
boundary plane.
Based on petroleum system evaluation as well
as subsurface mapping, the northern part of East
Natuna.basin is a favorable area for further development in hydrocarbon exploration.
21
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION

FOR SHALLOW WELL
well. Many specialities are required to realize this

program activity namely experts in mechanics,
electronics, instrumentation, physics, geology, and
computer control.
In the last several years some components have
been successfully designed and constructed namely
the pulley and cable, electrical motor depth measuring instrument, protective cover, and recording unit. Some sensors/probes (sensor with its
protective cover) have been designed and constructed such as electromagnetic
induction sensor, gamma ray
probe, sonic probe. The performance of the probes has been
tested in the laboratory and the
field.
The probe that contains electromagnetic sensor has been
field tested in Ledok 09 well and
Ngrayong-6 and was found to
function well. In Ngrayong-6
there was already its casing, so
that the electromagnetic induction probe only showed liquid
Figure L-9
level rather than Oil Water
Idea of design and engineering of Gamma ray protector
Contex (OWC), but for open hole
after conducting Ngrayong test
type well the electromagnetic
probe can show the OWC. The
probe that contains gamma ray
design and engineering of this instrument began
and sonic sensors still requires some time for imwith literature study, selection and purchase of
provement because it is feared that there are still
components, testing of performance of the instrusome leaks in the casing that protects it from mud
ment in the laboratory, and actual testing in the
and pressure as well as high temperature.
Design and engineering of well log instrumentation for use in shallow wells (old wells) have been
carried on since the last few years. The aim was to
make a low cost instrument that can be used to
explore oil and gas in old wells with the purpose of
discovering the potential hidden in the wells. The
equipment designed consisted of several components, protective cover, depth measuring instrument, pulley and cable, electrical equipment, electrical generator and battery. The methodology in
22
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
STUDY OF COALBED METHANE GAS IN EAST KALIMANTAN

Currently Indonesia has been entering Coalbed

Methane (CBM) era since the execution of Pilot
Project in Rambutan, South Sumatra Basin. In East
Kalimantan province, CBM potential is found in
Kutai basin and Tarakan basin. The study of
Coalbed Methane potential in East Kalimantan in
the 2009 program was conducted in Kutai basin.
This activity forms part of development of basic
data on CBM potential in Indonesia, of which the
results are expected to be useful for supporting
the government in offering CBM energy resource
Figure 4
\Log Sensibility Analysis
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
potential in the future and can be used as development of alternative energy in Indonesia.
Balikpapan Formation and Warukan Formation
are of Miocene age and comprise major coal bearing formation in Kutai basin. Balikpapan Formation has a thickness of 480 m that consists of 22
coal seams. The thickness of Balikpapan coal is
around 62 m where each seam has thickness of 2
m (Stevens and Hadiyanto, 2004). Warukin Formation has thickness of more than 1300 m where
there are around 30 coal seams with thickness of
Figure 5
Presentation of Log for CBM Analysis
23
some layers reaching 13 m (Stevens, 2003 unpublished report).

The methodology of this study is conducted by
tracing the following path: literature study followed by inventory activity and interpretation of
data of a number of selected key cross-sections,
laboratory analysis, data analysis and evaluation,
and reporting.
In the study of coalbed methane potential in
East Kalimantan, analysis was conducted on 31
seismic cross-sections and 9 well data. From the
results of seismic and well data analysis, it can be
mapped two cycles coal deposition in the study
area. Coal analysis was also done on 6 subsurface
24
samples for knowing the level of maturity and the

maceral composition. From the results of Gas In
Place computation it was found that the volume
of gas in the two coal deposition cycles in the study
area is 10.3 TCF for the whole area of the study. At
high prospect area 1, in place gas volume is 5.5
TCF and high prospect area 2 in place gas volume
is nearly 1 TCF.
This activity is part of development of basic
data on CBM potential inventory in Indonesia, particularly in Kalimantan, of which the results can be
used to support the government in offering CBM
energy resource potential in the future and can be
used as development of alternative energy in Indonesia.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF COALBED METHANE AND EOR

LABORATORY
R & D Division for Exploitation Technology
email : egos@lemigas.esdm.go.id
Considering the increase in interest of oil and

gas companies in developing alternative energy,
particularly Coalbed Methane (CBM), the role of
CBM laboratory will also increase in providing data
that are required for evaluation of potential and
characteristics of coal seams as the producer of
methane gas.
In line with the aim of establishing LEMIGAS
CBM Laboratory, namely to support research and
development of CBM pilot plant in Rambutan Field,
South Sumatra, LEMIGAS-CBM Laboratory has
been provided with facilities and infrastructure
and has capability to conduct various analyses on
coal samples resulting from drilling of five wells
that were done during the last five years.
This study is the continuation of previous study
(2008) that had carried out analysis of samples
from two CBM wells, while in the present study

(2009) test was conducted on CBM laboratory data
from five CBM wells of Rambutan Field on CBM log
analysis equations or vice-versa. This means that
the present study will give better presentation of
the potential of Rambutan field as the study area.
The most important and strategic data for the
success of a CBM project is the determination of
gas content in the solid coal. In Rambutan Field gas
content determination has given important learning on the quality of the data, thus not only the
readiness of personnel and field laboratory apparatus are required but special drilling rig and coal
barrel are also required for CBM testing.
The experience since the beginning of CBM
laboratory establishment in LEMIGAS (as pioneering CBM laboratory in Indonesia) raises realiza-
Picture of Location of Study Area as area for CBM Well Pilot Project, Rambutan Field, South Sumatra
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
25
tion that competence, mastery of method, equipment facilities, and experience in conducting
analysis and evaluation of data are very important
and must continually be improved, so that
LEMIGAS CBM Laboratory will become:
- A realiable laboratory that gives laboratory data
of high accuracy and reliability.
- Gradually, this laboratory will meet all the needs
of laboratory data in national and international
CBM industry.
To achieve the aims, it is important to conduct
evaluation on LEMIGAS CBM Laboratory capabil-
26
ity in producing high quality data. The study for

increasing CBM Laboratory capacity is focused on
increasing mastery in analytical method and quality of laboratory data, by doing analysis on coal
samples from all seams of the five CBM wells and
conducting repeat analysis on some samples, so
that there is significant addition of data. Thus reformulation based on old data and new data verification was also done by conventional CBM log
analysis equation, so that evaluation on the quality of laboratory data can be done and the most
important is that it can increase the confident level
on the performance of the CBM laboratory.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
OPTIMIZING CBM WELL DEWATERING PUMP

Generally coal seams are saturated with water. Due to the pressure of such water, CBM is held
in the coal seam. Therefore CBM production is
closely related with dewatering process, namely
water is drained from coal seam with the purpose
of assisting in disengaging methane gas so that it
can be produced.
In dewatering process, water cannot flow naturally, so that artificial lifting is required. In general
the method for lifting is by using sucker rod pumps
or Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) that is the basis proposed in this research program.
This dewatering process is one of the important stages in producing CBM, so that it is necessary to have appropriate lifting method in line with
the conditions of the well and the fluid to be lifted
Figure xxx
CBM Well Diagram
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
so that the dewatering process occurs at the best

optimum. If the lifting method applied is not the
appropriate one, then the dewatering process becomes inefficient in the aspects of operation, cost,
and time.
This study aims to optimize the dewatering
process from the aspect of the pump. The methodology of the study includes literature study supported by the field data by taking samples in CBM
field Rambutan. CBM well in Rambutan Field began
dewatering stage in 2008 by using sucker rod pump.
The first pump optimizing was done on existing test with acoustic equipment. From the acoustic measurement it was known that the pressure
in CBM-1 was 223.8 psig, CBM-3 18.1 psig, CBM-4
466.5 psig, CBM-5 148.7 psig and liquid level in
each well computed
from pump intake
depth were, respectively 622 ft, 906 ft,
1197 ft, and 1647 ft.
The second optimizing was by evaluating the use of various type of pumps by
technical and economic consideration
when applied to CBM
well. From several existing pumps available
those that are suitable
form CBM wells are
SRP and PCP pumps.
PCP pump works
on the principle of
progressing cavity for
application in various
conditions.
This
pump is capable to
pump at the rate of 2
to 2000 BFPD, pump
27
Figure xxx
Coal Bed Methane Development Model
effective depth down to 4000 ft, and can lift oil of 5

to 50API gravity. The principle of progressive
cavity operation allows the pump to lift various
types of fluids, including among others water. It
28
has no valves in the well (internal valving) that

makes it impossible for gas lock to occur as in the
case of conventional pump.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
OIL AND GAS RESERVES INVENTORY AND PRODUCTION

BY PRODUCING REGION OF INDONESIA, 01-01-2009
Report on oil and gas reserves and production

by producing region 01-01-2009 was prepared as
an effort to support the Government in executing
the Law on Regional Autonomy and particularly
the Law on Financial Appropriation of the Central
Government (Law 33/2004) and Regional Government (Law 32/2004). In this case the government requires information concerning the share
in producing by each district and city all over Indonesia from which it will be known the amount
of revenue from oil and gas subsector that must
be allocated to each producing region.
In determining a region as oil and gas producing region, the main consideration is the presence
of well heads in the respective region. In case a
field is crossed by administrative region boundary, but data on well heads at each region is not
available, then the sharing will be computed by
volumetric proportional based on the available net
hydrocarbon pay. Then the figure of the split so
obtained will be used to determine their respective production allocations.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Regional boundary map of provinces districts

(kabupaten) and cities (kota), both for land region and sea region has been determined based on
the maps prepared by Bakosurtanal. The map can
change every time there is expansion of region or
establishment of new region that is agreed by the
respective Regional Governments. Marine administrative regional boundary for each Kabupaten/
Kota is 0 to 4 nautical miles, while over 12 nautical
miles it is under the authority of the Central Government.
From the study that has been done, based on
status 01-01-2009 data, there are 61 Kabupaten/
Kota regions in 18 Provinces and Central Government regions (>12 mils) that have proven oil and
production. The remaining proven reserves on 0101-2009 was 4,303.15 MMSTB of oil and
107,373.40 BSCF of gas, with the total production
of 356.70 MMSTB of oil and 2,820.49 BSCF of gas
in 2008.
29
INCREASING GEOMECHANICAL MODELING CAPABILITY FOR

DESIGN OF DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
Application of rock mechanics in upstream oil

industry is still very limited. There are problems in
drilling operation in the world such as well bore
instability, that cost USD 100 million per year in
exploration and development drilling, including the
loss of equipment during drilling. Conventional
technique of chemical aspect which in the past
was of major interest in this problem has now
changed. Well bore instability has begun to focus
on rock mechanics concept.
Formations at a certain depth consist of compressive stresses, vertical and horizontal, that are
called pore pressure. When drilling is done on a
formation, the load that has been left by the rock
must be born by the surrounding rock. Rocks that
have elastic characteristics will force pressure
concentration towards the well bore. When drilling is done on weak formation (easily collapse),
the pressure will cause the well bore to collapse.
Pore Pressure Result
30
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Sample Fracture Gradient Curve for Eaton Method
To avoid the pressure of the pore fluid into the

well bore or collapsible rock hole, a well must be
filled with well mud, the weight of the drilling mud
must be adjusted mainly to avoid the pressure of
the pore fluid whereas the aspect of rock stability
becomes of low priority. At good (strong) rock
condition it is not a significant problem, but at
rocks or formations that are easily collapse the
possibility of instability is determined by the smallest limit that can be allowed at mud weight and
not on pore pressure.
Drilling mud will cause stress concentration
so that mud specific gravity may not be too high
or too low since it may cause hydraulic fracture
on the formation, the risk of lost circulation and
possibility of blowout.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
In principle there are two types of well bore

failure. Compressive failure is caused by incompatibility of mud gravity and rock strength and the
pressures around the well bore. Whereas tensile
failure is caused by excessive mud weight compared to the smallest in situ stress.
Comprehensive failure is divided into two parts,
the first can cause enlarging of well bore diameter
due to brittle failure and caving on the well hole
wall. This will become a problem during the cementing work and log recording and log interpretation. This situation generally occurs on brittle
rocks but enlarging of well hole may also caused
by erosion, either hydraulic or mechanic, on badly
cemented rock. The second is reduction in hole
diameter which generally occurs on plastic shale,
31
sandstone, and siltstone. Sometimes chalk has the

same behavior. The phenomenon of well hole reduction causes drill pipe to get stuck and necessitates frequent reaming.
Tensile failure or hydraulic fracturing is known
as there is lost drilling mud. This can be reduced at
hydraulic pressure in the well hole that causes flow
on pore fluid.
Other application of rock mechanics is for
overcoming production problem, namely the problem of rock matrix debris that are carried over during production of fluids (oil, gas, and water) from
oil and gas reservoirs in Indonesia. Sand production began to occur when the stress born by the
formation exceeds the strength of the rock formation. The stress born by sand particles among others can be caused by tectonic force, overburden
pressure, pore pressure, stress due to drilling, and
the presence of pressure from the formation fluid.
Sand problem causes high production cost due to
frequent damage of production equipment such
as pump, compressor, flow-line and separator, and
also quite important is the decrease of production
rate in oil fields that suffer sand problem. In a larger
scale, sand problem has impact in the decrease of
national oil production.
In this research of 2009 budget, the aim is to
prepare a software related to geomechanical mod-
32
eling to overcome unstability in well hole and sand

problem by using rock mechanics data.
Determination of pore pressure and determination of fracture gradient by three methods,
namely Hubbert and Willis, Penhaker and Eaton
were applied into the software by using rock mechanics data such as poisson ratio. Then the pore
pressure and fracture gradient data were plotted
at a certain depth with equivalent mud weight
(EMW) unit, namely ppg (lb/gal
On the two curves that are obtained, namely
pore pressure and fracture gradient, a range of
value will be obtained for the allowable mud weight
window at each depth interval and casing depth
selection.
To see the reliability of the software so prepared, data of a well in East Kalimantan region that
has sandstone formation were applied to determine the range of allowable mud weight. Data from
well log, namely resistivity, density and sonic
(acoustic) were used to estimate pore pressure
and then with the three methods mentioned above
the fracture gradient was determined. From the
three well log data, all gave good pore pressure
and fracture gradient curves for determining the
allowable mud weight to ensure good stability of
the well bore.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON CEMENT

EXPANDING AGENT MATERIAL
Currently cement that is required for cementing operation of well is supplied from domestic
sources. However there is still found, directly or
indirectly, the in ability of the cement to function
as required. This inability of the cement is caused
by the varied conditions in well bore. Therefore
the cement must be mixed with suitable additives
in order to obtain optimum cementing result, where
currently the additives are mostly imported material.
The present study investigates the effect of the
use of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) as expanding agent
additive with varied composition addition and
temperature of conditioning on class G cement (Oil
Well Cement), among others chemical properties
of the additive, physical properties of the cement
pulp, particularly comprehensive strength, bonding, and permeability.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) is a substance found
in dolomite rock and functions to increase the
strength of cement rock in oil and gas well cementing, particularly at high temperature and pressure.
The objective of this study is to enable the use
of dolomite, that is a natural resource plentifully
found in Indonesia, as additive for drilling cement
Mixing Device
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
without reducing the quality of cementing result.

The aim is to solve the problem of unsatisfactory sealing of well bore.
The methodology used is laboratory test by
referring to procedure and equipment specified in
API Spec 10 (Specification for Materials and Testing of Well Cements) as well as SNI BSN.
The results obtained from this study of cement
material expanding agent, consist of:
- Addition of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) composition on drilling cement has great influence on
the comprehensive strength and bond strength
of cement rock.
- Magnesium Oxide (MgO) is a special additive
that can be used for wells with high temperature and pressure condition.
- Optimum addition composition for expanding
agent is 5%.
- Comprehensive strength tends to decrease if
additive material composition percentage increases in the cement suspension but shear
bond strength increases.
- Natural dolomite is quite suitable for use as expanding agent for temperature of up to 200C.
Fann VG Meter
HPHT Pressurized
Consistometer
33
DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION IN CARBONATE

RESERVOIR BASED ON PRODUCTION DATA AND OIL AND GAS
FIELD TEST DATA
Carbonate reservoirs have specific properties

and characteristics in that they have high level of
heterogeneity compared to sandstone reservoirs.
Field data indicated that their porosity and permeability varied but still following a correlation. Characteristics of fracture reservoirs are defined by the
presence of two different porous media that are
defined as fracture and matrix. WarrenRoot introduced two dual porosity parameters with parameter approach on single porosity. There are two
concepts for flow in fracture reservoirs namely
inter-porosity flow and storage capacity ratio.
In the oil and gas fields, we would like data of
fracture distribution that is simulated
from fracture data in the well bore. Fracture data

from well bore is taken from well test data (if exist) or simulated from production data. The method
used is by utilizing available calculus methods that
are taken at steep slope. Physically, the field that
has high production fracture would fall into low
production, so that the slope falls quickly. Since no
formal SPE method is available, while the dominant data available are production data, then in this
case the author provides calculus and geostatic
methods for conducting simulation. It is much recommended that the data obtained are correlated
with fracture data from well test.
Variogram
34
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
After fracture data from each well are obtained,

well coordinates must certainly be converted into
matrix coordinates for krieging simulation computation. Capitalizing on three data pairs (x, y, fracture), we can do krieging simulation with various
variograms that we have,
After the variograms achieved matching, than
krieging simulation can be carried out and distribution will be obtained in the form of 2D map as
well as fracture results on 200x200 excel matrix.
The 2D distribution pattern must be followed up
by the geologist so that the mathematical distribu-
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
tion pattern can be accounted for. In the mean

time, fracture product in excel matrix is the result
of computation based on quantitative simulation.
Retransformation of the coordinates into field coordinates must be done to make the data have
physical meaning.
The result of this software is known fracture
distribution in a certain reservoir layer based on
oil and gas field production data so that it will help
in making decision concerning the need to increase
the number of wells or further feed development.
35
DESIGN OF MUD FOR OVERCOMING DEPOSITION OF MUD

MATERIAL OR FORMATION DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE
The challenge to have higher production of oil

The study was done by using two types of mud,
and gas forces oil industry to carry out drilling in
namely water base mud and oil base mud. Oil that
zones that have higher temperature and pressure.
was used to prepare OBM was obtained from forSuch drilling is not without constraints that are
eign company Shell as well as local product from
caused by the complex conditions in the formadomestic source.
tion in addition to
the high temperature and pressure.
One effort to overcome problem in
deep well drilling is
by designing a drilling fluid (mud) program that can minimize drilling problems in the field that
are caused by using
inappropriate drilling fluid on a formation.
Laboratory
preparation of drilling fluid was done to
obtain a drilling fluid
that can sustain high
temperature and
Shale expansion by Various Kind of Mud
pressure as well as
formation contamination. This requires
It is hoped that from this research it will be
selection of additive types particularly the ones
that can endure high temperature and pressure and
obtained information concerning the advantages
are compatible with each others, where the mud
and disadvantages of each product so that if can
is formulated at various specific gravities, up to
be used to improve the design and functions of
exceeding SG 3.0 or 16.7 lb/gas. The resulting mud
drilling fluid in the field particularly those that are
is not expected to experience deposition due to deused in deep well drilling.
crease in additive function and contamination.
36
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
STUDY ON THE CAUSE OF SCALE FORMATION

IN OIL FIELDS IN SUMATRA
Survey results show that scale is a problem commonly found in Indonesia. Scale is one of the causes
of several problems in oil and gas production in
Indonesia because it can cause: formation damage, blockage of tubing, well holes or perforation
hole, and blocking of flowline. For this purpose a
study was conducted with the aim to investigate
the cause of scale formation in oil fields in Sumatra
and to study the technique to prevent and handle
scale formation in oil fields that have tendency to
have scale. It is hoped that this study will be useful
to obtain solution of the scale problem so that it
will not obstruct oil and gas production in Sumatra
and assist the government in determining inhibitors that are safe for the environment and compatible with the oil fields of Sumatra.
In execution of the activity, data inventory was
done in oil fields in Sumatra, covering North
Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, and South Sumatra and taking samples from oil fields in South Sumatra,
namely Gunung Kemala and Beringin fields. In addition to sampling, scale inhibitors were also collected (one from Pertamina and two from vendors)
for testing in the laboratory.
Scale tendency analysis of all fields in Sumatra
showed that the main cause of scale in Sumatra is
CaCO3. All fields did not show indications of CaSO4.
There are only two fields that recorded Ba++ ion
and all do not show tendency to form CaSO4 deposit.
Samples so taken were analyzed for their
chemical contents and scale tendency analysis was
done on samples from those oil fields. From evalu-
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
ation of scale tendency it was selected the scale

from Beringin field for use as the media for scale
inhibitor test.
All scale inhibitor showed relatively similar
performance at the recommended dose (5-10
ppm). Scale inhibitor A showed the best performance, but addition of more scale inhibitor causes
decrease in inhibitor effectiveness. Addition of
scale inhibitor did not show improvement in performance in fact caused decrease in performance
of inhibitor A and C, so that it is recommended to
always do inhibitor injection in accordance with
the recommended dose. Inhibitor B showed the
best performance of the three.
Since the main cause of scale is CaCO3 it is recommended to prevent scale by using inhibitor since
the well first begin production. Scale inhibitor must
be injected near perforation zone so that it can
prevent scale from very early stage to avoid subsurface scale formation. Inhibitor to be used should
be directed to prevent CaCO3 deposition as obtained from severe selection by laboratory test.
This is in order to avoid scale formation due to excessive addition of inhibitor.
To tackle scale that has already formed it is recommended to first clean up hydrocarbon deposition that has covered the scale by use of hydrocarbon solvent before dissolving the scale with acid.
Then dissolution is done by use of HCl at appropriate dose in line with the thickness of the scale by
using corrosion inhibitor to protect the pipe. The
formula use is 318 gallon of 15% HCl for each ft3 of
scale in the pipe.
37
WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING CO2 EOR SEQUISTRATION

POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
Current advance in EOR technology has created a variety of new methods that have never
before been applied. CO2 flooding or CO2 injection
into the earth for the purposes of increasing incremental recovery of oil has been popular in
America since 1970s. The method does not only
offer oil recovery but also can be served
as a means of storage of CO2 in geological formation to reduce CO2 emission in
the atmosphere. The aim of this research
is to produce a simple and efficient CO2
EOR sequestration worksheet in selecting the potential of depleted reservoirs
in Indonesia, that numbers in thousands
for CO2 EOR sequestration need.
The key elements in the worksheet
consist of technical and economic aspects. The two aspects are combined to
evaluate the potential of CO2 EOR sequestration implementation in an oil field. The
technical performance of CO2 flooding is
computed separately by using a simple
streamline simulation before its results is
used as input in the worksheet. Certain
case study that has been done beforehand
by using detailed numerical simulator is
used to validate the output of streamline
simulation by comparing the recovery
factor. The amount of trapped CO2 is obtained by deduction of total volume of
injected CO2 with the volume of CO2 that
come out of the producing well. The trapping of CO2 in EOR operation is caused
by the presence of various types of trapping mechanism that work on the reservoir. But in the simulator that was used
this time most of the trapping mechanism
is dominated by residual trapping. And it
is reported from the result of simulation
92600 MMSCF of CO2 is trapped at the
38
end of the project period with additional recovery of oil of 4.52% of the original oil in place
(OOIP).
In the past, CO2-EOR utilization was regarded
as a high cost investment due to the following reasons:
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
- Uncertainty in reservoir condition with respect

to failure and cost of investment
- Operator over designed CO2-EOR due to lack of
experience and fear of high level of corrosion
- Generally CO2-EOR is funded 100% by own
capital and the income can only pay back the
investment in 11 years or over.
Such condition is not different for this time, as
in the case study of economic evaluation of CO2EOR development in Jene Field. From the result of
computation, capital investment that covers construction utilities and auxiliaries, construction
housing and welfare, production facilities, movables and development wells requires MM$ 19.3.
Production facilities development cost is 39% of
the total cost, namely MM$ 7.5, total well development for water injection and CO2 injection is 34%
or MM$ 6.7. Whereas operating cost expressed a
cost per unit production of oil, namely operating
cost $ 2.75 per bbl and CO2 supply $3.25 per bbl.
With the above assumptions computation can
be made based on Standard PSC model of incre-
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
mental oil income versus cost expenditure, then

with a cumulative production of 6.2 million barrels and investment cost of MM$ 19.3, CO2-EOR
development in Jene Field gives the following economic indicators: (1) Contractor DCF Rate of Return 62.5% (ROR by Incremental Oil), (2) Contractor Net Present Value $15.1 MM, (3) POT 2.67
years, (4) Government of Indonesia NPV $91.4 MM.
From the above economic indicators CO2-EOR
sequestration project for Jene Field based on incremental oil is feasible.
In conclusion, the worksheet so prepared has
simplified the computation process compared to
by use of detailed numerical reservoir simulator
and more complex economic evaluation. Much
time can be saved and less work done when doing
initial screening of CO2-EOR sequestration potential by this worksheet. However, when potential
reservoir has been found, it is recommended to do
advanced stage reservoir simulation and more detailed economic evaluation in order to have a
higher degree of confidence.
39
PREPARATION OF SURFACTANT FOR APPLICATION

IN DISPLACEMENT OF OIL BY CHEMICAL INJECTION
The background of this research are several

problems, among others the decrease in oil production that occurs in practically all oil fields in
Indonesia since 1995, while it is not a simple matter to discover oil reserves in new field, the increase in domestic demand of energy, and the high
cost of world oil requires that enhanced oil recovery technology is absolutely necessary to implement in old oil fields that still have sufficient
amount of remaining oil in the reservoir.
One of EOR methods that are currently developing is chemical injection. The chemicals used
are alkali, surfactant, and polymer. The use of surfactant is to reduce interface tension between oil
and water. Supply of demand of surfactant for EOR
at national scale has not well developed therefore
research on surfactant preparation for enhanced
oil recovery by chemical injection is conducted.
The main aim of the research is to prepare surfactant with better formula for chemical injection
application. The research is planned for 5 years.
For the first year, research is limited to know the
correlation between the characteristics of surfactant content and results of screening test of sev-
40
eral existing surfactant for enhanced oil recovery.

The methodology of this research consists of
three stages, namely screening test, surfactant
characterization, and analysis of correlation between screening test results with the result of surfactant content characterization. It is hoped to
obtain information on the surfactant raw materials that can produce surfactant of high effectiveness.
The research was done with 10 surfactant
types that so far have resulted in relatively high oil
recovery in chemical flooding test, oil samples
from Ogan field with a viscosity of 15 cP at 70C
and shear rate of 75.
Compatibility test resulted in incompatibility
between surfactant solution with formation water at 15000 and 30000 ppm as shown by the formation of lumps or particles and insoluble surfactant in the formation water.
The test results show that there are two surfactants that have IFT of around 103 whereas the
others vary from 10-2 to 10-1 dyne/cm. The complete results are shown in Table 9.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Thermal stability test was carried out at 70C

for 60 days. Qualitative as well as quantitative tests
were done. Qualitative test was done by observing
the physical change that occurred on the solution,
whereas quantitative test by measuring IFT periodically during certain heating and comparing
with IFT before heating. As the case with compatibility test, this test showed that some surfactants
are affected by temperature.
Ten samples of surfactants were analyzed by
GC-MS. Nine out of the ten surfactants contain fatty
acid methyl ester (fatty acid ethyl ester) and fatty
acid component. Whereas one surfactant (CS
2000) does not contain such components from the
results it can be estimated that it is anionic type
surfactant of ester sulfonate. This type has the following structure:
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
R1-CH(SO3-Na+)-COOR2 or R1-CH(SO3-Na+)COO-Na+
Surfactants have two active sides, namely polar and non-polar, GC-MS analysis does not allow
polar side (water) to be included in the analysis so
that the sample was extracted with chemical solvent and the polar site was analyzed. This extraction treatment allow short carbon branch to be
with polar part and thus was not included in the
analysis.
Surfactants have two active sides, namely polar and non-polar, GC-MS analysis does not allow
polar side (water) included in the analysis so that
the sample was extracted with chemical solvent
and the polar site was analyzed. This extraction
treatment allow short carbon branch to be with
polar part and thus not included in the analysis.
41
CHAPTER 3. OIL AND GAS DOWNSTREAM R/D PROGRAMS

A. TARGETS
The targets of downstream oil and gas research
and development activities execution in 2009 are
as depicted in Table 10.
The focus on execution of research activities
that are conducted in 2009 is more on the achievement of research and development targets on development of oil and gas processing technology
and their processing products. The distribution of
each program target achievement is shown in the
elaboratorion of each oil and gas downstream R/D
program described below.
The achievement of oil and gas donstream R/
D program targets that cover 14 research titles,
where 48.3 percent of the research activities
achieved the targets of development of processing
technology of oil and gas and their products, which
among others cover:
- Research and development of small scale gas to
liquid,
- Desulfurization of oil fuels by Membrane dan
Adsorption Method,
- Study for Preparation of Skid Mounted Membrane for Field Aplication,
- Research on Characterization and Utilization
of Coal Liquefaction Products,
- Study for Optimizing of Modeling of Local Crude
Based New Refinery for Reducing Oil Fuel Deficit (Simulation and Modeling).
- Study of the Effect of Gasoline Volatility on
Other Characteristics and Engine Performance,
- Study on the Effect of Pure Plant Oil (PPO) as

Diesel Generator Engine Fuel on Deposits,
- Study on the Utilization of Plant Oil from
Kisamir Seeds as Fuel Alternative to Kerosene,
- Research on Aromatic Content in Diesel Oil
for Development of Indonesian Diesel Oil
Specifications,
Study on Compatibility of Mixture of Mineral
Based Lubricating Oil with Plant Oil as Based
Lubricating Oil for Motor Vehicle Engine,
- Formulation of Environment Friendly Lubricating Grease,
- Formulation of Manual Transmission Lubricating Oil for Heavy Duty Vehicle,
- Ecological Evaluation of the Results of Monitoring of Oil and Gas Industry Activities,
- Inventory and Identification (Fingerprint) of
Crude Oils that Have Potential to Pollute Indonesia Marine Environment.
Biofuel Technology Development Program
achieved 20.7% that covers the following research activities:
- Study on Production of Aquatic
Chlorophyceae Microbe Biomass in Tube
Photo-bioreactor (Pilot plant) as Raw Material for Biofuel,
- Study on Development of Plant Oil Based
Green Fuel in the Framework of Energy Diversification,
- Optimizing of Ethanol and Butanol Production as Alternative Energy through Fermentation Process,
Table 10
Achievement of Target, Oil and Gas Downstream R/D Activities 2009
No.
42
OIL AND GAS DOWNSTREAM R/D PROGRAM
% TARGETS
2009
Development of Oil and Gas Processing Technology and Their Processing Products
48,30%
Development of Biofuel Technology
20,70%
Development of Natural Gas Storage and Transportation Technology
17,20%
CO2 Emission Reduction
13,80%
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
- Optimizing of Biodiesel Production Process,

- Study on the Effect of Application of Pure Plant
Oil (PPO) as Fuel for Diesel Generator on Engine Deposit,
- Research on Aromatic Content in Diesel Oil in
the Framework of Development of Indonesia
Diesel Oil Specification.
Biofuel Technology Development Program
achieved 20.7% that covers the following research
activities:
- Study on Production of Aquatic Chlorophyceae
Microbe Biomass in Tube Photo-bioreactor
(Pilot Plant) as Raw Material for Biofuel,
- Study on Development of Plant Oil Based Green
Fuel in the Framework of Energy Diversification,
- Optimizing of Ethanol and Butanol Production
as Alternative Energy through Fermentation
Process,
- Optimizing of Biodiesel Production Process,
- Study on the Effect of Application of Pure Plant
Oil (PPO) as Fuel for Diesel Generator on Engine Deposit.
- Research on Aromatic Content in Diesel Oil in
the Framework of Development of Indonesia
Diesel Oil Specification.
The achievement of oil and gas dowstream program target in development of gas storage and
transportation technology is 17.2% of where the
activities cover:
- Feasibility Study of Natural Gas for Small Scale
Fertilizer Plant,
- Research on Separation of Natural Gas Contaminants by Nano Technology
- Development of Techno Economic Model for
Coalbed Methane Utilization,
- Design of Preparation of Bioadsorbent for Storage of Gas in Gas Fuel Cylinder,
- Preparation of Corrosion Inhibitor Formulation
from Palm Oil Waste.
The CO2 Emission Reduction Program reached
13.8% that covers:
- Study on the Effect of Gasoline Volatility on
Other Characteristics and Engine Performance,
- Study on the Effect of Pure Plant Oil (PPO) as
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Diesel Oil Generator on Engine Deposit,

- Study on Aromatic Content of Diesel Oil in the
Framework of Development of Indonesian Diesel Oil Specification,
- Study on the Effect of Biodiesel Fuel in Reducing CO2 and Particulate Emission.
B. OUTPUTS
In general the output of downstream oil and
gas research program consisted of 1 pilot plant in
the form of bioadsorbent preparation design that
is expected to become a model for facilitating natural gas distribution to areas that are not yet
reached by pipeline. Patent applications amounting to 3 activities, patent application on Design of
Bioadsorbent Preparation for Storage of Gas in CNG
Cylinder, patent application on Preparation of Corrosion Inhibitor Formulation from Palm Oil Waste
and research on Separation of Natural Gas Contaminants by Nano Technology.
However there are some other activities in
addition to producing patents there are eight policy
inputs to the government such as optimizing of
biodiesel production process, optimizing production of ethanol and butanol as alternative energy
through fermentation process, gas to liquid conversion, separation of natural gas contaminants by
nano technology, utilization of coalbed methane,
completion of test of aromatic contents in diesel
oil marketed in Indonesia, and limited performance
test and endurance test in diesel oil that has impact on CO2 content reduction, and modeling study
for optimation of local crude oil based new refinery that will have impact on the reduction of oil
fuel deficit that also supports government policy
in solving the problem of energy scarcity. From all
those researches of LEMIGAS in oil and gas downstream sector, those that have been published and
in the process for publication reached 24%.
C. OUTCOMES
The results related to alternative energy development greatly support government program in
overcoming energy scarcity problem, one of which
is the result of research activity that is related to
biofuel technology. In addition to developing
biofuel technology, LEMIGAS downstream programs also produce activities that are focused on
oil and gas processing technology and gas storage
43
and transportation technology. These activities can

give solution to producing alternative fuels to substitute crude oil that is decreasing in availability.
Green diesel production technology that is based
on crude oil processing in its application can be
fed together with such feed as crude oil fractions
for processing into more valuable products.
In the case of gas distribution to difficult to
reach areas, the research on bioadsorbent design
for gas storage in gas fuel cylinders is expected to
become one of the solutions to the problem. Considering from the aspect of the produced energy
quality, one of the activities in downstream research in LEMIGAS has published a more efficient
technique in gas purification by adsorbent that is
made by nano technology.
The outcome of the donstream oil and gas research activities also covers:
- Patent application for Design of Bioadsorbent
for Gas Storage and Transportation in Gas Fuel
Cylinder that is hoped to become a model in distribution of natural gas to areas that cannot yet
be reached by pipeline network.
- Patent application for Preparation of Corrosion Inhibitor Formulation from Palm Oil
Waste. This patent application will have impact
on solution of corrosion problem and improve
gas transportation technology.
- The activity of Research and Development of
Small Scale Gas to Liquid as an input to government policy has impact on increasing the technology for natural gas conversion into organic
liquid products such as methanol and ammonia
that have better economic value.
44
- Development of Techno-Economic Model for

Utilization of Coalbed Methane as an input to
government policy has impact of gas utilization economic evaluation, so that it can be expected that such gas utilization will give financial income for the government.
- The results of Study on the Utilization of Nano
Technology for Separation of Natural Gas Contaminants is ecpected to be able to overcome
the problem of improving natural gas quality,
so that the quality of natural gas produced has
high selling price.
- The results of limited performance test and endurance test on exhaust gas emission, where
the aromatic content (total aromatic and
polyaromatics) in diesel oil need to be limited
in Indonesia diesel oil specification, so that the
quality of diesel oil can be improved.
Out of 25 activities in LEMIGAS downstream
research, 3 results have been published and 6 are
being proposed and these cover Research on Separation of Natural Gas Contaminants with Nano Technology, Development of Techno-Economic Model
for Utilization of Coalbed Methane, and Design of
Preparation of Bioadsorben for Storage of Gas in
Gas Fuel Cylinders. Up to April 2010, 3 oil and gas
downstream researches were in process for publication. Out of all LEMIGAS research activities in
downstream sector, those that have been published
and in process of publication amounting to 24%.
D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
The activities of oil and gas downstream research and development activities are described
in the following summaries.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
STUDY OF OPTIMIZING LOCAL CRUDE OIL BASED NEW REFINERY

FOR REDUCING OIL FUEL DEFICIT
R & D Division for Process Technology
email : aharis@lemigas.esdm.go.id
The condition of Indonesia oil refineries at

present and the rate of increase in oil fuel consumption that is 4.37% per year, will raise high
deficit in oil fuel from year to year. At the same
time, there occurs a phenomenon of fluctuation
and unpredictable world crude oil price. Although
based on crude oil balance and existing refineries
capacity, there is no more domestic crude oil remaining for processing in domestic refineries, although there are still some allocated for export
where most of the crude oil allocated for export
are KKKS right. Therefore a study needs to be done

on the possibility of utilization of ex-KKKS crude
oil as feed for a new refinery.
Based on the results of the study in 2008, it
was found that the most possible crude for feed of
a new refinery are Minas and Duri crudes to the
amount of 96.000 and 54.000 BSD or a total of
150.000 BSD (150 MBSD). With information the
prediction of oil fuels demand and their types up
to 2030 from Indonesia Energy Outlook, the proposed new refinery is studied with a variety of
Flowdiagram of Work Stages
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
45
Unit
CDU
GOHTU
GOHTU2
NHDT
Isomerator
GasoHTU
DHDT1
DHDT2
DHDT3
Reformer
FCCU
HCU
Coker
FCC HCU
FCC+
HCU
configurations with several alternative configurations to optimize oil

fuel yield with balanced gasoline and
diesel oil yields.
To produce gasoline, refinery
with FCC route is the best alternative. On the other hand refinery
with Hydrocracking route will give
optimum diesel oil production.
Therefore to produce balanced
gasolne and diesel oil products, an
alternative consideration is to combine the two routes, FCC and Hydrocracking.
In this study, the 3 alternative
refinery routes were evaluated and
46
Yield of oil fuels (BBM) from each refinery configuration are as

in following Table 12.
Yield (Barrel/day)
FCC
Type
With
Bensin 88
Without
Bensin 88
HCU
FCC+HCU
Bensin91
84.281
93.615
18.703
56.862
Bensin88
10.545
5.476
Diesel52
13.046
13.046
Diesel53
54.448
Diesel55
41.050
64.531
Total BBM
107.872
106.661
114.201
126.869
Total BBM%
71,91%
71,11%
76%
85%
optimized to produce highest quantity oil fuel with oil fuel qualities that are in accord with WWFC criteria. The software used in
this study is PetroPlan version 2.8 that has facilities and flexibility
in formulating and analyzing each alternative of proposed refinery
configuration.
For gasoline producing refinery, 2 alternative configurations
were obtained namely FCC route with Bensin 88 and FCC route
without Bensin 88. For diesel oil producing refinery HCU configuration was obtained and for diesel oil and gasoline refinery FCC +
HCU configuration. The units used in these configuration are as
shown in the following Table 11.
Determination of the best configuration of the four alternatives will have to go through more detailed economic study in 2010.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
OPTIMIZING OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCTION AS

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY THROUGH FERMENTATION PROCESS
The high dependence of Indonesia on oil fuels

(BBM) has put greater load on the government
when world oil price continues to increase, that
reaches US$ 70 per barrel in August 2005, because
of the increasing subsidy that must be given by
the government to the national oil fuel price. The
government in the end decided to reduce oil fuel
subsidy which resulted in increasing national oil
fuel price that was done in two stages namely in
March and October 2005. This resulted in quite
significant decrease in oil fuels consumption. According to Pertamina record, total daily consumption of oil fuels decreased by 27% after the increase
in oil fuels price on 1 October 2005, namely from
191,0 thousand kiloliter per day to 53,6 thousand
kiloliter per day. Whereas premium consumption

decreased quite sharply, namely 35.8% from 53,4
thousand kiloliter to 33.7 thousand kiloliter per
day. The cause of this consumptiopn decrease is
thought to be the increase in selectiveness of the
public in deciding daily activities to safe oil fuel
consumption.
Considering that conditions, the government
announced a plan to reduce Indonesias dependence
on oil fuels and issued President of Republic Indonesia Regulation No. 5 of 2006 concerning National
Energy Policy to develop alternative energy
sources as substitutes to oil fuels. This policy stipulates renewable resources such as plant fuels as alternative energy to substitute oil fuels.
Gas chromatography analysis of bioethanol and biobutanol
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
47
Indonesia has very great potential for producing bioethanol and biobutanol considering that
these plant fuels can take advantage of the geographical conditions and the raw materials for
plant oils which are available in various plants in
Indonesia. Some of the plants, among others, are
sugar cane, beet, corn, wheat, and cassava. It is
hoped that through this research bioethanol and
biobutanol can be produced by utilizing an agriculture product, namely cassava (singkong), so
that it can solve the problem of fossil fuel crisis in
Indonesia.
This research is a study on development of
bioprocess in effort to produce bioethanol and
biobutanol by the aid of microorganism activities.
The bioethanol and biobutanol so produced can
then be used in alternative energy utilization activities.
From the research that has been performed it
can be reported the results found. The result of
48
purification experiments in bioethanol and

biobutanol production optimization as alternative
energy through fermentation process showed that
percentage of ethanol obtained was 97,15% of the
total work volume, whereas for butanol it was
94,46% of the total work volume.
From the result of this research, it is hoped to
give input to the government concernning the technology for processing agricultural products, in this
case cassava, with fermentation system that involves microbes for producing bioethanol and
biobutanol as biofuel.
With the availability of agricultural product
fermentation technology for producing bioethanol
and biobutanol it is expected to give added value in
the form of biofuel, so that it can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. This is in line with President of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 5
of 2006 concerning National Energy Policy for
developing alternative energy as substitute for oil
fuels.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
OPTIMIZING OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS

In general the main energy source used in Indonesia originated from crude oil (fossil fuels).
However Indonesias demand on oil fuels (BBM)
keeps increasing from year to year so that it is
necessary to import them because domestic supply can no more be satisfied by refineries, particularly diesel oil (Solar).
Due to the decrease in crude oil reserves and
also environmental considerations as well as the
need to satisfy oil fuel demand, it is necessary to
seek ways to find alternative energy as substitute
to oil fuels, particularly diesel oil and also in the
framework of energy diversification. Biodiesel is
a potential candidate as substitute for crude oil
originating diesel oil, because it has similar characteristics with the fossil based diesel oil.
Biodiesel can be used as a blend in diesel fuel in
a proportion and/or be directly used without
modification of vehicles engine.
To produce biodiesel that meets the established
specification, efficiently and economically, it is
necessary to do more advanced research and development by use of plant based raw material. Also
it is necessary to add and develop the processing

unit in the pilot plant that is already available.
However, due to much complaints from
biodiesel users in its use as fuel in diesel engines,
then direct research by using biodiesel or its blend
(BXX) in motor vehicles must be done so that it is
possible to know the problems that occur.
One of the problem is that the technique of
blending biodiesel to diesel oil may cause problem
in vehicle engine performance. This is also necessary for conditions where no biodiesel blending
facilities are available in a certain area. In this research, blending technique was done by splashing
and it was done directly in the fuel tank of diesel
engined motor vehicle. The blending techniques
investigated were:
- Blending where biodiesel is charged first into
the fuel tank and then diesel oil (fossil) at a certain ratio (B20)
- Blending where biodiesel is charged last into
the fuel tank after diesel oil (fossil) at certain
ratio (B20).
Blend of biodiesel in diesel oil (B20) where the diesel oil is added last in biodiesel
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
49
Road test was conducted with Isuzu Panther

vehicle to see the effect on vehicle engine performance and also to test the exhaust gas emission. It
is hoped that during the operation of the vehicle
there occurs agitation or mixing of fuel blend. The
result of the experiment showed that flash blending technique by charging the biodiesel last after
the diesel oil caused fuel filter blocking longer compared to splashing technique by charging biodiesel
first before diesel oil. This is probably caused by
the fact that biodiesel is heavier than diesel oil, so
that blending with the condition where biodiesel
is charged first causes the mixing incomplete and
not homogeneous. The possibility of the cause of
fuel filter blocking is the formation of polymer
compound from ester due to the presence of double
bonds in the raw material.
50
The results of exhaust gas emission test showed

by opacity indicated that vehicle that used
biodiesel (B20) has lower opacity (36.20%) while
vehicle that used diesel oil (B00) gives opacity of
56.30%. Maximum threshold limit for opacity according to regulation is 40%.
In principle the resulting biodiesel product
meets specification equivalent to diesel oil (Solar).
What must still be developed is the problem of operational conditions and process technology to
give good quality biodiesel to reduce problems that
may arise in the use as fuel in diesel engined motor vehicle. The result of the execution of this research will be used as feed back for improving or
increasing the operational conditions of the pilot
plant and also for increasing the quality of biodiesel
that conforms to applicable specification.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC CHLOROPHYCEAE

MICROBE BIOMASS IN TUBE REACTOR (PILOT PLANT)
AS BIOFUEL RAW MATERIAL
At present many research and developments

obtained plant oil and residue. The plant oil is colof alternative energy are conducted with organic
lected for use as biodiesel base material, while the
matters as the base materials. One of the base maresidue can be used as base material for manufacterials that is potential and relatively lately being
ture of bioethanol. The residue of the bioethanol
developed is microalgae biomass of aquatic
process is then processed as animal feed or orchlorophyceae, that comprises collection of
ganic fertilizer. Thus the activity of this study opmicroalgae cells that in themselves contain plentierates under the principle of zero waste.
ful of algae oil. Microalgae are relatively easy to
In this study several media were used for miproliferate in lands that are not very large with the
crobial growth, namely PHM media, BG-11 mesupport of CO2 gas, water and sunshine. Sun ray
dia, BBM media, simple 1 media, and simple 2
acts as energy in photosynthetic process, namely
media. This test media were used to see the growth
as energy to support the biochemical process of
of several chlorophyceae microalgae to produce
sugar formation as the reaction product between
biomass. This microalgae is known to have the
CO2 and water in microalgae cells. The result of
potential to produce fat up to 40% dry weight of
microalgae proliferation is the formation of algae
biomass.
biomass that has potential oil
content as the base material for
biofuel
The aim of this activity is to
conduct a study on the utilization of aquatic microalgae
chlorophyceae as the base material for manufacture of
biofuel. It began with cultivation and activation of several
aquatic Chlorophyceae microbes in a growth media. From
this activity the biomass so produced was evaluated. Parallel
with such activity, preparation
and provision of test facilities
are made in the form of tube
photobioreactor for growing
potential Chlorophyceae. Then
after a conditioned growth facility is obtained evaluation is
made regarding its biomass proGraph Optical Density of mix microalgae in media simple 2
duction. The resulting biomass
with CO2 treatment
was separated from the growth
media and then processed to
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
51
The result of the research shows that out of

the four species of microalgae chlorophyceae being tested it was found that microalgae of the type
Scenedesmus sp has the best growth compared to
other microalgae growth. From the media being
tested for microalgae growth the media simple 2
showed the highest result and additionally has
more economic value then other media that were
used. The use of CO2 for microalgae media aeration produced microalgae mass better than the
media without CO2 aeration.
52
From the research it can be concluded that

microalgae that is quite potential for microalgae
oil production is the one of the type Scenedesmus
sp (S.dimorphus and S.quadricaude) in line with
observation on its optical density that is greater
than other miroalgae. Simple 2 media is quite
good for the growth of Mix microalgae (dominated by Scenedesmus sp in producting biomass.
Test by using CO2 will result in better production
of microalgae biomass compared to the one without using CO2.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT OIL BASED GREEN FUEL

IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ENERGY DIVERSIFICATION
The need for fuel currently continues to increase particularly in the transportation sector due
to the increase in the number of motor vehicles.
Therefore it is necessary to seek other sources that
can be used as substitutes of fossil fuels. Now the
trend to seek alternative sources to substitute oil
fuels has become the first priority. A promising alternative source is biofuel because it is renewable
source, environment friendly and easy in handling
and transportation. Biogasoline, namely palm oil
methyl ester that has composition equivalent to
gasoline is one of the biofuel that is still interesting to study to give a good product so that it can be
produced economically.
The process of conversion of plant oil into
biogasoline product can be done through catalytic
cracking process using various suitable catalysts,
such as zeolite with active metal. In its process it is
first subjected to hydrogenation followed by catalytic cracking process to obtain gasoline equivalent product.
In the fisrt year preparation was done on catalyst 3, 6, and 10% of total catalyst weight by dipping impregnation technique. And the catalyst prepared were characterized, namely surface area,
pore volume, pore diameter and metal content.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
In the second year 2008, the catalyst preparation was developed, namely Ca-Cr 3, 6, 10 % each
one with Cr 5% with co-impregnation technique.
Catalyst activity test was done in glass fixed bed
reactor, temperature of 450C. In the conversion
product short fraction is dominant, it is directed to
catalytic cracking process at 475C and 500C to
obtain optimum temperature.
In 2009, process optimizing was done by referring to the optimum conditions as was done in
laboratory scale last year, to obtain better product
characteristics by using mini scale catalytic cracking unit.
Highest conversion product was produced
by Ca 6% - Cr 5% - zeolite catalyst and the catalyst
was characterized for surface area, pore volume,
pore diameter, and XRD.
The catalyst was then applied in a unit that
was designed with optimum process conditions
to obtain maximum conversion and optimum selectivity.
Because the unit that has been designed up to
this moment has not been realized, the study continued to progress by using glass apparatus. On the
product resulting from this research GC-MS analysis was done.
53
RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS AND UTILIZATION OF COAL

LIQUEFACTION PRODUCT
Coal liquefaction is one of energy diversification, thus characterication of the product of coal
liquefaction (synthetic crude) is a must so that
with this research it will be seen how far Indoneia
is doing anticipation on the shortage of energy
source in the future.
The aim and purpose of this research is to
know the method for identification and characterization of coal liquefaction product (synthetic
crude), as well as the method for its processing in
order to meet the criteria as oil fuel. In addition
there will also be found the technology for identification and it will be understood the problems
related to handling and quality improvement of
the coal liquid as oil fuel.
The research on characterization and utilization of Coal Liquefaction Product is very important for PPP TekMira and PPPTMGB LEMIGAS,
because each R/D center is doing activities in accordance with its functions and it is expected that
there will be upgrading in the capability of researchers as human resource in both R/D centers.
There are some non-technical constraints in
obtaining maximum results, so that support of the
management department of both R/D centers is
expected to overcome and eliminate the constraints. One of the main constraints is the limitation in the part of PPP TekMira to produce coal
liquid product in sufficiently large volume. Currently PPP TekMira obtained synthetic crude in
limited amount from Nedo Japan.
Table 13
Operation Condition
No
Feed
Feed
HDT-1
HDT-3
HDT-4
HDT-5
200
200
200
180
180
Catalyst (gr)
20
20
20
18
18
P (Bar)
40
40
40
60
60
350-400
375-425
325-375
375-425
375-425
0,9533
0,9524
0,9531
0,9431
0,9328
T ( C)
SG 60/60
0,9718
Table 14
Specific Gravity
No.
54
HDT-2
Sample
SG 60/60
HDT-5
0,9328
Solar (Commercial)
0,8444
Solar + HDT-5 (10%)
0,8529
Solar + HDT-5 (20%)
Spec Solar
0,8622
0,8154 0,8705
The result of the research in this third year is

that it has been obtained distillation product of the
synthetic crude of which 30,90% by weight has
potential to be used as component of fuel. Improving the quality of synthetic crude distillation product fraction is done by use of hydrofining catalyst.
Due to the limited amount by syncrude, the number of experiment as well as the volume of product that can be produced are also limited. Specific
Gravity (SG) has decreased from Solar (diesel oil)
(feed) that is 0.9718 to product (HDT 5) 0.9328
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
with the target that needs to be achieved (Solar

specification) is 0.820 0.870. Blending was also
done on solar, namely Solar + HDT5 (10%) and
Solar + HDT5 (20%)
Due to the limited amount of synthetic crude
then the number of experiment as well as the volume of product obtained were also limited so that
the type of analysis of hydrofining product were
also limited.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
To obtain a more comprehensive experimental product, in 2010 budget year it is expected that
LEMIGAS can support by obtaining syncrude in sufficient amount (at least 30 liter). On this matter
LEMIGAS management can discuss it with TekMira
management that has communication with Nedo
Japan as the supplier of the syncrude.
55
STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF NATURAL GAS FOR SMALL

SCALE FERTILIZER PLANT
R & D Division for Gas Technology
email : yusepkc@lemigas.esdm.go.id
Indonesia currently has a total natural gas reserves of 164.99 TCF (1 January 2007 status). The
total amount comprises proven reserves of 106.01
TCF, probable reserves of 25.16 TCF and possible
reserves of 33.82 TCF. Most of the natural gas reserves are concentrated in Natuna (46 TCF),
Kalimantan (20.76 TCF), Sumatra (32.54 TCF), and
Papua (23.96 TCF) and Jawa (16.45 TCF).
With the quite large reserves of natural gas,
Indonesia should not have problem in supplying
natural gas as raw material for fertilizer industry.
However, due to existence of contracts between
gas producers and other countries, fertilizer plants
in Indonesia suffer deficit of gas supply. Meanwhile,
in Indonesia there are many marginal fields. Gas
from these fields can be utilized as raw material

for fertilizer plant because fertilizer industry presently is very much dependent on natural gas which
is the most efficient fertilizer raw material.
In this study the feasibility of natural gas for
small scale fertilizer plant that used natural gas
from marginal fields is studied, also the feasibility
of natural gas for use as small scale fertilizer plant
will be obtained, so that this system can overcome
the problems of fertilizer plants in Indonesia that
has deficit of natural gas as raw material.
The design of the small scale fertilizer plant that
uses gas with a capacity of 5 MMSCFD has the following composition.
Figure 1
Natural Gas Reserves of Indonesia (Source: BPMIGAS)
56
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Natural gas at a flowrate of 5 MMscfd, pressure 500 psia, and temperature 86F is first heated.
The gas then flows to the primary reactor together
with steam. Endothermic reaction occurs and produces a temperature of 1700F. The product of the
primary reactor is then fed into secondary reactor together with oxygen. The amount of oxygen
is adjusted so that the ratio between H2 product to
N2 is 3:1.
The product of the secondary reactor is then
fed into High Temperature Shift. In this reactor,
CO that is produced is converted into CO2 and H2
through a reaction that occurs at 1700F. The output of HT Shift will flow to waste heat boiler where
there will be circulation to produce high pressure
steam. The product of HT Shift then flows to Medium Temperatur Shift (MT Shift) where there will
occurs the same reaction as in HT Shift but at 800F.
The product of MT Shift is then fed into Low
Temparture Shift (LT
Shift). Reaction in LT
Shift is the same reaction
that occurs in HT Shift
and MT Shift. The product of LT Shift then
cooled and fed into CO2
removal. The solvent
used is MDEA. The CO2
product will later be fed
into urea production unit
whereas the synthesis
gas that is already clean
from CO 2 is heated for
subsequent feeding into
methanator.
The
methanator functions for
converting CO and CO2
that are still carried over
in the synthesis gas into
methane product and
H2O.
Product that comes
out of the methanator is
cooled and fed into dehydration unit. From this
dehydration unit the synthesis gas is then fed into
ammonia production
unit. Gas from the dehyLEMIGAS REPORT 2009
dration unit is first compressed. The gas then joint

the top recycle product from the separator unit.
Ammonia product is then cooled through gas/
ammonia exchanger and then cooled again in a heat
Table 15
Flare Gas Composition
Component
% Mol
CH4
90.00
C2 H6
5.00
C3 H8
3.00
C4H10
2.00
Molar Flow [MMSCFD]

Temperature [F]
Pressure[psia]
5
86
500
57
exchanger. The ammonia product is then fed into

separator. Part of the top product is purged and
then compressed. Ammonia product is then cooled
in heat exchanger and then cooled again for subsequently be fed into separator. Bottom of separator is ammonia of 96% mol purity. The outline of
the process can be simplified into a block diagram
as follows:
Next, ammonia that comes out of the separator in the ammonia production unit is pumped.
Ammonia then joins CO2 product that comes out
of MDEA unit in synthetis gas production unit. The
CO2 gas must first be compressed before joining
the ammonia. The blend of gas and ammonia is fed
into reactor.
In the following reactor the pressure is reduced
and then fed into distillation unit. In this unit parts
of the remaining ammonia is separated through
top product and recycled again. The bottom product of distillation unit is used that is still contain-
58
Table 16
Composition of ammonia and result of process
Component
CH4
H2 O
CO
CO2
H2
N2
O2
C2 H6
C3 H8
C4H10
C5H10
C6H14
Ammonia
Argon
Mass Flow (ton/day)
Temperature (F)
Pressure (psia)
% Mol
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.45
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
222.50
-39.91
2178.00
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Table 17
Composition of Urea and result
of process simulation
Component
CH4
H2 O
CO
CO2
H2
N2
O2
Ammonia
Urea
Argon
Mass Flow (ton/day)
Temperature (F)
Pressure (psia)
% Mol
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
380.00
86.00
25.00
ing components such as ammonia and water then

is reduced its pressure. Most of ammonia and water components that are vaporized are separated
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
in a separator. The urea bottom product that still

contains small amounts of ammonia and water is
separated in distillation column. Ammonia and water come out from distillation top product whereas
liquid urea comes out from distillation column
bottom. The liquid urea is then fed into crystallizer unit to make urea particles. The urea product
amounted to 380 ton/day.
In the next table it is shown the composition of
the result of process simulation for development
of Small Scale Fertilizer Plant with 5 MMscfd gas
feed as well as the mass of ammonia and urea produced as follows:
Whereas the urea produced by the small scale
fertilizer plant has the following composition:
From this activity it is expected to optimize
the utilization of natural gas from marginal plant
as raw material for fertilizer industry as well as to
give input to the government concerning the technology that can be developed for small scale fertilizer plant and at the same time gives gas supply to
fertilizer plants in Indonesia that in the end will
give an economic added value.
59
RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL SCALE GAS TO LIQUID

Currently natural gas is one of alternative energy to substitute oil fuel. Natural gas consumption experiences quite high increase every year.
With the increasingly rapid growth of transportation technology that utilizes gas as the fuel it make
it possible for distribution of natural gas from marginal fields to consumer to be feasible for development economically. Gas To Liquid (GTL) technology is one of the infrastructure that is developed
for distribution of natural gas from stranded gas
fields.
Conversion of natural gas into organic liquid
product such as methanol and ammonia has been
widely developed during the last decades. However
political condition, environment and economy
makes the topics concerning hydrocarbon industry oil and gas a trend at present.
The process for conversion of natural gas into
synthetic hydrocarbon liquid is not easy because
it must compete directly with liquid hydrocarbon
products that originate from crude oil distillation.
To face the challenge, an important part of mass
media publish and discuss again the chemical process technology that was once discovered by two
German chemists named Hans Fischer and Franz
Tropsch more than 70 years ago.
In the last several decades, this technology again
attracted companies that operate in energy sector, particularly since 1993, namely at the time
when Shell constructed a plant that converts natural gas into liquid hydrocarbon for the first time in
the world. In 2003, an EPC (Engineering/Procurement/Construction) company was contracted to
construct a gas to liquid conversion plant with a
capacity of 34.000 bbl/day in Qatar, this shows
that the growth of this technology is quite fast.
There are several matters that cause this gas
to liquid technology interesting, namely among
others:
a. The interest of many producers to control gas
sources that so far has been valuated as not eco60
nomical if developed with conventional method

(pipe line and LNG).
b. The interest of gas exporters that can do diversification of gas utilization as alternative to
conventional trade method of gas (gas pipeline/
LNG); GTL market is more flexible.
c. The interest of gas companies to work in gas
transportation without having to make investment for constructing gas processing plant.
d. The interest of refinery managers and
automakers to produce environment friendly
products (low contents of sulfur and aromatics).
e. Strategy and economic interest of oil importing countries.
There are many factors that make FT GTL technology very popular. This time, among others it is
the most appropriate infrastructure for developing stranded gas fields, it can penetrate new gas trading market, and it produces product of good quality and makes it possible to reduce the dependence
of transportation sector on oil fuel.
Currently, GTL plants, including the existing, in
development stage, and at design stage number
more than 30 plants, with a total capacity of1.2
Mbbl/day, including 160,000 bbl/day from existing plants. Mossgas and Sasol in South Africa and
Shell Malaysia are two companies that operate GTL
plants commercially.
All GTL projects that have been developed
commercially use processes under their own
names. Among others that have been developed
presently:
- Sasol, cooperating with Chevron in certain
projects
- Shell, has commercial plant of 12,500 bbl/day
capacity in Malaysia
- Syntroleum, has licence of Syntroleum Process
for some companies, including Arco, Ivanhoe
energy, Kerr McGee, Marathon, Repsol YPF
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
- Rentech, that developed and

patented process
- Exxon Mobil, that developed a
process known as AGC-21 (Advanced Gas Conversion for 21st
Century)
In general GTL is developed for
utilizing and increasing the sale
value of stranded gas, in other
words stranded gas means gas that
is not utilized for economic reason and/or small target market.
The stranded gas includes:
- Gas that is put again into associated gas field, that cannot increase oil producton
- Flare gas (waste gas)
- Reservoirs located very far
from consumers
- Marginal reservoirs and offshore that have insufficient or no gas transportation network.
As illustration of the development of natural
gas field for small scale GTL plant, assumed it has 5
MM scfd used as feed. The composition of the feed
consists of Methane 90%, Ethane 5%, Propane 3%,
Butane 2% with temperature condition of 86F
and pressure 50 psia. From the result of simulation by using process simulation software it is produced syngas that consists of Carbon Monoxide
(CO) about 6.992 kmol/day and hydrogen gas (H2)
about 13.984 kmol/day. Then this syngas is fed
into Fischer Tropsch to produce Diesel oil of about
216 barrel per day and Naphtha about 556 barrel
per day.
From economic aspect, there are three important parameters that determine the profit from GTL
plant namely investment cost of process unit, gas
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
GTL plant energy efficiency and carbon
price, and cost of product quality improvement

that is closely related to crude oil price.
The economic of GTL plant is much influenced
by capital cost (CAPEX) that is relatively more
expensive than oil refinery. For GTL plant that is
producing Diesel oil 216 bpd and Naphtha 556 bpd
the investment needed is about 15,44 million dollar and operational cost (OPEX) required is around
US$ 5.404 per day.
With the assumption of GTL plant construction is of low scale where the lifetime is 20 years,
tax 35%, strainght line depreciation, discount factor 9.9% (WACC method), production days 330
days/year, field gas prize US$ 7/MMBTU and Diesel oil price US$ 66.2/barrel and naphtha US$
58.6/barrel, it is found that IRR is 14.9% and POT
about 8.4 years. Thus the low scale GTL plant can
be constructed economically and technically.
61
RESEARCH ON SEPARATION OF NATURAL GAS CONTAMINANTS

BY NANO TECHNOLOGY
Nano technology is the design, fabrication,

characterization and utilization of material, structure, and equipment that has measurement of less
than one hundreed nanometers (1 nm = 10-9 m;
100 nm = 10-7 m) at least on one dimension. In
general nano technology is the capability to make
and design materials at molecular scale that enable
to develop the material to have better
characterictics such as having great strength but
lighter weight, have high capacity such as in electrical material and heat conductivity, have wider
surface of contact such as adsorbent material so
that it can adsorb contaminant in greater quantity,
etc.
The utilization of nano technology in the oil
and gas sector particularly for purification process of gas from its contaminants, is hoped to be
more efficient by enlarging the surface of contact
between the adsorbent and the gas being purified,
so that their adsorbent power is greater.
The research on Separation of Natural Gas Contaminants by Nano Technology is expected to give
an alternative adsorbent by application of nano
technology for separating contaminants, particularly H2S and Hg from natural gas, so as to give
cleaner oil and gas products. The purpose of this
research is to develop nano technology in Indonesia, particularly in natural gas purification technology, with the aim that the quallity of natural
gas being produced is cleaner and better. In addition it is hoped that the application of contaminant separation technique from natural gas is more
effective and efficient.
In this research, the natural gas contaminants
that are taken as the object are hydrogen sulfide
(H2S) and mercury metal (Hg). Up to now the use
of various adsorbent in eliminating the above mentioned compounds have been applied by the oil
and gas industry in effort to have clean quality
natural gas.
62
One of natural gas purification process is the

desulfurization process to separate H2S from natural gas and Mercury Removal for separation of Hg.
Generally the adsorbent used in separation of the
above contaminants is Fe2O3 based adsorbent in
the form of sponge or Mixed Iron Oxide namely
adsorbent that contains Fe2O3.H2O, to eliminate
H2S and zeolit (molecular sieve) and active carbon that is impregnated with sulfur, zeolite, molecular sieve and bentonite are the types of solid
absorbent that can be used for elliminating mercury vapor in natural gas.
Carbon active absorbent, in addition to capable
of adsorbing mercury vapour can also be used to
adsorb water vapour in the natural gas due to its
property as amorphous carbon compound. Active
carbon is produced from materials that contain
carbon or from char coal that has been given special treatment to give a wider surface area. The
surface area of active carbon generally varies between 300-3500 m2/gram and it is related to the
internal pore structure that caused the active charcoal to have adsorbent properties.
For this activity of 2009 the scope of the research activity is to identify the problem and technology of separation of contaminants from natural gas, study on the use of nano technology for
separation of contaminants from natural gas, and
testing of Fe2O3 as adsorbent for separation of H2S
contaminant from natural gas. In this report, it is
also presented the formulation of the model and
simulation of the use of active carbon adsorbent
to separate mercury from natural gas.
The methodology used in this research is survey of literature and standard reference concerning adsorbent and nano technology, analysis of
primary and secondary data, laboratory testing to
obtain nano scale adsorbent and to know its performance, formulation of model, and simulation of
separation of mercury (Hg) contaminant from
natural gas.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The adsorbent selected as the study material

to eliminate H2S compound from natural gas is an
Fe2O3 based adsorbent that has quite a large adsorption capacity, so that it can reduce H2S content to a certain concentration quite rapidly. From
the two methods of preparation of particles by
nano technology, namely bottom-up and topdown, preparation of nano adsorbent Fe2O3, was
done by used of thermal decomposition method
which is part of the bottom-up technique.
Test were done in Gas Analysis Technology laboratory on commercial Fe2O3 adsorbent that has
not been made to have nano particle and on nano
particle Fe2O3 adsorbent where each was given a
flow of standard H2S gas with a known concentration, namely 165 ppmv. The flow of standard gas
enters into glass washing apparatus that has been
filled with adsorbent, and the standard gas that has
passed through the adsorbent if collected in a
sample bag.
The weight of each adsorbent being tested,
each one is 0.01 mol/liter with a flow rate of standard gas being 20 ml/minute during 30 minutes at
room temperature.
The gas so collected in sample bag is then analyzed by use of Gas Chromatograph (GC) with
Pulse Flame Photometric Detector (PFPD), with
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
the results as shown in the following Table 18.
No
Type of Fe2O3
Adsorbent
1.
Commercial Fe2O3
2.
Nano particle Fe2O3
H2S Concentration
(ppmv)
1.
28,85
2.
33,83
1.
10,12
2.
9,22
The plan of research for the next stage is development of the performance of nano particle active carbon adsorbent to separate mercury from
natural gas by establishing several parameters that
can have direct effect on the capacity to adsorb Hg
contaminant in natural gas that is let to flow
through the active carbon adsorbent. The parameters predicted to have influence on adsorbent
performance comprise natural gas flow rate, temperature of experiment, as well as variation of the
amount of adsorbent used. Its absorption capacity
can be computed by using Langmuir isotherm
method, whereas nano particle surface area can
be computed by BET isotherm method. From these
two the capacity of the nano particle adsorbent
being produced can be known.
63
FORMULATION OF PLANT OIL BASED ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL

R & D Division for Application Technology
email : mardono@lemigas.esdm.go.id
Castor Oil is one of plant oils that is produced

from castor plant (Ricinus Communist). Castor oil
contains triglyceride fatty acid, particularly
risinoleic acid. Up to now, castor oil has been used
widely in lubricant indutry, cosmetics, cleaner, coating, nylon-11 and urethane industries.
In lubricant industry, castor oil has been used
widely. However its used has been out done since
the discovery of crude oil as the raw material.
Addition of additives is done to improve the characteristics, such as viscosity index, detergency and
suspension, oxidation stability, reduction of foam,
and high temperature resistance.
Castor oil has good lubricating characteristics
such as density, viscosity, viscosity index and pour
point. From environmental aspect, castor oil has
much advantage particulalry in its high biodegradability and that it is a renewable resource. However, plant oil has disadvantage in its oxidation stability compared to mineral oil. Some researcher
are done to improve the performance of plant oil
as base material for lubricating oil.
The purpose and aim of the research are to
utilize renewable plant oil source as a base material for automotive engine lubricating oil that can
be used as environment friendly engine lubricant.
Modifications are done on castor oil by several chemical treatments, such as trans-esterification reaction, epoxidation reaction, ring opening
reaction so that good quality lubricating oil base is
obtained, then the product obtained is tested in
semi performance test apparatus, namely Thermal Oxidation Stability, Fourball and High Temperature High Shear test apparatus.
Transesterification reaction is done to cut the
trigliceride bond on castor oil into smaller molecules,
particularly castor oil methyl ester (COME). In
epoxidation reaction, carbon double bond is modified
into oxyrane group by use of hydrogen peroxide and
formic acid catalyst. The product of this epoxidation
reaction is called Epoxidized Castor Oil Methyl Ester
64
(ECOME). This compound is a saturated hydrocarbon that has many functional groups (ester, ether, and
hydroxide) that can protect metal surface with better
oxidation resistant. The next stage is ring opening
reaction on ECOME product that has oxirane group.
Oxirane ring opening reaction involves alcohol compounds (ethanol/glycerol) and resulted in better final
product. This final product is used as lubricating oil
base material.
The result of the research showed that castor oil
transesterification reaction (2.250 mL) and methanol
(mol ratio 6:1) by aid of KOH catalyst (0,35% v) at
temperature of 35C for 1 hour can produce 1.600
mL COME. The use of KOH catalyst gives higher
product and facilitates the separation process. In addition, its basic property gives a non-corrosive product. Epoxidation reaction of 300 mL COME and hydrogen peroxide is done at temperature of 65C by
use of formic acid as catalyst. Experimental parameters variated are hydrogen peroxide concentration
and operation period.
The ratio of hydrogen peroxide to COME is
variated (1,5; 2; 2,5) and the epoxyde number is
analysed. The optimum reaction time that produces
the highest epoxidation number is 1,5 hour. The increase in specific gravity is proportional to the increase in epoxidation number, however the result of
the test showed that epoxidation number decreased
while specific gravity increased in line with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. This phenomenon occurred
due to the increase in the amount of water entering
at the same time as the hydrogen peroxide reactant
(50%-v). This water content hydrolyses oxirane group
and produces diol.
Ring opening reaction by addition of glycerol
into the methyl ester structure succeeds in increasing ECOME viscosity to higher than HVI 160s at
100C so that it gives better protection against friction in engines. The high viscosity index of COMEGlycerol shows the stability of its viscosity against
change in temperature. Pour point value of the
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
modified castor oil is also very good, achieving a

value of -28C. Iodine number as indicator of the
presence of double bond in the carbon chain
showed a drastic decrease after modification of
the castor oil. This indicated the increase in oxidation stability of the castor oil derivative product.
To know the oxidation stability, wear resistance, and thermal stability of he product of castor
oil modification, it is necessary to do semi-performance test, that gave the following results.
By use of Four Ball Wear Test it was found that
there was increase in wear resistance of the products epoxidation modification stage and ring opening reaction. Whereas for the product of
transesterification there was a decrease in wear
resistance. Referring to the value of Load wear index, there was an increase in wear resistance of
COME Glycerol as the final product by 25,75%
against pure castor oil and 64,64% better wear
resistance performance against HVI 160s mineral
lubricating oil. The welding point also increased
from loading of 160 kg for pure castor oil to 200
kg for COME Glycerol. This value is far higher than
the welding point of HVI 160s mineral lubricating
oil for which the loading was
126 kg.
The oxidation stability and
thermal stability of castor oil
can be increased through
modification that results in the
derivative products ECOME
and COME glycerol with very
good quality and more stable
compared to pure castor oil,
and comparing the test result
on total acid number before
the test and after the test,
COME glycerol has better oxidation stability approaching
the value of oxidation stability
of HVI 160s which is quite
good.
Plant oil, particularly castor oil (ricinus communist) has very promising potential for use as
lubricant base material. Some advantages are that
it has ester group which is relatively polar, it has
good antiwear property, and oxidation stability that
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
can be improved. The potential for developing castor oil and its derivative products in Indonesia is
still widely open. In addition to its use as raw material for manufacturing of lube base oil, castor oil is
also very good for use as raw material for making
lubricant additives.
The practical study of castor oil utilization
technology for producing lube base oil from plant
material is expected to give the best benefits from
the upstream sector to the downstream so that the
following conditions be achieved:
- Economic growth in the upstream sector in the
form of castor plant agriculture and castor oil
processing industry and in the downstream sector in the form of application of castor oil derivative products, particularly for automotive
engine lubricant industry
- At national scale it is expected to be able to reduce import of automotive engine lubricating
oil, either in raw matrial form or as finished
product.
Economically, this research is hoped to be able
to give significant impact on the growth of
economy at micro scale as well as macro scale, par-
ticularly on the national lubricating oil industry.

Related to the environmental aspect, the utilization of plant material would replace mineral lubricating oil so that environmental pollution can be
reduced to a minimum level.
65
STUDY ON COMPATIBILITY OF BLEND OF MINERAL TYPE

AND PLANT TYPE BASE OILS AS BASE OIL FOR MOTOR VEHICLE
ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL
Lubricating oil can be made from crude oil that

has been processed through several stages of refining process. As the final product of the refining
process mineral base oil is obtained. Such base oil
can be used to lubricate certain equipment or engines that do not require stringent requirement.
With the develoment of engine technology as regard to design, metal, alloy, operating condition as
well the need of lubricant users, in order to become a good lubricant the base oil derived from
crude oil must be added with additives to improve
its physical and chemical properties as well as its
performance quality during operation. However,
addition of additives in mineral base oil cannot fulfill the requirement of machinery and engine development. To overcome the problem, experts conducted research to obtain base oil oil by synthetic
method. Nevertheless the synthetic base oil compared to mineral base oil has advantage and disadvantages. This means that synthetic base oil cannot overcome all the disadvantages of mineral base
oil. To obtain a good synthetic base oil it is necessary to blend several types of synthetic base oil
before adding to it additives.
The use of castor oil and its derivative products in blend with mineral oil as a base lubricating
oil is very advantageous from the points of view
of utilizing renewable resources and the environment. Economically, development of the industry
will improve the welfare of the population of critical lands considering that castor plant can grow
well in such areas (PIP-Trubus 1993). Blending of
castor oil into mineral oil is expected to increase
its physico-chemical characteristics quality as base
lubcating oil for motor vehicle engine. Viewed from
the chemical compounds of the two, the blend of
mineral lube oil base and plant oil can be compatible.
This paper describes a lube oil produced by
synthesis from plant oil which is blended with High
66
Viscosity Index mineral oil at the desired composition, so that it can improve the characteristics of
the base lube oil that originated from plant oil for
the need of motor vehicle.
The purpose of the blending of plant oil (castor oil) into mineral oil is that it is hoped to increase its physico-chemical characteristics quality as base lube oil for motor vehicle engine, as a
whole this research aims to know the compatibility and physico-chemical characteristics of the
blend of mineral type lube base oil and plant oil as
lube base oil for engine lubricant.
To improve the quality of plant oil (castor oil),
the oil must be modiffied (synthesis) by chemical
reaction so that the resulting physico-chemical
characteristics are similar to lube base oil from
mineral oil synthesis. This report describes the
results of compatibility study of plant oil blends with
lube base oil of mineral type that was done by looking at the homogeneity against physico-chemical
characteristics test such as viscosity index, total
acid number (TAN), flash point, pour point, fourball
test that was done to see the trend of occurence of
friction, and oxidation stability during 6 hours to
see its resistance to oxidation. So that from the results, it can be seen the feasibility of using plant oil
as lube base oil for motor vehicle.
At the initial stage, blending was done of synthetic product of plant oil and several mineral type
base oils and Yubase. The blending was based on
% (w/w) of synthetic product plant oil against base
oil. The concentration of synthetic product plant
oil made in this experiment were 0%, 4%, 8%,
12%, as well as 15%.
At this blending stage it was seen that synthetic
product plant oil did not dissolve well in the mineral type base oil. Therefore there was significant
separation between the synthetic product plant oil
and mineral type base oil. The separation can be
seen in the following figure.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
At the beginning of blending the synthetic product plant oil was seen to mix well in the base oil
(Figure A). However, after being settled or heated
the synthetic product plant oil become more easy
to separate from the base oil (Figure B).
However, the separation that occurred was not
complete separation. This is because seen from
several physico-chemical test results, there was
influence of synthetic product plant oil on the
physico-chemical characteristics of the base oil.
This shows that the separation that occurred was
not complete separation because there are parts
of the synthetic product base oil that reject the
Figure 1
Mixture of MNHS and MO
Figure 2
Graph of Characteristics Synthetic MNH in Mineral Oil Composition
base oil but there are also parts that bind or interact with the base oil.
The physico-chemical characteristics can be
seen from the following figure.
From the result of discussion above, it can be
concluded that the compatibility of synthetic product plant oil that is blended with mineral type lube
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
base oil cannot yet blend perfectly. This is because

there are difference in polarity of hydroxyl group
of the plant oil at C number 12, whereas the mineral type base oil is non-polar in characteristic due
to its aliphatic chain. So that to obtain a good result
of blending of plant oil and mineral oil emulsifier
additive must be added.
67
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL UTILIZATION IN REDUCING

CO2 AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
One of the advantages of diesel engine is that

this engine has high thermal efficiency compared
to gasoline engine so that this engine is much used
in heavy duty vehicles such as trucks and buses.
However, on the other side, this engine has many
disadvantages, one of which is related to the environment. Diesel engine is the biggest contributor
to particulate emission (Particulate Matter = PM)
in transportation sector. This engine emits particulate emission 100 times more than gasoline engine.
At first glance particulate emission does not seem
dangerous, this is shown by our behaviour that
often does not care about this emission. From the
results of research by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) this particulate emission contains
38 hazardous compounds, whereas CARB (California Air Resources Board) stated that there are 40
hazardous chemical compounds which can be
devided into three types, cancerous, carcinogenic,
and mutagenic.
Efforts to reduce and overcome this particulate emission continue to the done. Reduction in
the utilization of diesel engine and avoiding it certainly cannot be done because diesel engine is the
backbone of national economic activities. Other
steps that are taken are intensification of the use
of alternative fuel, application of aftertreatment
technology, and improvement of diesel oil quality
as well as supported by Regulation on Standard
Quality by the Minister of Environment the Decision No. 5 of 2006 and by the Governor of DKI
Jakarta through Governnor Regulation No. 31 of
2008 concerning Threshold Limit of Motor Vehicles
Exhaust Emission. Effort to reduce particulate
emission, besides the application of aftertreatment
technology on diesel engine, namely Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) at exhaust pipe, is improvement of diesel oil quality. What is meant by quality
improvement here is reduction of sulfur content
and the use of plant oil will also have impact on
the reduction of CO2 emission.
68
The purpose of this study is to know the effect of the use of plant fuel in reducing particulate
and CO2 emissions from diesel fueled motor vehicles by the use of aftertreatment namely Diesel
Particulate Filter (DPF). Whereas the aim of this
research is to know how much is the reduction of
particulate emission and CO2 by testing blends of
biodiesel, B20 and B50, that have palm oil and jarak
pagar as the base materials.
Methodology of this study started by preparation of test vehicles and the fuels. The fuels used in
this study are diesel oil of the type Solar 48, crude
palm oil (CPO) and jarak pagar (crude jatropha
oil = CJO). Blending of plant oil and diesel oil was
done at ratio of 20% and 50% for each type of
plant oil. Tests of physico-chemical characteristics
of the blends were limited to those characteristics
that can affect combustion in the combustion
chamber of the engine and fuel intake system such
as tests of cetane number, sulfur content, lubricity,
and distillation. The activity of test car preparation was done by making various improvement
(recondition) particularly on the combustion system and other systems to ensure work safety during the test. Test on the vehicle was done in chassis
dynamometer laboratory so that the observation
on particulate emission and CO2 produced by the
vehicle can be observed at each speed.
From the result of physico-chemical characteristics test on the test fuel, it can be said that
there are changes toward improvement. The cetane number increased by 9.3% and 16.7% for CPO
based B20 and B50 fuels, whereas for those of CJO
based B20 and B50 fuels the increase were 6.2%
and 14.5%. Similarly for sulfur content, where with
the increase in plant oil composition in the blend,
the sulfur content decreases. This is because plant
oil does not contain sulfur. The decrease were
72,2% and 80,6% for palm oil based B20 and B50,
and 55,6% and 77,8% for CJO based B20 and B50.
Improvement in lubricity was also observed by
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
increasing plant oil in the blend. Improvement as

much as 30,9% and 41,9% average for palm oil
based B20 and B50, 42,7% and 60,4% average for
CJO based B20 and B50. The results of the test on

characteristics are shown graphs below.
Figure 13
Graph of Characteristics of CPO based and CJO based B20 dan B50 fuels
Figure 14
Graph of Particulate Emission Test Result
of CPO Plant Fuel
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Graph 3
Particulate Emision Test Result of CJOFuel
69
From the observation on emission by

the test vehicles it was found that there
is increase in particulate emission as the
speed increases. The more fuel burnt
with the increasing speed is the cause of
this increase in particulate emission. By
using plant oil there is significant decrease
at each speed.
Decrease of particulate for palm oil
based B20 was 55% average, whereas for
B50 the average decrease in particulate
emission was 60,9%. The decrease in particulate emission with CJO based fuel was
slightly smaller, namely 34,6% for B20
and 50,6% for B50 average.
CO2 emission from the test vehicles
as shown in graph 4 showed that there
were increase in CO2 emission with the
increase in vehicle speed. By using palm
oil based B20 and B50 there were insignificant decreases, namely 6% (B20) and
8,4% B50), average whereas for CJO
based fuuel there were quite good decrease, namely 19.0% (B20) and 24,7%
(B50) average.
From the result of this research it can
be concluded that the utilization of plant
oil will improve the physico-chemical
characteristics of the fuel for diesel vehicle. Increase in cetane number will improve combustion characteristics, decrease in lubricity will reduce wear on
the fuel injection system. Decrease in
particulate emission can be done by improvement of diesel vehicle fuel quality
namely one of which is by utilizing plant
fuel, either palm oil based or CJO based.
The more plant oil in the blend, the less particulate
emission is produced by diesel vehicle.The decreasing sulfur content as the result of increasing plant
oil in the blend is one of the reasons of the reduc-
70
Graph 4
CO2EmissionTest Result ofCPO and CJO Fuels
tion in particulate emission. The use of plant oil

has also impact on quite good reduction in CO2
emission, but for palm oil type plant fuel the decrease is not very significant.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE VOLATILITY ON OTHER

CHARACTERISTICS AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Gasoline that is used as motor fuel must meet

certain quality in order that the process of energy
conversion to produce final energy in the form of
mechanical energy in the motor engine proceeds
well. The properties are generally controlled in a
quality standard (specification) that established
parameters that can be measured that must be met
by the fuel. In the specification, there are basically 3 groups of main properties that are required
in gasoline fuel, namely: (1) combustion property,
(2) volatility property, and (3) stability and cleanliness property. This work studies in more detail
concerning the volatility property of gasoline, particularly concerning its effect on other characteristics and engine performance.
Currently the volatility property of gasoline
that are circulated in Indonesia is regulated in the
specification established by the government, in this
case Director General of Oil and Gas Decision No.
3674K/24/DJM/2006. The establishment of the
parameters in the specification is adjusted for the
climate in Indonesia. The demand for gasoline that
continues to increase causes increase in import of
gasoline because the production of domestic refineries cannot meet this demand. The imported
gasoline has different physico-chemical characteristics from gasoline that is produced in Indonesia, particularly in its volatility property. Therefore
there is a need to develop gasoline specification
particularly Bensin 88 in order to be able to
accomodate this change in volatility property. This
research aims to know the effect of the change in
gasoline volatility property including its Reid
vapour pressure and distillation curves on other
physico-chemical characeristics and more importantly on engine performance.
The research was done by making a number of
gasoline samples that have a variety of Reid Vapour
Pressure (RVP) by blending a reference gasoline
with isomerate components that have high RVP
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
value. The variety of RVP values prepared in this

research were 56 kPa (BU-56), 60 kPa (BR-60),
64 kPa (BU-64), 86 kPa (BU-68), and 72 kPa (BU72). The samples were then tested for their
physico-chemical properties that covers distillation, RVP, specific gravity, water content, oxygen
content, oxidation stability, copperstrip corrosion,
and Octane Number. From evaluation of physicochemical test results, it was then selected the
samples BR-60, BU-64, and BU-68 for testing of
their performance in multi-cylinder test engine.
After testing in multycilinder engine, then test of
ease of starting was done, namely cold starting and
warm starting in vehicle.
Cold starting and warm starting were done to
know the possibility vapour lock to occur on vehicles that use carburettor for their ignition system in the combustion chamber. In this test the
reference gasoline, in this case BR-60, was compared with test gasoline (BU-68). Each change of
fuel must be preceded by flushing of the fuel tank.
Cold start test was done in the morning before the
engine was ignited for warm up. Warm start test
was done in day time at certain point in this route
traveled.
In distillaton test, T50 of BU-64, BU-68, and BU72 were 84.0C, 76C and 73C lower than the
specification established by the Government,
namely a minimum of 88C. Oxygen content in all
samples meets the specification of 2.70% maximum. Oxidation stability of all samples also meets
the specification of minimum 360 minutes. Specific gravity of the samples tends to decrease with
the increase in RVP, however in general it still meets
the specification of 715 gr/cm3 minimum. Distillation index value also experienced decrease in line
with the increase in RVP, however for distillation
index the limit is not established in the specification issued by the government. Distillation index
of all the five samples ranges from 451-531.
71
Picture 2
Sample Distillation Curve
Picture 18
Effect of Increase in RVP on SG
Performance test was done on multicylinder

test engine by in-house research test method. As
reference it was BR-60, namely RON 88 gasoline
that has RVP of 60 kPa. There are 4 test parameters in this multicylinder test, namely power, torsion, specific fuel consumption, and emission. Recapitulation of power effect of the test gasoline
(BU-64, BU-68) in average, compared to power
of reference gasoline (BR-60) at 3 categories of
load showed lower value for each, namely by 0.9%
and 1.75%. Recapitulation of the effect of torsion
of test gasoline (BU-64, BU-68) average compared
to torsion of reference gasoline (BR-60) at 3 categories off load showed lower value by 0,9% and
1,75%. Recapitulation of the effect of specification fuel consumption of reference gasoline (BU64, BBU-68) average compared to the specific fuel
consumption of reference gasoline for the 3 categories of load showed higher values by 1.99%
and 3.12%. Recapitulation of the effect of CO emission of test gasoline (BU-64, BU-68) average, compared to CO emission of reference gasoline (BR60) at the 3 categories of load showed lower values by 2,36% and 3,54%. Recapitulation of the effect of HC emission of test gasoline (BU-64, BU68) average, compared to the emission of refer-
ence gasoline (BR-60) at the 3 categories of load

showed lower value by 2,88% and 4,86%.
At the end of the study, test on ease of starting
was done, namely cold starting and warm starting
to know the possibility of occurence of vapour
lock that is caused by increase in RVP value in the
test fuel. The fuels were tested on a motor vehicle
of which the ignition system in its combustion
chamber uses carburettor. At cold stat test, the vehicles with test fuel BU-68 had shorter starting
time compared to reference fuel (BR-60). In general the difference in time between cold starting
and warm starting of the test fuel and reference
fuel were not significant.
From the results of the tests on physico-chemical properties of the fuel, performance test, and
road test it can be concluded that the change in
volatility property, in this case vapour presured
(RVP), has inffluence on distillation temperature,
specific gravity, and distillation index. Increase in
vapour pressure causes engine power to decrease,
torsion becomes lower, specific fuel consumption
increases, while CO2 and hydrocarbon emission
decrease. There was no vapour lock at cold starting and warm starting in vehicle that used gasoline
of high Reid vapor pressure (up to 68 kPa).
72
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF PURE PLANT OIL

(PPO) AS FUELS FOR GENERATOR DIESEL ENGINE
ON ENGINE DEPOSITS
In the framework of supporting government

program in looking for fossil fuel alternative from
renewable raw materials (Inpres No. 1 of 2006),
biofuel is a strategic fuel. Currently biofuels of the
type biodiesel B-10 and bioethanol E-10 have already been marketed. B-10 is a blend of Solar diesel oil with biodiesel at 10% volume maximum
referring to SK Dirjen Migas No. 3675 K/DJM/2006
of 17 March 2006, and 5-10 is a blend of gasoline
with ethanol at 10% volume maximum referring
to SK Dirjen Migas No. 3674 K/24 DJM/2006.
The potential for utilization of biofuel in the
future will be even greater in view of the increase
in oil fuel consumption in various sectors, transportation sector, industrial sector, and households.
Pure Plant Oil without undergoing esterification process has potential for use as fuel to substitute diesel oil (Solar) in Diesel Generator engine. It
has started to be used at PLN by blending it with
Solar diesel oil at 50%. Operationally the Diesel
engine runs normally.
World engine manufacturers and
motor vehicle manufacturers do not
recommend the use of pure plant oil
that has not undergone esterification
process as diesel engine fuel especially
for transportation. This is recorded in
World-wide Fuel Charter (WWFC) September 2006 because of the low cetane number, flow characteristics at low
atmospheric temperature, the tendency
to block injection, and the too high viscosity.
From the above description it can
be seen that there is a need to study the
application of pure plant oil (PPO) as
fuel in diesel engine, particularly to see
from the point of view of possibility of
blocking of injector and formation of
deposits in the combustion chamber.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The engine that was used for this study, was a 5

KVA Diesel generator engine.
The benefit that is expected from this study is
to obtain a renewable fuel to substitute Solar diesel oil which becomes more and more limited in its
supply and also when compared to biodiesel will
be relatively cheaper because it does not have to
go through transformation (esterification or
transesterification). In addition to it, assisting in
solving the problem of domestic Solar diesel oil such
as consumption that is greater then supply, scarcity of Solar in certain regions, up to the problem
of oil fuel subsidy. The use of pure plant oil can be
developed in remote Energy Selfsupporting Villages.
The execution of the test was done by using 3
types of fuel, namely pure plant oil (O-100), a blend
of 50% PPO and Solar 48 (O-50), and Solar 48 (O00). Next, test was done in physico-chemical characteristics and performance in engine (fuel consumption, exhaust gas emission, and rating of en-
Picture 19
Diesel Generator Engine 5 KVA
73
gine components) for each of the three types of

fuel. Overall result of test on application of pure
plant oil as fuel generator driving engine is that
there is no technical disturbance caused by the
difference in physico-chemical characteristics of
three kinds of fuel.
From the results of physico-chemical characteristics between O-100 and O-00 as fuel in generator engine there were increase in specific gravity), viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, and carbon residue. Besides it also reduced cetane number and calorific value.
Fuel consumption test showed that the use of
pure plant oil (O-100) as fuel is more consumptive compared to Solar 48 (O-00) by 10,56%17,45%, whereas the use of blend of pure plant oil
and Solar 48 at 50% volume (O-50) compared to
Solar 48 is more consumptive by 2,15-12,54%.
Test on nozzle pressure showed the recurrence
of decrease in pressure to O-50 and O-100 by
2,56% before and after the test, whereas for injector nozzle with O-00 there was a decrease of 2,08%.
The results of rating on piston of O-50 is higher
by 24.6% and O-100 higher by 7,60%. After being
measured, there was sticking on each ring 1 of pis-
74
Figure O-00, O-50 and O-100 Test Fuels
ton. The result of merit rating on cylinder head O50 is dirtier by 16,4% and deposit weight is higher
by 46,16%, whereas the result of merit rating on
cylinder head of O-100 is dirtier by 9,19% and deposit weight 44,33% higher. The result of merit
rating on inlet valve on O-50 is dirtier by 15,79%
and O-100 dirtier by 22,37%. The result of weighing of fuel filter showed that O-50 is 5,08% heavier
and O-100 27,05% heavier compared to fuel filter
of O-100.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

74
STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF PLANT OIL

FROM KISAMIR SEEDS AS FUEL ALTERNATIVE TO KEROSENE
To reduce dependence on fuel that originated

from crude oil (fossil fuel), the government established energy policy to develop plant oil or known
as biofuel. As implementation of the policy, the government issued PP No.5 of 2006 concerning national energy policy to develop alternative energy
source as substitute to oil fuel. The policy stressed
on renewable resource. Then it is followed by the
issuance of Presidential Instruction No 1 of 2006
concerning the supply and utilization of plant oil
as alternative energy. With the presence of such
national energy policy, Indonesia must immediately do diversification and conservation of energy so that national energy resilience can be maintained. To accelerate it, it is necessary to do research
and development on plant material that can be used
to substitute fossil fuel.
Indonesia is one of the countries that has the
largest plant diversity in the world and many of
them have potential to be ued as plant fuel, such as
palm oil, jarak plant, cassava, sugar cane that are
now being intensively developed in Indonesia as
well as in other countries. In addition, Kisamir plant
(Hura Crepitans L.) that is widely found in Indonesia also has potential for development as alterna-
tive energy source because it has fruits of which

the seeds contain quite a large amount of oil as
well as its utilization is still very limited namely as
shelter.
The purpose and aim of this study are to utilize plant oil of Kisamir plant seeds as alternative
fuel to substitute kerosene (Biokerosene) that is
environment friendly, to conduct performance test
of the alternative fuel (biokerosene) in stove that
includes maximum power, fuel consumption, and
fuel efficiency.
The results of extraction process done by the
use of N-hexane solvent showed that the optimum
conditions are extraction temperature of 85C and
extraction time of 3 hours with initial condition of
the Kisamir seeds as fine powder and heated in an
oven at 105C for 1 hour. From this process a yield
of 42,5% was obtained.
The results of several main physico-chemical
characteristics of the Biokerosene meet the specification of kerosene as established by the
governnment.
The results of performance test of the
Biokerosene that was conducted on a 16-wick
stove are as follows.
Table 19
Results of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Alternative Fuel to Kerosene (Biokerosene)
Type of Test
Specification
Limit
Min
Alternative Fuel to Kerosene (Biokerosene)
Maks
BK-00
BK-05
BK-10
BK-15
BK-20
BK-25
0.835
0.811
0.816
0.822
0.827
0.832
0.838
47
45
44
43
43
43
Density (Kg/cm )
Flash Point Abel ( C)
38
Smoke Point (mm)
15
21
23
25
28
30
32
Chalorific Value (Mj/kg)
40
45.88
45.41
44.81
44.74
44.20
43.94
Sulfur Content (% wt)
0,2
0.035
0.034
0.030
0.029
0.028
0.026
Note:*)=KeroseneSpecification(SKDirjenMigasNo.17K/DDJM/1999,of16
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
75
The results of maximum power test of each

sample of Biokerosene are as follows: BK-00 = 2.52
kW, BK-05 = 1.89 kW, BK-10 = 1.72 kW, BK-15 =
1.57 kW,and BK-20 = 1.33 kW.
The more PPO was used in the biokerosene
the lower the maximum power produced by the
stove however the blue colour of the flame become brighter.
76
The results of efficiency test of each of the

samples of Biokerosene stove are as follows: BK00 = 48,18%, BK-05 = 34,77%, BK-10 = 32,88%,
BK-15 = 31,53% whereas the efficiency for BK-20
could not be computed, because the flame during
the efficiency test was very small, whereas the test
could not be continued because the water never
boiled.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
FORMULATION OF LUBE OIL FOR MANUAL TRANSMISSION OF

HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE
LEMIGAS as the Research and Development

Center for Oil and Gas Technology, is not only demanded to actively conduct research and innovation in the field of science, but also expected to
give concrete contribution to the progress of domestic industry. Such concrete contribution is by
doing research in design of formulation of lube oil
that is ready for production in commercial scale.
Moreover LEMIGAS has now pilot plant (LOBP)
that very much requires formulas that been have
proven their reliability, so that if produced they
give product quality assurance.
Currently there are many kinds of lubricant
used in the industrial sector and automotive sector. In the automotive world only, there are several kinds of lubricant such as: gasoline engine lubricant, diesel engine lubricant, manual transmission as well as automotive transmission lubricant
(ATF) and gear oil. The various kinds of automotive lubricant can be devided into several types of
lubricant, among others two wheel vehicle lubricant, four wheel vehicle lubricant, and heavy duty
vehicle lubricant. Technology of engine or its equipment is different one to the others. Heavy duty
vehicles such as bus, truck, tractor, dump truck,
escavator, etc. have different characteristics from
other vehicles so that they require lubricants of
different characteristics also. With the increasing
number of heavy duty vehicle in Indonesia, then
the need for this kind of lubricants also increased.
In 2004, activities of designing gasoline and
diesel engine lubricant formula were done. In 2005
it was continued with design gasoline engine and
diesel engine lubricant formulas for higher performance level, some manual transmission gear
lubricant and antiwear hydraulic. In 2006 the activity was focused on design of formula of gasoline engine lubricants with API SL and API SM performance quality. In 2007 design was done on lubricant for motor cycle four stroke engine. In 2008
road test was done on lubricants resulted from forLEMIGAS REPORT 2009
mulation, namely gasoline engine lube oil of API

SL performance quality with viscosity grade SAE
15W-40. In 2009 research was done on manual
transmission lube oil formulation for heavy duty
vehicles.
Through this research it is hoped that the precise composition between base lube oil and additives, whether they are package additive or component additive, to be blended into the lube oil. This
formula is compared with various brands that are
found in the market to know its advantages and
disadvantages. The lube based oil used is mineral
lube base oil (group I) and synthetic lube base oil
(Group III). The type of the lube oil, viscosity grade,
and performance of the lube oil of which the formula, is designed by referring to the performance
specification API GL-4 and API GL-5.
The type of lube oil, viscosity grade and performance of the lube oil under design are shown in
Table 20 belows.
Table 20
Viscosity Classification and Performance
Level of Formulated Lube Oil
Type of Lube
Base Oil
Group I
Group I + III
SAE
Performance
Level
90
API GL-4
140
API GL-4
90
API GL-5
140
API GL-5
85W-90
API GL-5
85W-90
API GL-5
85W-140
API GL-5
85W-140
API GL-5
85W-90
API GL-5
85W-140
Total Formula 10
API GL-5
77
Figure 21
4-Ball Test Results for 10 Formulas and Manual Transmission Lube Oil Available in the Market
To obtain good results as established in the purpose and aim, this research was done by following
the stages of activities: i) Collection of data and
literature and technical consultation with related
parties concerning lube base oil, additives, and lube
oil; ii) Design of formula; iii) Provision of materials; iv) Blending formula; v) Physico-chemical
characteristics and performance tests of the formula that is designed and several lube oils that are
available in the market; vi) Evaluation of test results; vii) Preparation of final report. The tests of
physico-chemical characteristics cover: i) Kinematic viscosity at 40C and 100C (ASTM D-445);
ii) Viscosity index (ASTM D-2270); iii) Flash point
(ASTM D-92); iv) Pour point (ASTM D-97); v)
Foaming tendency and stability (ASTM D-892); vi)
Sulfur content (ASTM D-58); vii) Phosphorus content (ASTM D-4047); viii) Volatility Noach (ASTM
D-5800); and ix) Copper strip corrosion, 1 hour
121C (ASTM D-130). The semiperformance tests
78
cover: i) Low temperature viscosity (Brookfield

viscometer) (ASTM D-2983); ii). Welding point
four-ball extreme pressure test (ASTM D-2783);
iii) Load wear index (ASTM D-2783); and iv)
Antiwear Characteristics, four-ball (ASTM D4172).
The tests that were done on physico-chemical
characteristics of the product of formulation
showed that the mono-grade manual transmission
lube oil for heavy duty vehicle that uses blend of
Group I and Group III lube base oil such as shown
in Table 1, gave results that meet the specification
established in Indonesian National Standard (SNI
06-7069-6-2005) (currently is not yet applied
compulsorily).
The lube oil resulting from this formulation
after comparing its physico-chemical characteristics and semi-performance with similar type lube
oils that are available in the market showed results
that are not signifiantly different.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Based on the test results, for the three types of

lube oil of SAE 85W 90 API GL-5, category, Formula IX showed the best result; and for SAE BBSW
85W140 API GL-5, Formula X showed the best
result (particularly for 4-Ball Wear Test it is the
lowest, see Figure 21).
Those formula can still be improved in order
to have better performance. Generally, the success
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
in the execution of this research will give significant effect on LEMIGAS, particularly in increasing
the quality of human resource in applied technological research, if it can be produced in the pilot
LOBP economically it can increase the Non-Tax
State Income (PNBP). In the greater scale, it can
increase industrialization, particularly lubricant
indusry.
79
FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY

LUBRICATING GREASE
Lubricating grease is a lubricant in semi-solid

state, made of based lube oil plus additives and
thickening agent. The true lubricating grease contains oil or other liquid lubricant that is blended
with other thickening agent, such as soap, to give
semi-solid state.
Soap is the general emulsion agent used. The
type of soap is selected in consideration of the condition where the grease will be used. Different
soaps will result in lubricating grease product with
different temperature resistance (related to viscosity and volatility), water resistance, and chemical reaction.
Additives are chemicals that can improve different lubricant parameters. Additives for lubricating oil and lubricating grease can be classified
in several aspects. First, those that affect the physical and chemical properties of lube base material,
examples of physical property are low temperature, demulsibility, etc., of chemical properties are
oxidation stability, etc. Second, effect on metal surface by modifying physico-chemical properties,
for example, increase in friction coefficient, preventing wear, etc.
In earlier research concerning enviornment
friendly lubricating grease, the additives and thickening agents used still contained heavy metals such
as zinc, lead, etc., that are dangerous to the environment. In this study we propose a new formula
for multipurpose environment friendly lubricating grease by using other additives that do not contain heavy metals, namely additives that are used
in food industry, but also suitable for other industries.
This study is conducted in stages, which began
in 2007 and completed in 2009. In stage I of this
study, selection was done on the suitable additives
and thickening agent to obtain an environment
friendly lubricating grease. In Stage II, two kinds
of lubricating grease were obtained with lithium
80
soap and calcium soap as thickening agent, and

physico-chemical characteristics test and performance test were done on them. Whereas in Stage
III, the research was focused on obtaining the optimum formula for lithium soap and calcium soap
lubricating grease with NLGI 2-3.
The results of the study of the third stage are
that it has been succeeded to prepare a lithium soap
lubricating grease with jarak oil as base oil in several variations of preparation process and composition of raw materials. Saponification process
condition and dispersion of lithium soap as well
as calcium soap in the base oil greatly influence
the quality of lubricating grease produced. Dropping point of lubricating grease is influenced very
much by the type and composition of the soap, as
well as the soap dispersion process in lube base
oil. The hardness and consistency of lubricating
grease are greatly affected by the amount of thickening agent and filler material. Extreme pressure
additive (TE-A) that was added in lithium soap lubricating grease as well as calcium soap, can reduce scar diameter of four ball test ball and increase the dropping point. However, corrosion
inhibition additive (CI-A) that was added to this
calcium soap lubricating grease cannot mix well,
so that the texture of the calcium soap grease becomes rough. Therefore addition of CI-A additive
was only done on lithium soap grease.
Based on test results of several parameters of
lubricating grease it can be known that lithium
soap lubricating grease with a composition of 0,6%
LiOH, 20% 12-HSA, 0,2% anti-oxidant, 1,0% anticorrosion, 1,0% extreme pressure additive and
77,2% jarak oil is the best, this is shown by quite
high value of dropping point namely 213,7C, hardness level of lubricating grease NLGI 3, scar diameter 0,9375 mm, copper strip corrosion 1a, fine
texture and broken white in colour.
Other type of lubricating grease is calcium soap
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
lubricating grease, with jarak oil as base material

in several variations of preparation process as well
as composition of raw materials. Based on test results of several lubricating grease parameters, it
can be known that calcium soap lubricating grease
with a composition of 4,2% Ca(OH)2, 15,8% 12HSA, 0,2% anti-oxidant, 1.0% extreme pressure
additive, and 78,8% jarak oil is the best, this is
shown by the quite high dropping point namely
162C, hardness level of lubricating grease NLGI 3
scar diameter 0,93775 mm, fine texture and broken white colour.
Anti-oxidant additive used in this research is
of phenol compound type which was given the
code anti-oxidant A (AO-A), namely a high molecular formula as follows:
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The base material for the lithium soap lubricating of grease and calcium soap lucricating
grease produced in this research was jarak oil (Ricinus Communis L.) that is a plant base material, it
can be degraded to the level of 100% by microorganism. The additive used was an additive that obtained FDA recommendation for use in food industry, but also suitable for the need of other industries. Therefore the lithium soap lubricating
grease and calcium soap lubricating grease that
were produced in this study can be categorized as
environment friendly grease or Biodegradable
Grease.
81
RESEARCH ON AROMATIC CONTENT IN DIESEL OIL IN THE

FRAMEWORK OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIFICATION FOR
SOLAR DIESEL OIL IN INDONESIA (CONTINUATION)
Aromatioc content (total aromatics,

polyaromatics) in diesel oil have influence on diesel engine, among others: it increases particulate
emission, NOx emission, and increases deposit formation in diesel engine combustion chamber. Deposits in diesel engine parts will have impact on
reduction of engine torsion, engine power and increase in fuel consumption.
According to World Health Organization
(WHO) polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are
carcinogens. PAH can cause damage to fetus, reproduction system, etc.
Currently most of diesel enggine used in motor vehicles in Indonesia have direct injection system. For this reason the test on the effect of aromatic content in diesel oil on the change in performance was limited to using direct injection system diesel engine. The direct injection diesel engine used was an Isuzu 4JA1 engine on a
muticylinder test bench.
The specification of Solar 48 diesel oil does not
stated the limit for aromatic component (total aromatics and polyaromatics). Aromatic content in
diesel oil will have negative effect particularly on
emission opacity, and NOx emission as well as deposits formation in diesel engine components.
Considering the development in motor vehicle
engine technology in the future, and development
in international diesel oil specification as well as
the increasingly stringent environment requirement, readjustment of specifications for Solar 48
diesel oil must be immediately studied again to face
the competition in the quality of diesel oil in the
coming era of free market.
For physico-chemical characteristics test and
endurances test diesel oil (Solar) with variated
polyaromatics (PAH) and total aromatics contents
were prepared. The formulations were as follows:
82
- Reference Solar (MS-0): 12,69% vol. PAH and

36,33% of total aromatics.
- Test Solar 1 (MS-1): 11,12% vol. PAH and
28,80% total aromatics.
- Test Solar 2 (MS-2): 8,21% vol. PAH and 22,50%
total aromatics.
The results of physico-chemical characteristics tests on MS-0, MS-1, and MS-2 covering: cet-
Figure MS-0
Figure MS-1
Picture 23
Crosssection of cylinder head after static test
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
ane number, viscosity, distillation, specific gravity, flash point, sulfur content, carbon residue, water content, etc., each satisfies Solar 48 specification established by the government.
Test the diesel oil that was conducted in direct
injection diesel engine for each of the sample MS0, MS-1, MS-2 consisted of two stages, namely limited performance test and endurance test.
From the results of performance test of the
three samples of MS-0, MS-1, MS-2, it can be concluded that higher aromatics content in the diesel
oil tends to decrease engine power, increase specific fuel consumption, and increase emission
opacity and nitrogen oxide.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Concerning the results of endurance test of the

samples MS-1, MS-2 compared to MS-0, each one
has higher nozzle flowrate, Piston: deposit < 2,6%
and <2,8%, rating cleaner 0,74% and 0,82%; Intake valve: deposit < 1,27% and < 1,65%, rating
cleaner 1,37% and 2,0%
Outlet valve: deposit < 2,10% and < 2,32%, rating cleaner by 1,19% and 1,54%.
During the endurance test in direct injection
diesel engine by using diesel oil MS-1, MS-2 compared to performance of diesel oil MS-0 no technical disturbance related to difference in physicochemical characteristics of MS-0, MS-1 and MS-2
was found. Engine operation condition seemed
normal.
83
CORRELATION PROGRAM OF LUBE OIL LABORATORIES

IN INDONESIA
The growth of private owned lubricant fabrication companies in Indonesia that have blending
facilities and quality control laboratories, as well
as the increasing number of other lubricant testing laboratories that still are relying on the capability of test apparatus and the skill of operators,
as well as the different types of test method used,
caused differences in test results. In addition, due
to changes in laboratory operator personnels, replacement and/or purchase of new equipment in
the laboratories, it is required to do comparative
test between all lubricant testing laboratories in
order to obtain high accuracy and precision of the
test results, so that the quality standard of test by

each laboratory is assured, and also of the lubricant products.
Based on the General Requirements of Testing
Laboratory Competence SNI ISO/IEC 17025:2008,
accredited laboratories are required to assure the
quality of their test results through several ways,
among others by inter-laboratory comparative
test, also known as correlation test, that must be
done every year.
The correlation program that was conducted
in 2009 was participated by 37 participating laboratories, consisting of LOBP laboratories,
Table 21
Recapitulation of Test Results of Outlier Laboratories by Grubbs Method and Robust Z-Score
No.
Test Parameter
o
1.
Specific Gravity at 60/60 F
2.
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C, cSt
3.
Kinematic Viscosity at 100 C, cSt
Z-Score
Inter Lab
Z-Score Intra Lab
30
PL 01, 15, 35
PL 20, 25, 31
36
PL 01, 14, 26, 27, 28, 35
PL 24
PL 02, 15, 17, 25
35
PL 01, 26, 27, 28, 37
PL 09
PL 15, 17, 33
29
PL 33
4.
Falsh Point, C
5.
Pour Point, C
22
PL 06, 20, 31
PL 10, 15
6.
Total Base Number, mgKOH/g
27
PL 15, 20, 31
PL 13, 25, 36
7.
Total Acid Number, mgKOH/g
21
DATA TIDAK DIOLAH
8.
Apparent Viscosity (CCS), cP
15
PL 20, 32
9.
Evaporation Loss, %massa
10
PL 23
10.
Metal Content, %massa

- Calcium (Ca)
23
PL 01, 13, 29, 31
PL 05, 20, 25, 36
- Magnesium (Mg)
23
PL 13, 29, 36
PL 01, 05, 10, 11, 20, 22, 31, 33
- Zinc (Zn)
23
PL 01, 13, 29
PL 20
18
PL 23, 25
18
11.
Foaming Tendensi
Seq. 1, ml
Seq. 2, ml
18
PL 15, 23
Foaming Stability Seq.1-3, ml
18
Particle Counting > 4m?
Seq. 3, ml
12.
TOTAL DATA UJI Outlier
84
Grubbs
Participating
Lab
PL 07, 25
> 6m?
PL 25
> 14m?
38 DATA
5 DATA
28 DATA
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
governnment institution laboratories, and private

owned laboratories that have been accredited by
KAN as well those that have not been accredited.
It is hoped that in the future the number of participating laboratories of this proficiency test will
continue to increase parallel with the increase in
awareness on the quality lubricant products and
quality of the laboratories that do lubricant testing
service.
Each participating laboratory participates in
correlation for test parameter in accordance with
the testing apparatus it possesses, so that not all
laboratories participate in all parameters to be correlated. There were two types of lube oil sample to
be tested, namely automotive lube oil and hydraulic lube oil, with 12 test parameters. In all, the test
result data from all participating laboratories
amount to 428 pairs of data.
Evaluation of test result data was done by selecting the data by Grubbs method, then by Robust Z-score method. The test result data of laboratories that were not selected by Grubbs method
(fell into the category of outlier by Gubbs
method) were not further evaluated by Robust ZScore statistical method. The test results from those
laboratories are regarded as significantly different from the data of other laboratories, whereas
the list result data that do not follow normal distribution such as Total Acid Number (TAN) test data
cannot be processed by statistical method.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The results of computation by Robust Z-Score

stastical method show the competence of each
laboratory, in comparison with other laboratories
(reproducibility), or within the laboratory itself
(repeatibility). Recapitulation of laboratory test
data that fall into the category of Outlier by Grubbs
method selection, and test result data processing
by Robust Z-Score statistical technique are shown
in Table 21.
In Table 5.1 it is shown that the results of selection by Grubbs method put 38 test result data fall
into outlier category ($$), out of 407 test result
data (because 21 TAN data could not be processed)
or 9,34% of all data. Whereas the results of statistical computation by Robust Z-Score method
showed 5 test result data of which the
Interlaboratory Z-Score fall into outlier category
($$) or 1,23% of all data, and 28 test result data
that have Intra Lab Z-Score value that fall into outlier of 6,88% of all data.
Based on the above results of evaluation it can
be concluded that 10,57% of all data of laboratory
test result have less than satisfactory
reproduciibility, and 6,88% of all laboratory test
results data have less than satisfactory repeatibilty.
Therefore it is seen that the competence of lubricant laboratories in Indonesia is not yet uniform,
so that their competence must be upgraded.
85
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNO ECONOMIC MODEL FOR UTILIZATION

OF COALBED METHANE
Indonesia has potential Coalbed Methane

(CBM) of about 300 to 450 Trillion Cubic Feet
(TCF). Such large amount of Coalbed Methane is
found in eleven coal basins in various locations in
Indonesia. The eleven Coalbed Methane locations
comprise South Sumatra (183 TCF). Barito (101,6
TCF), Kutai (89,4 TCF) and Central Sumatra (52,5
TCF) for high prospective category. North Tarakan
Basin (17,5 TCF), Berau (8,4 TCF), Ombilin (0,5
TCF), Pasir/Asam-Asam (3,0 TCF) and Jatibarang
(0,8) are in the category of moderate prospective.
Whereas Sulawesi basin (2,0 TCF) and Bengkulu
(3,6 TCF) are in low prospective category.
Coalbed Methane is a natural gas (hydrocarbon) in which methane gas is the main component which occurred naturally in the process of
coal formation (coalification) in conditions of
being trapped and adsorbed in coal and/or coal
seams. The potential of Coalbed Methane in Indonesia has technical advantages for development,
particularly it occurs at shallow place (500 m1500 m under the surface). Compared to natural
gas, Coalbed Methane has slower production period. Generally the highest production or peak production occurs around 10 to 20 years. Shorter compared to natural gas that may reach 30 to 40 years.
The Coalbed Methane development itself besides being related to upstream infrastructure, is
also connected to downstream infrastructure and
energy market demand, particularly in the industrial sector. Therefore, before a Coalbed Methane
field development is implemented it is needed to
conduct a series of analysis to study various parameters on the feasibility of its development.
The methodology of the study is, among others by conducting data inventory to obtain information concerning Coalbed Methane reserves,
production profile of each field, gas market in the
vicinity of the study area, and existing infrastructure, then to develop downstream techno-eco-
86
nomic model of several Coalbed Methane transportation modes, namely pipeline network, mini
LNG plant and CNG Mother Daughter, followed by
doing run and analysis of economic parameters to
obtain economic indicators and sensitivity analysis.
The aim of this study is to analyze the best
option in developing Coalbed Methane at the downstream side down to consumers by doing analysis
of several modes of Coalbed Methane transportation to the consumers viewed from the level of its
economics so that the option that gives good return to the company is obtained. Some transportation modes that will be investigated among others
are pipeline network, mini LNG plant, CNG mother
daughter, where the choice of transportation mode
is greatly influenced by the amount of reserves,
gas production projection as well as geographical
contour of the Coalbed Methane field itself.
The benefit of this study is that it can be used
as database on the economics of downstream transportation of Coalbed Methane gas that can be used
by the Government as reference in regulating
Coalbed Methane commerce and as information
for investors that wish to participate in Coalbed
Methane development in Indonesia, as well as in
the framework of optimizing gas utilization as
stated in energy blueprint that in 2025 some 3.3%
can be realized by Coalbed Methane.
The impact of this study is that it is hoped to
support the Government in reaching the target of
Government program in reducing oil fuel subsidy.
The result of this study is a model for computation of the economics of Coalbed Methane by computation concept from upstream to downstream
as shown in Figure 24.
Upstream calculation of Coalbed Methane is
related to Govennment Regulation No. 35 of 2004
that stated implicity that Coalbed Methane falls
under the regime of natural gas, so that in general,
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Figure 24
Concept of Coabed Methane Economic Computation
natural gas regulation (Cooperation Contract, KKS) can be

applied to Coalbed Methane
with flexibility of economic
parameters and fiscal regime
that can be variated so that
to give fair Government
iincome and contractor
profit.
In this study, Coalbed
Methane upstream economic model is taken as important input to downstream
economic model that will be
computed to cover pipeline
network, mini LNG, and CNG.
The fiscal parameters used
were first trance petroleum
10% to be divided between
contractor and government,
contractor split of 50%, tax
44%, investment credit 55%,
data share 10%, and facility
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
Figure 25
Profile of Capex, Opex and Cummulative Production
87
DESIGN OF PREPARATION OF BIOADSORBENT FOR GAS STORAGE

IN GAS FUEL CYLINDER
The conversion from the use of oil fuel to gaseous fuel (natural gas) to meet national energy
demand must immediately be realized, considering that crude oil reserves are very limited whilst
natural gas availability in Indonesia is still plentiful. Gas selling price that is relatively cheaper compared to oil fuel and without subsidy will greatly
assist in reducing the burden of the government
and the public.
In implementing the conversion from oil fuel
to gas fuel, the infrastructure that is appropriate
and easy to implement is by use of gas cylinders.
By using such gas cylinders, gas distribution can
reach wider area without having to construct gas
pipeline which is very expensive.
The use of gas fuel for transportation
and household by using gas fuel cylinders
that so far has been practiced has many
constraints and disadvantages, namely:
- It requires big and heavy cylinders
- Cylinder pressure is high
- Filling capacity is very limited.
Therefore it is necessary to have alternative method to store gas fuel that can
contain as much gas as possible with pressure, weight and cylinder volume that are
relatively small.
The alternative method that can be
used to reduce and overcome for existing
constraints as a means of gas sotrage with
low pressure, weight, and cylinder volume
is Adsorbed Natural Gas (ANG) tank. This
tank contains active carbon (from corn
stem or coconut shell) that have pores of
nano dimension (micropore) and due to
the presence Van der Waals force on the
pore wall it can adsorb methane gas molecules and compressed them into high density fluid. The tank that contains active carbon is expected to be able to retain 180
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
times the volume of standard natural gas, namely

118 gram per one liter of carbon at a pressure of
500 psi as stated in reference sources.
The methodology used in this design is by doing several stages of activities that are followed
by testing. The first stage that must be done is to
prepare active carbon or to activate existing carbon that is available in the market to obtain great
surface area as required in the active carbon for
use as adsorbent. Then design and engineering
must be done on the surface of the pores of the
active carbon to form active carbon pore functional group so that it can adsorb methane gas in
line with its function as gas adsorbent. The test
Schematic FTIR
89
conducted in this research covers test on active

carbon pore surface area by using Nitrogen Sorption method (BET). By this method there are also
found the value of micro pore volume and total
pore volume. In addition test was also done by FTIR
(Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy)
method and Boehm titration to know the
fuunctional ggroup of the active carbon pore surface. Also done is test by XRD (X-ray diffraction)
to know the crystal structure of the active carbon.
For implementation stage in the laboratory a
model test tank was designed for adsorption/desorption of methane gas on the active carbon that
was produced in this design and engineering. The
test equipment is a tank (straines tank) that can be
filled with active carbon particles at certain compactness, then the tank that has been filled with
active carbon is filled with methane gas until a
pressure of about 30 bar, the volume of gas that
can be filled and adsorbed into the tank is called
adsorption capacity or tank filling, then to know
the gas desorption capacity, the gas is let out until
90
the pressure is 1 bar.

The result and output of bioadsorbent design
this year is an active carbon with micropore structure and large surface area that is between 9001250 m2/gram where with this large surface area
the active carbon can adsorb quite large amount
of gas. Then by modification of active carbon pore
surface it will produce increase in surface functional groups such as carboxyl, lacton, and phenol
that make it possible for the active carbon to have
high adsorption capacity of natural gas. Test of
adsorption and desorption of gas on active carbon
that was produced in this research by use of test
tank (strainer tank) that was already made, can
show that the active carbon that was prepared
and designed in this research has adsorption capacity of 150 v/v and desorption capacity of 8090% of its adsoprtion capacity. With such a great
adsorption and desorption capacities, based on
existing references, it is quite suitable for use as
gas adsorbent material.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
PREPARATION OF FORMULATION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR

FROM PALM OIL INDUSTRY WASTE
Inhibitor does not work universally in all environment, an inhibitor may be suitable for one
environment, but may not be effective or even
tends to be dangerous if used in other environment, so that a correct formulation must be made.
In the process of corrosion inhibitor formulation, in addition to active agent, to obtain the expected properties some
other compounds must be added at
certain concentration such as solvent,
cosolvent, surfactant and other compounds that are regarded as necessary.
Corrosion inhibitor can be made of
chemical compounds that have free
pair of atomics. Such free atomic pair
among others are C, H, O, N, S. Palmitic
acid is a long chain saturated fatty acid
with a carbon chain numbering 16 C
is contained in quite large quantity
(15-40%) in palm oil. This number is
quite large compared to other long
chain carboxyl acid contentl, so that
Figure
Effect of Temperature on Corrosion Rate as Various
this compound is potential for use as
Concentration of Inhibitor
corrosion inhibitor active agent.
To increase the performance of
palmitic acid as corrosion inhibitor,
formulation has been done by adding
several additive compunds such as solvent, cosolvent, surfactant at certain
concentration.
From the results of formulation
and laboratory test, it is found that by
adding several additive compounds,
palmitic acid is able to decrease corrosion rate significantly. Since palmitic
acid only soluble in organic solvent at
high temperature, then its protection
performance and solubility will increase with increasing temperature
without producing emulsion effect or
foaming. The inhibitor resulting from
Figure
this formulation is not compatible
Efffect of Addition of Inhibitor Formulation FA
with biocide compound.
and Temperature on Corrrosion Rate
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
91
MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SECTOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION

Climate change is a global challenge that requires point global response. There are enough
proofs that show that the earth has experienced
and is still experiencing climate change. Prediction of climate change in the 21st Century has significant damaging potential. Effects of this increasing heat have potential to increase the temperature of the atmosphere and the sea, melting ice and
snow, and increasing average sea level increase
(IPCC/ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change , 2007).
In Indonesia, the use of oil and natural gas fuel
as well as coal is dominant. Data of 2005 showed,
around 95% of national energy mix is dominated
by fossil fuel, while the rest (5%) originated from
renewable energy. This condition can certainly
have impact on climate change considering that
burning of fossil fuels produces CO2 emission in
quite large amount. The Government of Indonesia
is required to take steps that can suppress the rate
of growth of CO2 emission.
Execution of Management of Greenhouse Gas
Emission from Oil and Gas Sub-sector has the purpose to provide a reference for handling and management of greenhouse gas emission in the
form of roadmap. The roadmap is prepared
for a minimum of 5 yeas to the future and is
harmonized with National Action Plan Program on climate change and international
No.
agenda that was formulated by the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC). The aim is that all stake1
holders have the same understanding on the
2
management of greenhouse gas emission
3
particularly those related to oil and gas
4
subsector.
5
Oil and gas fuels in Indonesia are used
6
in various sectors. In 2008, final consump7
tion of oil fuel comprised 46,7% whereas
gas 16,1%. Based on the type, Premium
8
gasoline and Solar diesel oil dominated the
92
consumption, followed by kerosene. In the future

kerosene consumption will continue to decrease
in line with the conversion program of kerosene
to LPG.
CO2 emission from oil and gas sector is computed with the approach of the formula released
by IPCC. Basic formula for CO2 emission computation from fuel combustion is as follows: CO2 = Q
NCV EF (1-Sf) F 44/12, where CO2 is the
amount of CO2 (ton); Q is the amount of fuel consumed (original unit); NCV calorific value (Tera
Joule/original unit); EF is emission factor (ton of
carbon/Tera Joule); Sf is carbon storage factor;
and F is oxidation factor.
Calorific value is computed with the formula:
NCV = (GCV 50,45) x (26 - (15 x SG)) where SG is
a specific gravity 60/60oF. Specific gravity 60/60oF
can be converted from API gravity 60oF where
API Gravity 60F = (141,5 / SG) - 131,5. From field
survey data to Pertamina refineries it was found
NCV values as in Table 24.
Then to obtain the value of carbon content the
following formula is used: Carbon Content =
(76.99+(10.19*SG)-(0.76*Sulphur content))/100.
Table 24
Result of Computation of NCV
Fuel
NCV IPCC Lower-Upper

(MJ/kg)
NCV (MJ/kg)
Avtur
43,35
42,0 - 45,0
Kerosene
43,26
42,4 - 45,2
LPG
45,51
44,8 - 52,2
Fuel Oil/FO
41,72
39,8 - 41,7
Diesel Oil/IDO
42,58
41,4 - 43,3
Pertamax
43,82
42,5 - 44,8
Premium
43,87
42,5 - 44,8
Solar/ADO
42,82
41,4 - 43,3
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
With carbon content data, emission factor can be

found: FE (ton C/TJ) = Carbon Content (kg C/ kg
fuel) / NCV (MJ/ kg fuel). Then this emission factor data will be used as reference for computation
of national CO2 emission.
Then to obtain the value of carbon content the
following formula is used: Carbon Content =
(76.99+(10.19*SG)-(0.76*Sulphur content))/100.
With carbon content data, emission factor can be
found: FE (ton C/TJ) = Carbon Content (kg C/ kg
fuel) / NCV (MJ/ kg fuel). Then this emission factor data will be used as reference for computation of national CO2 emission.
Based on the computation, CO2 emission
from oil fuels (BBM) experiences a small
decrease whereas CO2 emission from gas
continues to increase in line with conversion of some oil fuel to gas. To be clearer, CO2
emission from oil fuel and gas can be seen in
Figure 1.
The Governnment has issued Perpres
No. 5 of 2006 concerning National Energy
Policy. In the Perpres it has been formulated
enery mix composition that is expected to
be achieved in 2025. This energy mix has
been revised in 2009 where for oil and gas
subsector in 2025, the composition of crude
oil usage is 20,2%; natural gas 21,1%; plant
fuel 10,2% and CBM 3,3%. Such planned 2025 energy mix can be achieved by doing three important things, namely energy diversification, energy
conservation, and application of clean energy.
Effort to diversify energy is a matter that must
done to decrease CO2 emission to prevent shortage of energy supply in the future. The policy that
can be implemented in connection with energy
diversification are among others:
a. To map the potential, research, and development
of new and renewable energy;
Table 25
Emission Factor
No
Fuel
FE (tC/TJ)
IPCC Lowerupper
FE (tC/TJ)
Avtur
19,68
19,0 - 20,3
Kerosene
19,72
19,3 - 20,1
LPG
18,14
16,8 - 17,9
Fuel Oil/FO
20,56
20,6 - 21,5
Diesel Oil/IDF
20,06
19,8 - 20,4
Pertamax
19,31
18,4 - 19,9
Premium
19,3
18,4 - 19,9
Solar/ADO
20,01
19,8 - 20,4
Figure 1
CO2 Emission from Energy Sector
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
93
b. To give incentive for development and utilization of new and renewabble energy;
c. To promote establishment of more rational
prices;
d. Increasing participation of regions in development of new and renewable energy;
e. To promote economic growth that is based on
low pollution energy;
f. To implement decentralized energy generation;
g. To develop more infrastructure for low emission energy.
Whereas the policy that must be implemented
as related to energy conservation are:
a. Dissemination of information concerning energy conservation to energy users;
94
b. Incentive and disincentive through funding

mechanism such as through CDM program
(Clean Development Mechanism);
c. Regulation for implementation of energy conservation at all so sectors of users and application of energy saving standard;
d. To employ science and technology to develop
light, functional, efficient, and high quality products.
Some technologies that can be applied for decreasing CO2 emission in oil and gas sector are
among others: Flare Gas Reduction Unit (FGRU);
Mini LNG Plant with CO2 Removal; Coalbed Methane (CBM) technology; Biofuels; and application
of CCS technology.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
DESULFURIZATION OF OIL FUELS BY MEMBRANE

AND ADSORPTION METHOD
Sulfur is one of the main components to cause

atmospheric pollution. Sulfur compounds found in
oil fuel are converted into exhaust gas SOx that has
negative impact on health.
Oil fuel specification in Indonesia that has been
established so far mainly takes into consideration
the capability of domestic refineries and government financial capabilty as related to the burden
of oil fuel subsidy. Thus the specifications of oil
fuels in Indonesia have not fully satisfied the requirement of oil fuels in line with the development
in motor vehicle engine technology, international
fuel specifications, and the more stringent environment requirement as related to air quality.
The maximum sulfur content established in
Indonesian specification for gasoline is 0,05% m/
m (500 ppm), and for Solar diesel oil 0,35% m/m
(3500 ppm). Although the actual sulfur content in
Indonesian gasoilne is far below the one stated in
the specification, the content is nevertheless much far higher than the one
established by World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC) for category II: 150 ppm
and category III: 30 ppm, whereas for
Solar Euro II: 500 ppm and Euro III: 300
ppm.
Conventional hydrodesulfurization
(HDS) technique is not quite effective
for reducing sulfur that is bound in aromatic organo sulfur such as thiophene,
benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene,
and their derivatives. In addition, this
technique is quite difficult and requires
quite high technology investment,
namely requiring catalytic reactor that
is operated at high pressure and pressure. Desulfurization techniques by
membrane and adsorption, from literature survey, are effective for reducing
organo-aromatics. In addition, these
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
two techniques can be done at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure so that the investment and operation cost will be relatively cheaper.
The purpose and aim of this activity is to find
the compositions of membrane and adsorbent as
well as separation process that can give effect in
sulfur removal from gasoline and diesel oil by
cheap and easy way for application and integration in existing refineries.
The method of research done comprises design and engineering of membrane composition
that can let pass sulfur compounds and does not
dissolve in gasoline or diesel oil. The solution of
sulfur into the membrane and insolution of the
membrane in gasoline or diesel oil are tested by
use of copolymer such as acrylate and succinate
that have been given crossbonds. Such modification of adsorbent can increase adsorbent selectivity on sulfur in gasoline or diesel oil.
Adsorpstion Separation Test Unit
95
In line with the plan of activity in the third year

(2009), the activity was directed to preparation
of adsorbent, design of adsorption system and regeneration techhnique. Membrane activity was
directed to development of membrane composition by use of pervaporation system. In this activity, composition development was done bby polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20.000 that was given
crossbond by the use of anhydride to effect
crossbonding and triemethylamine as catalyst. The
composition of polymer solution in aceton at PEG
concentration of around 20% and maleate
96
anhydrate concentration of about 15% gave quite

a good separation performance. Sulfur enrichment
factor in permiate flow that would pass through
the membrane was around 3.
As the output of the research on reduction of
sulfur by membrane is the compositioning of PEG
pervaporation sheet membrane that was given
crossbond by maleate anhydride to form
crossbond. Concerning research on sulfur reduction by adsorption, it resulted in reduction of sulfur by 37%.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
STUDY ON PREPARATION OF SKID MOUNTED MEMBRANE FOR

FIELD APPLICATION
In accordance with the plan of activities, in the

third year (2009), the activity was focused on
complementing the unit for separation of acid gas
from natural gas or flare gas with membrane for
field testing. The activities done were preparation
of connection from separation test unit to
the source of feed gas, preparation of unit
for handling the gas resulting from separation (flaring), and preparation of a module
housing for stagewise separation.
In this activity design and engineering
were done of auxiliary units of the unit for
separation of acid gas from natural gas or
flare gas with membrane for field testing.
The configuration of the unit consisted of:
- Module housing that can be placed with 6
or 3 membrane elements of 90 cm long
and 50 mm diameter that can stand a
pressure of 200 psig
- Port connection and flexible hose that
connects the membrane and to gas trunk
line that can stand 200 psig
- Gas disposal hose that is complemented
with flare burner and can stand a pressure of 200 psig
- Fitting dan piping.
In addition, several other units were also
made to support the activity, namely:
- Module Housing that can be filled with
one membrane element of 90 cm long and
50 mm diameter and can stand a pressure of 200 psig
- Hollow fiber coating unit.
In addition, research on the composition
of membrane that can endure dry storage
continues to be developed including the
composition of cellulose acetate with acetone only as well as one with addition of
PEG 4000 on the composition.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The compositions of membrane that can endure storage in dry condition are as follows:
- Cellulose Acetate + Acetone. In the form of
asymmetric membrane with polarity treatment
and storage in dessicator
Design of Module Housing
97
Cellulose Acetate + Acetone + PEG 4000. In the

form of asymmmetric membrane with polarity
treatment and storage in dessicator.
The results obtained from this activity are a

unit for testing of separation of acid gas from natu-
98
ral gas or flare gas with membrane in the form of

skkid mounted unit for ffield testing with a flow
rate capacity of 100 to 1000 scfd and pressure
ranging rom 30 to 200 psig, as well as the composition of membrane that can endure storage at dry
condition.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
INVENTORY AND IDENTIFICATION (FINGERPRINTING)

OF CRUDE OILS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL TO POLLUTE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA
The purpose and aim of this activity is to conduct inventory of crude oil fingerprint data through
their chhromatogram data. These data can then be
utilized as input into fingerprint database of crude
oils of Indonesia in digital form by using a computer program for easy retrieval. With the presence of this database it can facilitate the government as policy decision maker to resolve environmental pollution problem from the aspect of crude
oil spill.
Several combinations of analytical methods
can be used for the purpose of identification or
fingerprinting of crude oil. For example ASTM uses
Gas Chromatography (GC), Fluorescence Spectroscope (FL). Infrared Spectroccopy (IR), and Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
United States Coast Guard Marine Safety Laboratory (MCL) uses combination of methods similar
to ASTM, whereas GC-MS is only used as auxiliary
method. Whereas EUROCRUDE uses GC and GCMS.
In this fingerprint database research, GC
method is used considering that this method is
GCxGC Apparatus
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
very reliable in analysing mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds and nearly every oil laboratory
and environment laboratory has his equpment.
Fingerprinting by GC method is based on pattern
recognition of hydrocarbon compounds, including normalparaffins. In this GC method, no identification is needed of every hydrocarbon compounds and no standard compounds is required.
Crude oil chromatogram is easily recognized from
the position of n-C17, Pristane, n-C18, and Fitane.
Recognition of chromatogram pattern can be done
visually, by diagram or numerically.
The results of the research showed that in general chromatogram pattern recognition through
n-paraffin hydrocarbon compounds gives good
result. Certain types of crude oil sometimes show
scattered diagram pattern and radar diagram that
resemble one to another, although their numeric
data are different. To better ascertain the result of
the matching it must be continued with pattern
recognition of iso-paraffin hydrocarbon compounds.
GCxGC three dimension chromatogram
99
The results of the research on iso-paraffin pattern showed that iso-paraffin pattern showed difference in crude oils that have resemblance in nparaffin pattern. Thus iso-paraffin pattern can be
used as additional parameter for better ascertain
the result of the matching.
The results of this research of 2009 period is a
continuation of the earliler periods of 2007 and
2008. The results of crude oil chromatogram were
also still showing some close isoparaffins that cannot be separted completely. In 2008 period it was
recommended to use Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography for resolving this problem of iso-paraffins. Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography has
been much used by researchers in other countries to overcome the problem. Two Dimensional
chromatography, often denoted as GCGC, can
separate mixture of hydrocarbons and give information that previously cannot be produced by GC
and GC-MS. GCxGC is a new technology that is very
promising for analysis of very complex hydrocarbons in environmental problem. The GCxGC
method and apparatus have been recommended
for application in LEMIGAS. However due to limitation in budget of 2009 period, this apparatus cannot yet be procurred.
From the results of analysis of crude oils in this
2009 period, then by using GC method it has been
able to identify samples of oil spill quickly as initial
investigative action. However, it must be remembered that the fingerpringting method by GC

method in only an element of a chain, particularly
for stating the similarity or dissimilarity between
two or more oil samples. Of not less important are
other data, such as aerial photo and testimony of
witness. That methods of sampling and preservation of samples can affect the result of analysis by
GC is also need to be taken into consideration.
Considering that this GC method is simple and
easy in its operation, as well as that practically all
oil laboratories and environment laboratoris have
GC apparatus, it is recommended that this GC
method is used as preliminary method for identification of crude oil spill So that this method can
be used as an official method it is suggestied that
interlaboratory test correlation be conducted. Such
correlation test with this GC method will cover
methods of weathering simulation, handling of
crude oil samples, and comparison of chromatogram pattern of pristane, fitane, C17 hydrocarbons
and heavier, as well as chromatogram pattern of
iso-paraffins that are situated between n-C17 and
n-C18 that have not been affected by weathering.
The conclusion that can be drawn from the
activity of inventory and fingerprinting by Gas
Chromatography (GC) method is that it is a simple
and easily applied method for identification in preliminary investigation of samples of oil spill be-
Recognitin of n-parafin peak
100
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
fore doing more advanced test, such as by Gas

Chhromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
method.
Chromatogram of a crude oil can be easily recognized by the peak of pristane that occurs side by
side with normal C17 paraffin (n-C17) and fitane that
is side by side with normal C18 paraffin (n-C18). The
ratio of pristane and fitane can be used as initial
indicator of the oil sample being compared.
Furthermore crude oil fingerprinting by GC
method is done by matching chromatogram pattern of n-paraffin and iso-paraffin through visual,
diagram, and numeric method. Numeric pattern
recognition is done by the aid of computer diagram.
When it is only comparing or matching of two
or three samples of crude oil required then it can
be done by x-y diagram of radar diagram.
Generally chromatogram pattern of n-paraffin can already be used to differentiate crude oil
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
samples. When n-paraffin chromatogram pattern

showed resemblance then further matching can
be done with iso-paraffin chromatogram pattern.
Numeric data matching by computer program
can be done by computing the standard deviation
and correlation coeficient.
It is recommended that interlaboratory test
correlation be held for legitimation of the application of GC method for preliminary test in identification of crude oil samples in environmental pollution cases.
Each laboratory that handles environmental
pollution is recommended to participated in inventory of crude oil chromatogram data that the sampling procedure analysis by GC method are described in the full report of this 2009 period research. Also needs to be considered and developed
further is the use of two Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) as the method that can overcome various problems that cannot be overcome
by GC and GC-MS methods.
101
ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MONITORING

OF OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES
In AMDAL document, the pattern of management and monitoring of marine environment that
are formulated in fact are not yet oriented comprehensively and integrally. This appears to have
upstream position (initial/primary cause). Ex-
isting RKL-RPL patterns generally tend to insufficiently consider downstream impact (secondary/
derivative impact). Marine environment is an arena
of interaction of tens of abiotics and biotics that
are all dynamic, interconnected, influencing each
Figure 4
Location of Sampling on River Water and Sea Water (Marine Biota) Quality
102
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
other without recognizing elimination, so that the

process resulted is a network of complex and difficult to predict cause and effect. Finally there appear many cases of environment deterioration,
while on the other hand the concerned industry
feels it has diligently followed all applicable regulations. Therefore there is a need for improvement
in the aspects of management and monitoring of
environment that must be simple and practical
enough but do not contradict Kep. Men. LH, and
reflect the spirit of ecosystem approach, particularly in biological aspect of the related marine environment.
The study was done in marine environs (river
and sea) in the vicinity of upstream activity of
Pertamina UP IV Cilacap, Pertamina UP VI
Indramayu, and downstream activity of Pertamina
EP Prabumulih Palembang.
Monitoring and observation data in the waters
of UP IV Cilacap at initial condition in 1992 have
environment quality value (EQ) of 0,758-0,829
with good-very good classification. In 2004 it experienced decrease to EQ value 0,605-0,644 with
classification of medium-good. Whereas in 2007
the EQ value increased to 0,643-0,694 with classification of good. The result of biota analysis in 2009
with diversity index of 0,085- 1,925, index of evenness of distribution of 0.039-0,092 and dominant
indec 0,1714- 0,3409. From computation saprobity
index is 0,240-3,628. From the result of computation it is known that the waters have suffered
very light to medium pollution by organic and
annorganic matters, whereas the biota is at an unstable condition. The quality of Donan River has
decreased, if pollution continues to occur there will
be succession so that environment become even
more deteriorated.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
The waters in the vicinity of Pertamina UP VI

Indramayu, initial condition in 1991 environment
quality value EQ is 0,644-0,677 with classification
of medium-good. Whereas in 2007 there occurred
decrease in marine quality to 0,547-0,564 with
classification medium. The results of biota analysis in 2009 gave diversity index of 0,0026-1,3325,
index of evenness of distribution 0,0024-0,9614,
dominance index 0,280-0,995, whilst Saprobity
Index 0,2-3. In general the condition of waters in
the vicinity of the activity has been polluted by
organic and anorganic matters at category of very
light to medium. The biota are in unstable condition, there is dominance at the station that is polluted to medium. This decrease in marine quality
can be caused by less then effective RKL and RPL
and the need to reduce pollution load by increasing IPAL in series.
Whereas for Pertamina Prabumulih the marine quality in overall at the time of initial condition in 1993 around 0,7120,818 with classification goodvery good and the condition of marine
quality in 2008 (EQ 0,8350,937) with classification of very good. This shows increase in the quality of waters of the river in the vicinity of activity.
Biota analysis gave diversity index 0,0532,51, distribution evenness index 0,0170,927 and dominance index 0,10760,985 whereas Saprobity index 0,1502,159. Ffrom these results of analysis it
can be said the waters have been polluted by organic and anorganic matter very lighht to medium.
The biota is in unstable condition and there is dominance. These results indicated that waste management is already quite effective, but there is a need
to do even better management by considering the
bearing capacity of the waters, not only in connection with waste.
103
CHAPTER 4. CLOSING REMARKS

From the description of the execution of oil
and gas R/D programs in 2009, it is clear that oil
and gas upstream R/D programs and activities
were focused on finding and developing unconventional gas potential as well as increasing oil
and gas reserves and production. With the condition of oil and gas production that continued to
decrease under the target of one million barrel per
day, it is necessary to look for the source of oil or
gas reserves in eastern parts Indonesia and to increase oil and gas production technology capability through development or EOR (enhanced oil recovery) technology.
Meanwhile oil and gas downsream R/D programs and activities were focused on development
of oil and gas processing technology. These two
104
focuses of downstream activities form important

part in supporting the government in implementing energy conservation and diversification. This
energy conservation program included efforts to
develop process technology for increasing efficiency in oil fuel consumption of engines. Whereas
this energy diversification program is connected
to biofuel and gas development process in the
framework of reducing consumption of oil fuels.
Thus it can be concluded that the two focuses
of oil and gas R/D programs (upstream R/D and
downstream R/D) that are executed in PPPTMGB
LEMIGAS are directed to support in achieving
government policy on energy resilience that is efficient, sustainable, and supporting the environment.
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009
LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

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LEMIGAS REPORT 2009

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................

A. PRINCIPAL TASK AND FUNCTIONS ...............................................................................................................

B. VISION AND MISSIONS ........................................................................................................................................

C. GOALS OF LEMIGAS ..............................................................................................................................................

D. TARGETS AND INDICATORS .............................................................................................................................

E. STAKEHOLDERS PERSPECTIVE .....................................................................................................................

F. INTERNAL PROCES PERSPECTIVE ................................................................................................................

G. LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................................

H. PROGRAM AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE ASPECT .........................................................

I. R/D PROGRAM STRATEGY .................................................................................................................................

J. TECHNOLOGICAL SERVICE PROGRAM STRATEGY .................................................................................

K. R/D SUPPORTING PROGRAM STRATEGY ..................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2. OIL AND GAS UPSTREAM R/D PROGRAM .....................................................................................

D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................

OF WESTERN INDONESIA OIL ................................................................................................................

EVALUATION OF OIL AND GAS TERRAIN OF UPPER KUTAI BASIN .......................................

PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND HC POTENTIAL OF PRE-TERTIARY BASIN IN KEPALA

2D AND 3D SEIMIC INTERPRETATION IN EAST NATUNA REGION .......................................

DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR SHALLOW

STUDY OF COALBED METHANE GAS IN EAST KALIMANTAN ..................................................

INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF COALBED METHANE AND EOR LABORATORY ............

OPTIMIZING CBM WELL DEWATERING PUMP ...............................................................................

OIL AND GAS RESERVES INVENTORY AND PRODUCTION BY PRODUCING REGION OF

INCREASING GEOMECHANICAL MODELING CAPABILITY FOR DESIGN OF DRILLING

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON CEMENT EXPANDING AGENT MATERIAL ...........

DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION IN CARBONATE RESERVOIR

DESIGN OF MUD FOR OVERCOMING DEPOSITION OF MUD MATERIAL OR FORMATION

STUDY ON THE CAUSE OF SCALE FORMATION IN OIL FIELDS IN SUMATRA ...................

WORKSHEET FOR SCREENING CO2 EOR SEQUISTRATION POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA

PREPARATION OF SURFACTANT FOR APPLICATION IN DISPLACEMENT OF OIL BY

CHAPTER 3. OIL AND GAS DOWNSTREAM R/D PROGRAMS ...........................................................................

D. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................

OPTIMIZING OF ETHANOL AND BUTANOL PRODUCTION AS ALTERNATIVE

OPTIMIZING OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESS .................................................................

STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC CHLOROPHYCEAE MICROBE BIOMASS IN

RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT OIL BASED GREEN FUEL IN

RESEARCH ON CHARACTERISTICS AND UTILIZATION OF COAL LIQUEFACTION

STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF NATURAL GAS FOR SMALL SCALE FERTILIZER

RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL SCALE GAS TO LIQUID .......................................

RESEARCH ON SEPARATION OF NATURAL GAS CONTAMINANTS BY NANO

FORMULATION OF PLANT OIL BASED ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL ......................................

STUDY ON COMPATIBILITY OF BLEND OF MINERAL TYPE AND PLANT TYPE

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL UTILIZATION IN REDUCING CO2 AND

STUDY ON THE UTILIZATION OF PLANT OIL FROM KISAMIR SEEDS AS FUEL

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE VOLATILITY ON OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

FORMULATION OF LUBE OIL FOR MANUAL TRANSMISSION OF HEAVY DUTY

FORMULATION OF ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LUBRICATING GREASE .............................

RESEARCH ON AROMATIC CONTENT IN DIESEL OIL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF

CORRELATION PROGRAM OF LUBE OIL LABORATORIES IN INDONESIA .........................

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNO ECONOMIC MODEL FOR UTILIZATION OF COALBED

DESIGN OF PREPARATION OF BIOADSORBENT FOR GAS STORAGE IN GAS FUEL

PREPARATION OF FORMULATION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR FROM PALM OIL

MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY SECTOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ...................................

DESULFURIZATION OF OIL FUELS BY MEMBRANE AND ADSORPTION METHOD .......

STUDY ON PREPARATION OF SKID MOUNTED MEMBRANE FOR FIELD APPLICATION

INVENTORY AND IDENTIFICATION (FINGERPRINTING) OF CRUDE OILS THAT HAVE

ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MONITORING OF OIL AND GAS

CHAPTER 4. CLOSING REMARKS ................................................................................................................................. 104