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Page 8 PDF
Plasticity of structures
Load-carrying capacity
Print version Lecture on Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity of
Dr. D. Dinev, Department of Structural Mechanics, UACEG
12.1
Contents
1
Introduction
Material modeling
Load-carrying capacity
Plastic hinges
Plastic analysis
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10
10
11
12
13
15
12.2
Introduction
Introduction
Plastic behavior
Plastic deformations
12.3
Introduction
Plastic behavior
Plastic deformations- FE simulation
12.4
Material modeling
Material modeling
Material modeling
Results from a tensile test
The stress-strain relation is non-linear
The transition from elastic to plastic behavior is called yielding
12.6
Material modeling
Mild steel
y = 200 400 MPa
u = 400 600 MPa
12.7
Material modeling
Mild steel
y 0.1%
u = 30 50%
The most important zone is Oab
12.8
Material modeling
Idealized curve
Elastic-perfectly plastic model
12.9
Load-carrying capacity
Load-carrying capacity
Plastic bending
Load-carrying capacity- the maximum bending moment which can bear a section before
failure
Assumptions- The Bernoulli hypothesis is valid
Euler-Bernoulli beam
= z- kinematic equations
= E- constitutive equations
M=
A z dA
Load-carrying capacity
bh2
6
12.11
Load-carrying capacity
Stage 1- elastic behavior
The curvature is
y = y
2
Eh
Load-carrying capacity
Load-carrying capacity
Stage 2- partial plastification
The curvature is 2y and moment capacity of section is
M2 =
11
y bh2
48
12.14
Load-carrying capacity
Load-carrying capacity
Load-carrying capacity
Stage 4- filly plastic section
The curvature is p = and the plastic moment is
M p = y
bh2
4
12.17
Load-carrying capacity
Load-carrying capacity
Stage 4- filly plastic section
The comparison of the bending moments
=
Mp
= 1.5
My
Load-carrying capacity
RC section
RC section with - curves of concrete and reinforcing steel
Assumption for a tension failure
12.20
Load-carrying capacity
RC section
Moment-curvature diagram
The presence of composite section require a definition of an ultimate moment capacity of
section Mu
12.21
Load-carrying capacity
RC section
Moment capacity of section
12.22
Load-carrying capacity
RC section
H = 0- height of the compression zone
As fy = 0.85 fc0 ab
a=
As fy
0.85 fc0 b
where As is the area of the reinforcement, fy is yield strength of the reinforcement, fc0 is
the compressive cylinder strength of the concrete, b is the beam width
12.23
Load-carrying capacity
RC section
M = 0 - moment capacity- Mu
a
M =T d
2
As fy
Mu = M = As fy d
1.7b fc0
where d is the distance from the centroid of the reinforced steel to the extreme concrete
compression fiber, = 0.9 is a strength reduction factor to obtain the design strength
12.24
Plastic hinges
Plastic hinges
Hinge formation
The presence of unrestricted plastic flow at section leads us to the concepts of the formation
of plastic hinges in beams
12.25
Plastic hinges
Hinge formation
When the load is increased and M p is reached the mid-span section is fully plastic
12.26
Plastic hinges
Hinge formation
No plasticity occurs in sections where the bending moment is < My
12.27
Plastic hinges
Hinge formation
The beam behaves as two rigid bodies connected by a plastic hinge which allows them to
rotate relatively to each other
12.28
Plastic hinges
Hinge formation
The value of Fu is given by Fu =
4M p
`
Plastic hinges
Hinge formation
The length of the plastic hinge is
L p = L(1 )
12.30
Plastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Ultimate limit state
The main task of the structural engineering is to design the structural members so they can
carry the loads under all possible conditions including ultimate limit states
The elastic distribution of stresses can be obtained by solution of the elasticity problem
However the structural elements do not behave elastically near ultimate load and bending
capacity of section is based on a plastic analysis
It is reasonable to use methods of analysis and design which recognize plasticity
12.31
Plastic analysis
Theorems of plasticity- Hillerborg 1975
Lower-bound theorem- If there is a load qu for which it is possible to find a moment
field that fulfills all equilibrium conditions and the moment at no point is higher than the
yield moment, then qu is a lower-bound value of the carrying capacity. The structure can
certainly carry the load qu
Upper-bound theorem- If for a small virtual increment of deformation, the internal energy
taken up by the structure on the assumption that the moment in every point where the
curvature is changed equals the yielding moment and this energy is found to equal the
work performed by the load qu for the same increment of deformation then qu is an upperbound value of the carrying capacity. Loads greater than qu are certainly high enough to
cause moment failure of the structure
12.32
Plastic analysis
Theorems of plasticity
Values of the ultimate load according to the upper-bound and lower-bound theorems
12.33
Plastic analysis
Example
Plastic analysis
Example
The virtual work principle gives the value of the ultimate load based on the upper-bound
theorem
12.35
6.1
Introduction
The ultimate load is estimated by postulating a collapse mechanism that is compatible with
the BCs (upper-bound approach)
The moment at the plastic hinge lines are the ultimate moment of resistance of the section
The ultimate load is determined using the principle of virtual work and it is either correct
or too high
Note
Thus all possible collapse mechanisms must be examined to ensure that the load-carrying
capacity is not overestimated
12.36
6.2
Yield lines
Yield lines
Crack pattern in a RC slab (Mrsch, 1922)
12.38
11
Yield lines
Boundary conditions, axes of rotation and yield lines
12.39
Yield lines
Yield line patterns for uniformly loaded slabs
12.40
6.3
12
6.4
13
W=
A
qu (x, y)dA = Qu
where Qu is load resultant on the segment and is the displacement of its centroid
The work done by internal forces U is due only to the bending moments
U = Mun n `0
where Mun is the ultimate moment normal to the yield line, n is the rotation and `0 is the
yield line length
The twisting moments and shear forces do not produce work because they cancel each
other at the opposite sides of the yield line
12.46
Mun n `0 = Qu
Since most slabs are rectangular and the reinforcement is orthogonal we know the Mux and
Muy and it is easier to deal with the directional components of the internal work
12.47
Mun u `0 = Mux x y0
+ Muy y x0
where x and y are components of u ; x0 and y0 are components of `0
Therefore
Qu = Mux x y0
+ Muy y x0
12.48
14
6.5
...
Qu
=0
xn
The values for x1 , x2 , . . . , xn are substituted back into the ultimate load equation to obtain
the minimum Qu
12.50
15
Example 1
Consider a rectangular slab with an orthotropic reinforcement
Determine the ultimate load for the given yield line pattern
12.51
Example 1
The yield line pattern
12.52
16
Example 2
For the given pattern find the optimum position of the yield lines and the ultimate load
12.53
Example 2
The yield line pattern
12.54
17
Example 2
The minimum ultimate load
12.55
Example 2
The slab is designed as follows
Steel strength- fy = 400 MPa
Concrete strength- fc0 = 30 MPa
Strength reduction factor- = 0.9
Reinforcement- 8@200o.c.(251mm2 /m)
12.56
The End
Imhotep- the 1-st engineer
Any questions, opinions, discussions?
12.57
18