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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

CARBON – is an element, non metal, and present in very small amount in atmosphere.

In Atmosphere – 0.02% and in Air - 0.03% as CO2 gas. All living things plants and animals are made up of
carbon compounds called organic compounds.
Bonding in carbon – its electronic configuration is K L. it is not possible to remove 4 electrons
2 4
From its outermost shell, also not possible to gain 4 electrons to complete its octet. Therefore it shares 4
electrons with others. Therefore bond formed is covalent.

 Self combination (catenation) – carbon can link or combine with one another by means of covalent
bonds to form long chains of carbon atom. This property is also called
Catenation .-C-C-C-C-C-c-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-
 Tetravalency - tetra means 4 and valency refers to valency. Valency of carbon is four(which is quite
large). Due to this a carbon atom can form large number of carbon atoms with a number of carbon
atoms as well as with a large number of other elements.
Types of hydrocarbons

1. Hydrocarbons
2. Haloalkanes
3. Alcohols
4. Aldehydes
5. Ketones
6. Carboxylic acids
1. Hydrocarbons

Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon mainly are called Hydrocarbons.( Hydrogen + Carbon). Methane (CH 4),
Ethane(C2H6) etc. it is of two types.

1. Saturated Htdrocarbons – a hydrocarbon which is connected by only single bond.it is further divided into
one part.
i. Alkanes – a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by single
covalent bond. Methane (CH4),ethane (C2H6)

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2.

2
3
4
5
6
iii.

NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS

1
S
t
U
H
d
A
e
u
a
s
n
D
Y
O
B
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – the hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are connected by “Double bond”
or “Triple bond” . it is further divided into two parts.
ii. Alkenes – a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double bond. H 2
C=CH2 called ethane. CH3-CH=CH2 called as propane.
Alkynes- a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond.
HC≡CH as ethyne.

ALKANES
PREFIX
METH
ETH
PROP
BUT
PENT
HEX

a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by single covalent bond. Methane (CH 4),ethane
(C2H6).It’s general formula is CnH2n+2 .

ALKANES(number of carbon)
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MOLECULAR FORMULA
carbon and its compounds
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Methane(1) CH4
Ethane(2) C2H6
Propane(3) C3H8
Butane(4) C4H10

ALKENES

A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double bond. H 2 C=CH2 called ethane. CH3-CH=CH2
called as propane. It’s general formula is CnH2n .

ALKENES (NUMBER OF CARBON ATOM) MOLECULAR FORMULA

Ethene C2H4
Propene C3H6
Butene C4H8
Pentene C5H10
Hexene C6H12

ALKYNES

A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. HC≡CH is known as ethyne. Its
general formula is CnH2n-2 .

ALKYNES (NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS) MOLECULAR FORMULA

Ethyne C2H2
Propyne C3H4
Butyne C4H6
Pentyne C5H8
Hexyne C6H10

Homologous series – a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in
which the every successive compound differ by CH2.. example

Homologous series of alkane

ALKANES(number of carbon) MOLECULAR FORMULA

Methane(1) CH4
Ethane(2) C2H6
Propane(3) C3H8
Butane(4) C4H10

ISOMERS :-the organic compounds having same molecular formula but structures are known as Isomers. Isomers are
possible for 4 or more than four carbon atoms. Isomers of compound Butane are possible.

Functional Groups
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes are already discussed above. They are also the types of functional group.

1. Halogen Group (X-Cl, Br, F, I)

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Prefixes for
Cl – Chloro
Br- Bromo
F- Fluro
I-Iodo
Halogen are written as R-X (Where are is alkyl group and X can be halogen)
Example- CH3-Cl chloromethane,C2H5-Br bromoethane, C2H5-F fluroethane etc.

2. Alcohol group ( -OH)

Suffix for Alcohol – ol (R-OH)

No of C Molecular formula of alcohol group Structural formula

1 Methanol CH3-OH
2 Ethanol C2H5-OH
3 Propanal C3H7-OH
4 Butanal C3H7-CHO

CH3-OH methan+ol (“e” is removed from all alkane names) and becomes Methanol
C2H5-OH ethanol, C3H7-OH propanal, C4H9-OH Butanol etc.
3. Aldehyde Group (-CHO)
Suffix for aldehyde is – al (R-CHO)
HCHO methan+al written as Methanal
CH3-CHO Ethanal, C2H5-CHO propanal, C3H7-CHO Butanal etc.

No of C Molecular formula of Aldehyde group Structural formula

1 Methanal HCHO
2 Ethanal CH3-CHO
3 propanal C2H5-CHO
4 Butanal C3H7-CHO

4. Ketone group ( -CO- )

Suffix for ketone- “one”
Ketone consists of one carbon and one oxygen atom. It starts from the three carbon atom.

No of C Molecular formula of ketone group Structural formula

1 Propanone CH3-CO-CH3
2 Butanone CH3-CH2-CO-CH3
3 Propanone CH3-CH2- CH2-CO-CH3
4 Hexanone CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CO-CH3

5. Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)

Suffix for carboxylic acid – “oic acid”

No of C Molecular formula of carboxylic acid group Structural formula

1 Methanoic acid HCHO
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2 Ethanoic acid CH3-COOH

3 Propanoic acid CH3- CH2-COOH
4 Butanoic acid CH3- CH2- CH2-COOH

CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF CARBON COMPOUND

1. Combustion:- (Burning) :- The process of burning of any carbon compounds in air to give carbon dioxide,
water, heat and light is known as combustion:

CH4 + 2O2 ------COMBUSTION----------►CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light

(a) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) generally burn in air with a blue, now sooty flame.

(b) Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes) are burned in pure oxygen, then they will burn completely
producing a blue flame (without any smoke).

2. Substitution Reaction:- Reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by
some other atoms( like chlorine).

CH4 + CL2-----------sunlight-----------► CH3Cl + HCl

3. Addition Reaction:- It is a characteristic properly of unsaturated hydrocarbon.

CH2 = CH2 + H2 ----------Ni catalyst, heat------------► CH3-CH3

Ethane

(Unsaturated) (Saturated)

i. Hydrogenation of Oils:- Addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain saturated

hydrocarbon. Vegetables oils like ground nut oils, coconut oil, cotton seed oil and mustard oil are
unsaturated oils they are in liquid state. They undergo addition reaction to form saturated compound.

CR 2 = CR2 + H2 -------------------► H- CR2--------CR2-H

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Vegetable oil Vegetable Glee

(Unsaturated fat) (Saturated fat)

(Liquid state) (Liquid state)

Properties of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)

Common Name- ethyl alcohol

Physical properties:

(i) Colorless liquid having pleasant smell and burning taste.

(ii) Lighter than water and miscible with liquid in all properties, because of presence of hydroxyl group in it. It is
neutral.

Rectified Sprit:- Ethanol + 5 % water = Rectified Spirit

Rectified spirit is commercial alcohol.

Absolve Alcohol :-. 100% pure alcohol.

Chemical Properties:-

(1)Combustion:- Burning in the presence of oxygen. Ethanol is highly inflammable. On burning gives blue flame.

C2H5OH + 3O2-----------------►2CO2 + 3H2O +Heat +Light.

Ethanol as fuel:- Since ethanol burns with a clear flame giving a lot of heat, therefore, it is used as a fuel. It is also
used as an additive in petrol in courtiers like Brazil.

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(2) Oxidation: - Means controlled combustion.

CH3CH2OH + 2{O} --------i or ii------ + heat ------------► CH3COOH + H2O

Ethanol nascent Ethanoic acid water

(Colorless) {Purple (5010)}

i. Alkaline KmnO4 = KmnO 4 + NaOH

ii. Acidified K2Cr2O7 = K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

(3) Reaction with Sodium metal:-

2C2H5OH + 2Na ----------------► 2C2H5-O-Na+ + H2.

(4) Dehydration:- (Removal of water molecule )

Conc.H2SO4; 1700C

CH3CH2OH ---------------------►CH2 = CH2 + H2O

(5) Esterification (formation of ester):-

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanal ethyl ethanol water

OTHER ALCOHOL COMPOUNDS

Methanol :- Is a poison. Methanol damages the optic nerve causing permanent blindness in a person. Methanol is
oxidized to methanol in the liver of a person. Methanol reads rapidly with the components of cell causing
coagulation of protoplasm. Cells stops functioning. This leads to death of person.

Denatured Alcohol:- Ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding small amounts of
poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate etc. (CuSO 4 imparts blue color when added with
ethanol.)

TESTS FOR ALCOHOL

1. Sodium metal test:- add a small piece of sodium to the organic liquid taken in a dry test tube. If the
bubbles (or effervesces) of hydrogen gas are produced it indicates that the given liquid is Alcohol.
2C2H5OH + 2Na ----------------► 2C2H5-O-Na+ + H2.

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2. Ester test for alcohol:- the organic compound is warmed with some glacial Ethanoic acid and a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid. A sweet smell (due to the formation of ester) indicates that the organic
compound is an alcohol.

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

USES OF ETHANOL

1. In the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers, medicines, perfumes, dyes, soaps and synthetic rubber.
2. It is used as an organic solvent in laboratory.
3. It is also used as a fuel in the cars.
4. Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic beverages like wine, beer, whisky, and other liquors. Whisky (35%), wine
(10-20%), beer (6%) of ethanol.
5. It is also used as an antiseptic to sterilize the wounds and syringes in hospitals.

By VIVEK MISHRA carbon and its compounds