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17th Edition
The Industry Standard for More Than 60 Years
The renowned Practical Data for Metallurgists has served as an
essential industry reference since its introduction in 1953. This
guide includes an updated listing of standard steels and their
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Return to Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Steel Chemistries
Chemical Compositions, etc.
Miscellaneous Steel Properties

USA-European-Japanese Grades
European Industrial Standards
Japanese Automotive Standards
Japanese Industrial Standards
Hardenability Band Data
Restricted Hardenability Band Data
Jominy Correlation with Round Bars
Combined Hardenability Charts
Martensite Percent vs. Carbon Content and Hardness
Relationship of Fatigue Strength to Tensile Strength
Carburizing Rates of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Critical Transformation Temperatures and Ms/Mf Points
Hot Working Temperatures
Page
Number
4 32
33
34 37
38 42
43 48
49 59
60 62
63 66
67 80
81
82
83 87
88 90
91 92
Tubing
General Tolerances
Length Tolerances
Straightness Tolerances
Seamless Steel Tubing Shapes
Tube Size Calculations
OD Cleanups
Formulas for Calculating Surface Cleanup
Formulas for Calculating Camber (Straightness) Cleanup
93 97
98
99 100
101 102
103 106
107
108
108
Bar
General Tolerances
Straightness Tolerances
Weight Table Rounds and Squares
Reduction Ratios for Round and Square Bars
Cold Shearing Metric Equivalents and Limitations
Estimated Mechanical Properties for Bars
109 110
110
111 114
115
116 122
123 124
Miscellaneous Information
Iron Carbon Phase Diagram
Statistical Process Control (SPC) Information
Handy Physical Constants
Engineering Conversion Factors
Metric-English Stress Conversion Tables
Work-Energy Conversion Tables
Decimal Equivalent Chart
Temperature Conversion Tables
Hardness Conversion Tables
Useful Equations for Hardenable Alloy Steels
Glossary of Metallurgical Terms
Glossary of Forging Terms
125 126
127 128
129
130 132
133
134
135 136
137 138
139 140
141
142 147
148 152
STANDARD CARBON STEELS
FREE CUTTING RESULPHURIZED STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SAE
No.
C
Mn

1005
1006
1008
.06 max
.08 max
.10 max
.35 max
.25/.40
.30/.50

1010 .08/.13 .30/.60

1011 .08/.14 .60/.90
1012 .10/.15 .30/.60

1013 .11/.16 .30/.60
1015 .13/.18 .30/.60

1016 .13/.18 .60/.90

1017
.15/.20
.30/.60

1018
.15/.20
.60/.90
P
Max
S
Max
SAE
No.
C
Mn
P
Max
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.030
.08/.13
.030
.08/.13
.030
.08/.13
.030
.08/.13
.030
.08/.13
.030
.08/.13
.030 .08/.13
.030 .08/.13
.030
.24/.33
.030
.08/.13
.030 .08/.13
.040 .050
.040 .050
.040 .050
.030 .050
.040 .050
.040 .050
.040
.050
.040
.050
1020
1021
1022
1023
1025
1026
1029
1030
.28/.34
.60/.90
1035
.32/.38
.60/.90
1038
.35/.42
.60/.90
1039 .37/.44 .70/1.00
.040
.050
.040
.050
.040
.050
.040 .050
1040 .37/.44 .60/.90

1042 .40/.47 .60/.90
1043 .40/.47 .70/1.00
1044 .43/.50 .30/.60
1045 .43/.50 .60/.90
1046
.43/.50 .70/1.00
1049 .46/.53 .60/.90
.040 .050
.040 .050
.040 .050
.040 .050
.040 .050
.040 .050
.040 .050
.18/.23
.18/.23
.18/.23
.20/.25
.22/.28
.22/.28
.25/.31
.30/.60
.60/.90
.70/1.00
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1050 .48/.55 .60/.90 .040 .050

1053 .48/.55 .70/1.00 .040 .050
1055 .50/.60 .60/.90 .040 .050
1060 .55/.65 .60/.90 .040 .050
1065 .60/.70 .60/.90 .040 .050
1070 .65/.75 .60/.90 .040 .050
1074 .70/.80 .50/.80 .040 .050
1078
.72/.85
.30/.60
.040
.050
1080
.75/.88 .60/.90 .040 .050
1086 .80/.93 .30/.50 .040 .050
1090 .85/.98 .60/.90 .040 .050
1095 .90/1.03 .30/.50 .040 .050
1117
.14/.20

1118
.14/.20

1126
.23/.29
1132
.27/.34
1137
.32/.39
1138
.34/.40

1140 .37/.44

1141 .37/.45

1144
.40/.48

1146
.42/.49

1151 .48/.55
1.00/1.30
1.30/1.60
.70/1.00
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
FREE CUTTING REPHOSPHORIZED

AND RESULPHURIZED STEEL
SAE
No.
1212
1213
1215
C
.13 max
.13 max
.09 max
Mn
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
.75/1.05
P
.07/.12
.07/.12
.04/.09
S
.16/.23
.24/.33
.26/.35
OTE: 12XX grades are customarily furnished without specified silicon content because of adverse effect on
N
machinability.
HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEEL

SAE
No.
C
Mn
P
Max
S
Max
1522
.18/.24
1524
.19/.25
1526
.22/.29
1527
.22/.29
1541 .36/.44
1547
.43/.51
1548
.44/.52
1552
.47/.55
1566 .60/.71
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
.050
1.10/1.40
1.35/1.65
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
.85/1.15
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS
STANDARD ALLOY STEELS continued

SAE
No.
1330
1335
1340
.............
4023
4027
4037
4047
.............
4118
4120(1)
4130
4137
4140
4142
4145
4150

4320
4340
E4340
.............
4620
.............
4820
.............
50B46(2)

5120
5130
5132
5140
5150
5160
51B60(2)
Mn
Cr
Ni
(2)
Other
.28/.33 1.60/1.80
..............
..............
.............. .............
.33/.38 1.60/1.90 .............. .............. .............. .............
.38/.43 1.60/1.90 .............. .............. ..............
.20/.25
.25/.30
.35/.40
.45/.50
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
.18/.23
.18/.23
.28/.33
.35/.40
.38/.43
.40/.45
.43/.48
.48/.53
.70/.90
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.60
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.08/.15
.13/.20
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.17/.22
.38/.43
.38/.43
.45/ .65
.60/.80
.65/.85
.40/.60
.70/.90
.70/.90
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.17/.22
.45/.65
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.18/.23
.50/.70
..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
.44/.49
.75/1.00
.20/.35
..............
..............
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.............. .............
.............. .............
.............. .............
.............. .............
.............. .............
.............. .............
.............. .............
.17/.22
.70/.90
.28/.33
.70/.90
.30/.35 .60/.80
.38/.43 .70/.90
.48/.53 .70/.90
.56/.64 .75/1.00
.56/.64 .75/1.00
51100
.98/1.10
.25/.45
.90/1.15
.............
E52100
.98/1.10
.25/.45
1.30/1.60
.............

52100
.93/1.05
.25/.45
1.35/1.60
.............

(1)
Mo
............
............
S 5 .025
............
S 5 .015
SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other

V
6150
.48/.53
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.............
............
.15 min
8615
8617
8620
8622
8630
8640
8645
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.20/.25
.28/.33
.38/.43
.43/.48
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.40/.70
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.............
.............
.............
.............
............
.............
.............
8720
.18/.23
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8822
.20/.25
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.30/.40
.............
Si
9259 .56/.64 .75/1.00 .45/.65 ............. ............. .70/1.10
9260
.56/.64
.75/1.00
.............
.............
............. 1.80/2.20
Unless specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .035 max (SAE J1268), S 5 .040 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max
These standard grades can have modifications in chemistry when agreed upon by user and supplier.
.............
.............
P 5 .025
P 5 .025
Formerly PS 15
B 5 .0005/.003
STANDARD H STEELS
PS GRADES (Formerly EX Grades)
Chemical Composition Ranges
PS
No.
10
16
17
18
19
20
21
31
32
33
34
36
38
39
40
54
55
56
57(1)
58
59
61
63
64
65
66
67
Mn
Cr
.19/.24
.95/1.25
.25/.40
.20/.25
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.23/.28
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.25/.30
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.18/.23
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.13/.18
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.15/.20
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.15/.20
.70/.90
.45/.65
.18/.23
.70/.90
.45/.65
.17/.24
.85/1.25
.20 min
.28/.33
.90/1.20
.40/.60
.38/.43
.90/1.20
.45/.65
.43/.48
.90/1.20
.45/.65
.48/.53
.90/1.20
.45/.65
.51/.59
.90/1.20
.45/.65
.19/.25
.70/1.05
.40/.70
.15/.20
.70/1.00
.45/.65
.08/.13
.70/1.00
.45/.65
.08 max
1.25 max
17.00/19.00
.16/.21
1.00/1.30
.45/.65
.18/.23
1.00/1.30
.70/.90
.23/.28
1.00/1.30
.70/.90
.31/.38 .75/1.10 .45/.65
.16/.21
1.00/1.30
.70/.90
.21/.26
1.00/1.30
.70/.90
.16/.21
.40/.70
.45/.75
.42/.49
.80/1.20
.85/ 1.20
Unless Specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .035 max, S 5 .040 max
(1)
P 5 .040 max, S 5 .15/.35, Si 5 1.00 max
Note: PS Nos. 15, 24 and 30 are now standard grades.

(See SAE Nos. 4120, 4121 and 4715)
Ni
Mo
Other
.20/.40
.05/.10
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.13/.20
B
.............. .08/.15 .0005-.003
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
.70/1.00
.45/.60
..............
.70/1.00
.45/.60
..............
.20 min
.05 min
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.13/.20
..............
..............
.05 min
..............
1.65/2.00
.65/.80
..............
1.65/2.00
.65/.80
..............
..............
1.75/2.25 ..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
B
..............
.............. .0005-.003
..............
..............
..............
..............
.............. V
1.65/2.00
.08/.15
.10/.15
..............
.25/.35
..............
SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
1330 H
.27/.33 1.45/2.05
.............
..............
............
.............
1335 H
.32/.38 1.45/2.05
.............
..............
............
.............
1340 H
.37/.44 1.45/2.05
.............
..............
............
.............
1345 H
.42/.49 1.45/2.05
.............
..............
............
.............

4027 H
.24/.30
.60/1.00
.............
..............
.20/.30
.............

S
4028 H
.24/.30
.60/1.00
.............
..............
.20/.30
.035/.050
4032 H
.29/.35
.60/1.00
.............
..............
.20/.30
.............
4037 H
.34/.41
.60/1.00
.............
..............
.20/.30
.............
4042 H
.39/.46
.60/1.00
.............
..............
.20/.30
.............
4047 H
.44/.51
.60/1.00
.............
..............
.20/.30
.............
4118 H
4130 H
4135 H
4137 H
4140 H
4142 H
4145 H
4147 H
4150 H
4161 H
.17/.23
.27/.33
.32/.38
.34/.41
.37/.44
.39/.46
.42/.49
.44/.51
.47/.54
.55/.65
.60/1.00
.30/.70
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.65/1.10
.30/.70
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.75/1.20
.65/.95
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.08/.15
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.15/.25
.25/.35
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
4320 H
4340 H
E4340 H
.17/.23
.37/.44
.37/.44
.40/.70
.55/.90
.60/.95
.35/.65
.65/.95
.65/.95
1.55/2.00
1.55/2.00
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............
4620 H
.17/.23
.35/.75
.............
1.55/2.00
.20/.30

4621 H
.17/.23
.60/1.00
.............
1.55/2.00
.20/.30

4626
.23/.29
.40/.70
.............
.65/1.05
.15/.25
4718 H
.15/.21
.60/.95
.30/.60
.85/1.25
.30/.40
.............
Si
.15/.35
Si
.15/.35
.............
4720 H
.17/.23
.45/.75
.30/.60
.85/1.25
.15/.25
.............
4815 H
4817 H
4820 H
.12/.18
.14/.20
.17/.23
.30/.70
.30/.70
.40/.80
.............
.............
.............
3.20/3.80
3.20/3.80
3.20/3.80
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.............
.............
.............

B
50B40 H .37/.44 .65/1.10 .30/.70 .............. ............ .0005/.003

B
50B44 H
.42/.49
.65/1.10
.30/.70
..............
............
.0005/.003
5046 H .43/.50 .65/1.10 .13/.43 .............. ............ .............

B
50B46 H .43/.50 .65/1.10 .13/.43 .............. ............ .0005/.003

B
50B50 H .47/.54 .65/1.10 .30/.70 .............. ............ .0005/.003

B
50B60 H .55/.65 .65/1.10 .30/.70 .............. ............ .0005/.003
STANDARD H STEELS continued

SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
5120 H
.17/.23
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
..............
..............
..............
5130 H
.27/.33
.60/1.00
.75/1.20
..............
..............
..............
5132 H
.29/.35
.50/.90
.65/1.10
..............
..............
..............
5135 H
.32/.38
.50/.90
.70/1.15
..............
..............
..............
5140 H .37/.44 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. .............. ..............
5147 H
.45/.52
.60/1.05
.80/1.25
..............
..............
..............
5150 H
.47/.54
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
..............
..............
..............
5155 H
.50/.60
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
..............
.............
..............
5160 H
.55/.65
.65/1.10
.60/1.00
..............
..............
..............
B
51B60 H .55/.65 .65/1.10 .60/1.00 .............. .............. .0005/.003
V
6118 H
.15/.21
.40/.80
.40/.80
..............
..............
.10/.15
6150 H
.47/.54
.60/1.00
.75/1.20
..............
..............
.15 min.
B
.42/.49
.70/1.05
.30/.60
.15/.45
.08/.15
.0005/.003
81B45 H
8617 H
.14/.20
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8620 H
.17/.23
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8622 H
.19/.25
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8625 H
.22/.28
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8627 H
.24/.30
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8630 H
.27/.33
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
B
.27/.33
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
.0005/.003
86B30 H
8637 H
.34/.41
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8640 H
.37/.44
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8642 H
.39/.46
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8645 H
.42/.49
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
B
.42/.49
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
.0005/.003
86B45 H
8650 H
.47/.54
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8655 H
.50/.60
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8660 H
.55/.65
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
8720 H
.17/.23
.60/.95
.35/.65
.35/.75
.20/.30
..............
8740 H
.37/.44
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.20/.30
..............
8822 H
.19/.25
.70/1.05
.35/.65
.35/.75
.30/.40
..............
Si
9259 H
.56/.64
.65/1.10
.45/.65
..............
..............
.70/1.20
Si
9260 H
.55/.65
.65/1.10
.............
..............
.............. 1.70/2.20
9310 H
.07/.13
.40/.70
1.00/1.45 2.95/3.55
.08/.15
..............
B
.12/.18
.70/1.05
.25/.55
.25/.65
.08/.15
.0005/.003
94B15 H
B
.14/.20
.70/1.05
.25/.55
.25/.65
.08/.15
.0005/.003
94B17 H
B
.27/.33
.70/1.05
.25/.55
.25/.65
.08/.15
.0005/.003
94B30 H
Unless specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .030 max (SAE J1268), S 5 .040 max, Cu 5 .35 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max
10
STANDARD CARBON AND

CARBON BORON H STEELS

SAE P S
No.
C
Mn
Max
Max
1038 H .34/.43 .50/1.00

1045 H
.42/.51
.50/1.00
1522 H
.17/.25
1.00/1.50
1524 H
.18/.26
1.25/1.75
1526 H
.21/.30
1.00/1.50
1541 H
.35/.45
1.25/1.75
.17/.24
.70/1.20
15B21(1)
15B28H
.25/.34
1.00/1.50
15B30H
.27/.35
.70/1.20
.31/.39
.70/1.20
15B35H(1)
(1)
15B37H .30/.39 1.00/1.50
(1)
.35/.45
1.25/1.75
15B41H
15B48H(1) .43/.53 1.00/1.50
(1)
15B62H .54/.67 1.00/1.50
Si
.030 .050 .15/.35

.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030 .050 .15/.35
.030
.050
.15/.35
.030 .050 .15/.35
.030 .050 .40/.60
For electric furnace steels P & S 5 .025 max and the prefix E is added.
(1) B 5 .0005/.003
RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY STEELS

SAE

No.
Mn
Si
Ni
Cr
Mo
15B21RH
.17/.22
.80/1.10
.15/.35
.............
.............
.............
15B35RH(1) .33/.38 .80/1.10 .15/.35 ............. ............. .............
3310RH
.08/.13
.40/.60
.15/.35
3.25/3.75 1.40/1.75 .............
4027RH
.25/.30
.70/.90
.15/.35
.............
.............
.20/.30
4118RH
.18/.23
.70/.90
.15/.35
.............
.40/.60
.08/.15
4120RH
.18/.23
.90/1.20
.15/.35
.............
.40/.60
.13/.20
4130RH
.28/.33
.40/.60
.15/.35
.............
.80/1.10
.15/.25
4140RH
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.15/.35
.............
.80/1.10
.15/.25
4145RH
.43/.48
.75/1.00
.15/.35
.............
.80/1.10
.15/.25
4161RH
.56/.64
.75/1.00
.15/.35
.............
.70/.90
.25/.35
4320RH
.17/.22
.45/.65
.15/.35
1.65/2.00
.40/.60
.20/.30
4620RH
.17/.22
.45/.65
.15/.35
1.65/2.00
.............
.20/.30
4820RH
.18/.23
.50/.70
.15/.35
3.25/3.75
.............
.20/.30
(1) .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 ............. .40/.60 .............
50B40RH
5130RH
.28/.33
.70/.90
.15/.35
.............
.80/1.10
.............
5140RH .38/.43 .70/.90 .15/.35 ............. .70/.90 .............
5160RH .56/.64 .75/1.00 .15/.35 ............. .70/.90 .............
8620RH
.18/.23
.70/.90
.15/.35
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.25
8622RH
.20/.25
.70/.90
.15/.35
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.25
8720RH
.18/.23
.70/.90
.15/.35
.40/.70
.40/.60
.20/.30
8822RH
.20/.25
.75/1.00
.15/.35
.40/.70
.40/.60
.30/.40
9310RH .08/.13 .45/.65 .15/.35 3.00/3.50 1.00/1.40 .08/.15
(1)
Unless specified: Cu 5 .35 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max
(1) B 5 .0005 /.003
11
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS

SAE
No.
C Mn
Max
1009
1033
1034
1037
1059
1062
1064

1069

1075

1084

1085
1086

1108
1109

1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1119
1120
1123
1139

1145

1152
1211
1320

1345
1513

1518
1525

1533
1534

1536

1544

1545

1546

1551

1553

1561

1570

1572

1580

1590
P
Max
.15 max
.60 max
.040
.050
.30/.36
.70/1.00
.040
.050
.32/.38
.50/.80
.040
.050
.32/.38
.70/1.00
.040
.050
.55/.65
.50/.80
.040
.050
.54/.65
.85/1.15
.040
.050
.60/.70 .50/.80 .040 .050
.65/.75 .40/.70 .040 .050
.70/.80 .40/.70 .040 .050
.80/.93 .60/.90 .040 .050
.80/.93 .70/1.00 .040 .050
.80/.94
.30/.50
.040
.050
.08/.13 .50/.80 .040 .08/.13
.08/.13 .60/.90 .040 .08/.13
.08/.13 .30/.60 .040 .08/.13
.13 max
.60/.90
.07/0.12
.10/.15
.13 max
.70/1.00
.07/0.12
.16/.23
.13 max
.70/1.00
.07/0.12
.24/.33
.10/.16
1.00/1.30
.040
.08/.13
.13/.18
.60/.90
.040
.08/.13
.14/.20
1.10/1.40
.040
.16/.23
.14/.20
1.00/1.30
.040
.24/.33
.18/.23
.70/1.00
.040
.08/.13
.20/.27
1.20/1.50
.040
.06/.09
.35/.43
1.35/1.65
.040
.13/.20
.42/.49
.70/1.00
.040
.04/.07
.48/.55 .70/1.00 .040 .06/.09
.13 max
.60/.90
.07/.12
.10/.15
.18/.23
1.60/1.90
.040
.040
.43/.48 1.60/1.90 .035 .040
.10/.16 1.10/1.40 .030 .050
.15/.21
1.10/1.40
.040
.050
.23/.29
.80/1.10
.040
.050
.30/.37 1.10/1.40 .040 .050
.30/.37
1.20/1.50
.040
.050
.30/.37
1.20/1.50
.040
.050
.40/.47 .80/1.10 .040 .050
.43/.50 .80/1.10 .040 .050
.44/.52
1.00/1.30
.040
.050
.45/.56 .85/1.15 .040 .050
.48/.55 .80/1.10 .040 .050
.55/.65 .75/1.05 .040 .050
.65/.75 .80/1.10 .040 .050
.65/.76
1.00/1.30
.040
.050
.75/.88 .80/1.10 .040 .050
.85/.98 .80/1.10 .040 .050
SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
2317 .15/.20
.40/.60
..............
2330
.28/.33
.60/.80
..............
2340 .38/.43
.70/.90
..............
2345 .43/.48
.70/.90
..............
2512
.09/.14
.45/.60
..............
2515
.12/.17
.40/.60
..............
2517
.15/.20
.45/.60
..............
3115 .13/.18 .40/.60 .55/.75
3120
.17/.22
.60/.80
.55/.75
3130
.28/.33
.60/.80
.55/.75
3135 .33/.38 .60/.80 .55/.75
X3140
.38/.43 .70/.90 .70/.90
3140 .38/.43 .70/.90 .55/.75
3145 .43/.48 .70/.90 .70/.90
3150 .48/.53 .70/.90 .70/.90
3215
.10/.20
.30/.60
.90/1.25
3220
.15/.25
.30/.60
.90/1.25
3230
.25/.35
.30/.60
.90/1.25
3240
.35/.45
.30/.60
.90/1.25
3245
.40/.50
.30/.60
.90/1.25
3250
.45/.55
.30/.60
.90/1.25
3310
.08/.13
.45/.60
1.40/1.75
3311
.10/.16
.30/.50
1.30/1.60
3312
.08/.13
.45/.60
1.40/1.75
3316
.14/.19
.45/.60
1.40/1.75
3325
.20/.30
.30/.60
1.25/1.75
3335
.30/.40
.30/.60
1.25/1.75
3340
.35/.45
.30/.60
1.25/1.75
3415
.10/.20
.30/.60
.60/.95
3435
.30/.40
.30/.60
.60/.95
3450
.45/.55
.30/.60
.60/.95
4012
.09/.14
.75/1.00
.............
(1)
4024 .20/.25
.70/.90
.............
4028(1) .25/.30
.70/.90
..............
4032
.30/.35
.70/.90
.............
4042
.40/.45
.70/.90
.............
4053 .50/.56
.75/1.00
.............
4063
.60/.67
.75/1.00
.............
4068
.63/.70
.75/1.00
.............
4119
.17/.22
.70/.90
.40/.60
(2)
4121 .18/.23
.75/1.00
.45/.65
4125
.23/.28
.70/.90
.40/.60
4131
.28/.33
.50/.70
.90/1.20
4135
.33/.38
.70/.90
.80/1.10
4147
.45/.50
.75/1.00
.80/1.10
4161
.56/.64
.75/1.00
.70/.90
4317
.15/.20
.45/.65
.40/.60
4337
.35/.40
.60/.80
.70/.90
4419 .18/.23
.45/.65
..............
Ni
Mo
Other
3.25/3.75
............. .............
3.25/3.75
............. .............
3.25/3.75
............. .............
3.25/3.75
............. .............
4.75/5.25
............. .............
4.75/5.25
............. .............
4.75/5.25
............. .............
1.10/1.40 .............
.............
1.10/1.40
............. .............
1.10/1.40
............. .............
1.10/1.40 .............
.............
1.10/1.40 .............
............
1.10/1.40 .............
.............
1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1.50/2.00
.............
.............
1.50/2.00
.............
.............
1.50/2.00
.............
.............
1.50/2.00
.............
.............
1.50/2.00
.............
.............
1.50/2.00
.............
.............
3.25/3.75
.............
.............
3.25/3.75
.15 max
.............
3.25/3.75
.............
.............
3.25/3.75
.............
.............
3.25/3.75
.............
.............
3.25/3.75
.............
.............
3.25/3.75
.............
.............
2.75/3.25
.............
.............
2.75/3.25
.............
.............
2.75/3.25
.............
.............
.............
.15/.25
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
..............
.20/.30
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
..............
.20/.30
.............
.............
.20/.30
.............
..............
.15/.25
.............
.............
.15/.25
.............
..............
.15/.25
.............
.............
.25/.35
.............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
..............
.45/.60
.............
(1) S 5 .035/.050
(2)
12
Formerly PS 24
13

SAE
No.
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo

Other
4419H
.17/.23
.35/.75
..............
..............
.45/.60
..............
4422
.20/.25
.70/.90
..............
..............
.35/.45
..............
4427
.24/.29
.70/.90
..............
..............
.35/.45
..............
4608
.06/.11
.25/.45
..............
1.40/1.75
.15/.25
.............
46B12(3)
.10/.15
.45/.65
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
4615
.13/.18
.45/.65
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
..............
4617
.15/.20
.45/.65
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
4620
.18/.23
.50/.70
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
X
4621
.18/.23
.70/.90
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
4621H
.17/.23
.60/1.00
..............
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
..............
4626
.24/.29
.45/.65
..............
.70/1.00
.15/.25
..............
4640
.38/.43
.60/.80
..............
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.............
4715(4) .13/.18 .70/.90 .45/.65 .70/1.00 .45/.60 .............
4718
.16/.21
.70/.90
.35/.55
.90/1.20
.30/.40
..............
4720
.17/.22
.50/.70
.35/.55
.90/1.20
.15/.25
.............
4812
.10/.15
.40/.60
..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
.............
4815
.13/.18
.40/.60
..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
.............
4817
.15/.20
.40/.60
..............
3.25/3.75
.20/.30
..............
5015
.12/.17
.30/.50
.30/.50
..............
..............
..............
50B40(3)
.38/.43 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
50B44(3) .43/.48 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
5045 .43/.48 .70/.90 .55/.75 .............. .............. ..............
5046
.43/.48
.75/1.00
.20/.35
..............
..............
..............
50B50(3) .48/.53 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
5060 .56/.64 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
50B60(3) .56/.64 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
5115 .13/.18 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. ..............
5117
.15/.20
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
..............
5135 .33/.38 .60/.80 .80/1.05 .............. .............. ..............
5145 .43/.48 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. ..............
5145H
.42/.49
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
..............
..............
..............
5147 .46/.51 .70/.95 .85/1.15 .............. .............. ..............
5152
.48/.55
.70/.90
.90/1.20
..............
..............
..............
5155 .51/.59 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. ..............
50100
.98/1.10
.25/.45
.40/.60
..............
..............
..............

V
6115
.10/.20
.30/.60
.80/1.10
..............
..............
.15 min
6117
.15/.20
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
.10 min
6118
.16/.21
.50/.70
.50/.70
..............
..............
.10/.15
6120
.17/.22
.70/.90
.70/.90
..............
..............
.10 min
6125
.20/.30
.60/.90
.80/1.10
..............
..............
.15 min
6130
.25/.35
.60/.90
.80/1.10
..............
..............
.15 min
6135
.30/.40
.60/.90
.80/1.10
..............
..............
.15 min
6140
.35/.45
.60/.90
.80/1.10
..............
..............
.15 min
6145
.43/.48
.70/.90
.80/1.10
..............
..............
.15 min
6195
.90/1.05
.20/.45
.80/1.10
..............
..............
.15 min

W
71360
.50/.70
.30 max 3.00/4.00
..............
..............
12.00/15.00
71660
.50/.70
.30 max 3.00/4.00
..............
..............
15.00/18.00
7260
.50/.70
.30 max
.50/1.00
..............
.............. 1.50/2.00
B 5 .0005/.003
(4) Formerly PS 30
Mn
Cr
Ni
Mo
Other
8115
.13/.18
.70/.90
.30/.50
.20/.40
.08/.15
.............
81B45(3)
.43/.48
.75/1.00
.35/.55
.20/.40
.08/.15
.............
8625
.23/.28
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8627
.25/.30
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8632
.30/.35
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8635
.33/.38
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8637
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
(5)
8641
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8642
.40/.45
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
86B45(3)
.43/.48
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8647
.45/.50
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8650
.48/.53
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8653
.50/.56
.75/1.00
.50/.80
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8655
.51/.59
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8660
.56/.64
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
8715
.13/.18
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8717
.15/.20
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8719
.18/.23
.60/.80
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8735
.33/.38
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8740
.38/.43
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8742
.40/.45
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8745
.43/.48
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
8750
.48/.53
.75/1.00
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
.............
(6)
9250 .45/.55 .60/.90 ............. ............. ............. .............
(7)
9254 .51/.59 .60/.80 .60/.80 ............. ............. .............
9255(6) .51/.59 .70/.95 ............. ............. ............. .............
9261(6)
.55/.65
.75/1.00
.10/.25
.............
.............
.............
9262(6)
.55/.65
.75/1.00
.25/.40
.............
.............
.............
9310 .08/.13 .45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............
9315 .13/.18 .45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............
9317
.15/.20
.45/.65
1.00/1.40
3.00/3.50
.08/.15
.............
94B15 .13/.18 .75/1.00 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
94B17
.15/.20
.75/1.00
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
.............
94B30(3)
.28/.33
.75/1.00
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
.............
9437
.35/.40
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
.............
9440
.38/.43
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
.............
94B40(3) .38/.43 .75/1.00 .30/.60 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
9442
.40/.45
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
.............
9445
.43/.48
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
.............
9447
.45/.50
.90/1.20
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
.............
9747
.45/.50
.50/.80
.10/.25
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
9763
.60/.67
.50/.80
.10/.25
.40/.70
.15/.25
.............
9840
.38/.43
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.15
.20/.30
.............
9845
.43/.48
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.15
.20/.30
.............
9850
.48/.53
.70/.90
.70/.90
.85/1.15
.20/.30
.............

V
438V12(3) .08/.13
.75/1.00
.40/.60
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.03 min
(3)
438V14 .10/.15
.45/.65
.40/.60
1.65/2.00
.08/.15
.03 min
B 5 .0005/.003
S 5 .04/.60
Si 5 1.80/2.20
(7) Si 5 1.20/1.60
(3)
(5)
(6)
(3)
SAE
No.
14
15
16
17
.38/.43
1.00/1.15
.38/.43
.38/.43
.28/.33
.38/.43
.28/.33
.23/.28
.08/.13
.14/.19
.07/.13
.98/1.10
.48/.53
.65/.85
1.60/1.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.50/.70
.40/.60
1.20/1.50
.45/.60
.45/.60
.40/.70
.25/.45
.70/.90
Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.

TimkenSteel mill type.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Al 5 .020 max
Al 5 .95/1.35
P & S 5 .025 max if Basic Electric Furnace Steel is specified
(6) V 5 .15 min
(7) Inactive/Cancelled
.15/.35
.70/1.00
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.40
.15/.35
1.30/1.70
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.70/.90
.20 max
.80/1.10
.40/.60
.40/.60
1.40/1.80
.80/1.10
.40 max.
1.25/1.75
1.25/1.75
1.00/1.40
1.30/1.60
.75/1.20
1.65/2.00
.25 max
.25 max
.40/.70
.40/.70
..............
.25 max
1.65/2.00
3.25/3.75
3.25/4.00
3.00/3.50
..............
..............
.48/.55
.47/.55
.41/.49
.38/.45
.75/1.00
.70/1.00
.60/.90
.75/1.00
Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.
TimkenSteel mill type.
S
S
S
S
.040
.040
.040
.025
.025
.040
.040
.040
.010
.010
.025
(8)
(7)
(5)
P & S 5 .025 max if Basic Electric Furnace Steel is specified

Inactive/Cancelled
P & S 5 .015 max if consumable vacuum melted steel is specified
(9) V 5 .05/.10
(10) Al 5 .040 max
(11) V 5 .20/.30
Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
(2)
(1)
S-11595(10)
S-11595(10)
S-11595(10), (11)
S-46047(11)
.70/1.00
.60/1.00
.80/1.00
.70/.90
.65/.90
.65/.90
.30/.60
.040
.05/.09
.040
.020
.025
.040
.040
.040
.010
.010
.025
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.20/.35
.15/.35
1.45/1.80
.30 max
.80/1.10
.80/1.15
.80/1.15
.95/1.25
.40/.60
.............
.75/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.95
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.40/.70
.............
1.65/2.00
.85/1.15
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.............
S
S
S
S
S or T
S or T
T
S-8690(8)
S-8695(5)
S-8699(5), (9)
S-8707(7)
S-8844-1
S-8844-2(9)
T-5066
18/.23
.34/.41
.28/.33
.38/.43
.38/.43
.40/.44
.22/.28
Solid
or
P
S
Tube
C
Mn
Max
Max
Si
Cr
Ni
SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS continued

.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025

MIL(1)
(5)
(4)
(3)
.025
.035
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.040
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
Solid
or
P
S
Tube
C
Mn
Max
Max
Si
Cr
Ni
Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
(2)
(1)
S-50783(3)
S-5626
S-6049
S-6050(7)
S-6709(4)
S-6758
S-7108(5)
S-7393(7)

S-7420
S-8503(6)
S-5000

MIL(1)
SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS
.15/.25
.15/.25
.30/.40
.55/.70
.15/.25
.20/.30
.35/.50
.20/.30
.20/.30
.35/.45
.............
Mo
.20/.30
.06 max
.15/.25
.20/.30
.15/.25
.30/.40
.15/.25
.35/.45
..............
..............
.08/.15
..............
..............
Mo
E4340
SAE No.
.............
.............
.............
.............
6274
6300
6411/6427
.............
6414
6257
T5066
AMS
4150
41R50
4142M3V2(1)
.............
8620
4037
4330M4V1(1)
984
4340
300M
1025
SAE No.
Nearest Equivalent
6382/6349
4140
6322/6325/6327
8740
6280
8630
6470/6472
..............
637
4130
6425
4625M4(2)
6250
3310
..............
3316
..............
9310
6440/6444/6447
52100
6448
6150
6415
AMS
Nearest Equivalent
18
19
B 5 .001 max
P & S 5 .015 max
(4)
(3)
B 5 .0005/.005
P & S 5 .040 max
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

.28/.33
.25/.30
.40/.50
.38/.43
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.38/.43
.48/.53
.38/.43
.28/.33
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
.38/.43
.27/.33
.38/.43
.45/.65
.60/.90
.40/.70
.60/.80
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.70/.90
.40/.60
.40/.60
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.65/.85
P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
(5) Cu 5 .50 max
(6) B 5 .0005/.005
(7) P 5 .015 max, S 5 .008 max
(8) Special Aircraft Quality Normalized and Tempered

6302

6303(5)

6304

6312

6320

6321(6)

6322

6323

6324

6328

6342

6370

6371
6372

6381

6382

6407

6409(7)
.55/.75
.55/.75
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.70
.15/.35
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
.80/1.10
.20 max
.40/.60
.30/.55
.40/.60
.40/.60
.55/.75
.40/.60
.70/.90
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
.80/1.10
1.00/1.35
.70/.90
.25 max.
.50 max.
.25 max.
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.20/.40
.40/.70
.40/.70
.55/.85
.40/.70
.85/1.15
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
1.85/2.25
1.65/2.00
.40/.60
.20/.30
17-22-AS
.40/.60
.75/.95
17-22-AV
.45/.65
.25/.35
.20/.30
..............
4640
.20/.30
..............
8735
.08/.15
..............
81B40
.20/.30
..............
8740
.20/.30
..............
8740
.20/.30
..............
8740 Mod
.20/.30
..............
8750
.20/.30
..............
9840
.15/.25
..............
4130
.15/.25
..............
4130
.15/.25
..............
4135
.15/.25
..............
4140
.15/.25
..............
4140
.35/.55
..............
HS220-07
.20/.30
4340(8)

AMS SAE

Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
V
Designations
(2)
(1)
6250
.07/.13
.40/.70
.15/.35
1.25/1.75
3.25/3.75
.06 max
..............
3310

6260(1) .07/.13 .40/.70 .15/.35 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............. 9310

6263 .11/.17 .40/.70 .15/.35 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............. 9315

6264
.14/.20
.40/.70
.15/.35
1.00/1.40
3.00/3.50
.08/.15
..............
9317
.07/.13
.40/.70
.15/.35
1.00/1.40
3.00/3.50
.08/.15
..............
CV9310

6265(2)
(3)
.08/.13
.75/1.00
.20/.40
.40/.60
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
.03/.08
43BV12

6266

6270
.13/.18
.70/.90
.15/.35
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
..............
8615

6272
.15/.20
.70/.90
.15/.35
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
..............
8617

6274
.17/.23
.60/.95
.15/.35
.35/.65
.35/.75
.15/.25
..............
..............
(3)
.15/.20
.60/.95
.15/.35
.30/.50
.30/.60
.08/.15
..............
94B17

6275

6280
.28/.33
.70/.90
.15/.35
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
..............
8630

6281
.28/.33
.70/.90
.15/.35
.40/.60
.40/.70
.15/.25
..............
8630

6282
.33/.38
.75/1.00
.15/.35
.40/.60
.40/.70
.20/.30
..............
8735

6290
.11/.17
.45/.65
.15/.35
.20 max
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
..............
4615
6292
.15/.20
.45/.65
.15/.35
.20 max
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
..............
4617

6294
.17/.22
.45/.65
.15/.35
.20 max
1.65/2.00
.20/.30
..............
4620

6299
.17/.23
.40/.70
.15/.35
.35/.65
1.55/2.00
.20/.30
..............
4320H
(4)
.35/.40
.70/.90
.15/.35
.20 max
.25 max
.20/.30
..............
4037

6300

AMS SAE

Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
V
Designations
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS
20
21
6412
6414(9)
6415
6418
6419(10)
6421(11)
6422(11)
6424
6427
6428
6430(9)
6431(10)
6439(9)
6440
6444(9)
6445(9)
6448
.35/.40
.38/.43
.38/.43
.23/.28
.40/.45
.35/.40
.38/.43
.49/.55
.28/.33
.32/.38
.32/.38
.45/.50
.42/.48
.93/1.05
.98/1.10
.92/1.02
.48/.53
.65/.85
.65/.90
.65/.85
1.20/1.50
.60/.90
.65/.85
.65/.85
.65/.85
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.25/.45
.25/.45
.95/1.25
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.20/.40
.70/.95
.70/.90
.70/.90
.70/.90
.75/1.00
.65/.90
.65/.90
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
1.35/1.60
1.30/1.60
.90/1.15
.80/1.10
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.40/.70
.40/.70
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
NITRIDING STEELS
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
1.30/1.70
1.45/1.80
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.35
.15/.35
.50/.70
.15/.35
.20/.30
.20/.30
.20/.30
.35/.45
.30/.50
.15/.25
.15/.25
.20/.30
.35/.50
.30/.40
.30/.40
.90/1.10
.90/1.10
.10 max
.08 max
.08 max
.06 max
..............
..............
..............
..............
.05/.10
..............
.01/.06
..............
.05/.10
.17/.23
.17/.23
.08/.15
.68/.15
..............
..............
..............
.15/.30
(1)
.50/.80
.20/.40
.38/.43
.50/.70
P 5 .035 max, S 5 .040 max
6470 .38/.43
.38/.43 .50/.80
6472(1)
6475
.21/.26
.20/.40
1.40/1.80
.50/.80
.20/.40
1.40/1.80
.25 max
.20/.40
1.00/1.25
.25 max
.30/.40
1.40/1.80
3.25/3.75
.30/.40
.95/1.30
.25 max
.20/.30
.95/1.30
CV Nit #3
.30/.40
1.10/1.40
Designations
4337
CV4340
4340
4625M4
CV300M
98B37 Mod
98BV40 Mod
4350M
4330M4V1
4335 Mod
4335M4V2
D6-AC
4140
52100
CV52100(12)
CV51100 Mod
6150
.95/1.30
N
135M or #3 6471

AMS
Other
Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
Al
(11)
(10)
(9)
P & S 5 .015 max

P & S 5 .010 max
B 5 .0005/.005
(12) Premium Aircraft Quality

AMS SAE

Number
C
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
V
Designations
SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

22
23
C
Max
Mn
Max
Si
Max
P
Max
S
Max
Cr
Ni
Others
.035
.04/.10
.08
.08
.08
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
.75
.75
.75
1.00
.75
.040
.040
.040
.045
.040
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
16.00/18.00
..............
18.00/20.00
17.00/19.00
17.00/20.00
Ni
10.00/15.00
11.00/14.00
11.00/14.00
9.00/12.00
9.00/13.00
Others
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
Mo 5 3.00/4.00
Ti 5 5 3 C min, .60 max
Ti 5 5 3 C min, .60 max
H 5 Grades for high temperature service.

TP 5 Tubular Products
TP321H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
Ti 5 4 3 C min, .60 max
347
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
9.00/13.00
Cb 1Ta 5 10 3 C min
TP347
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min

5 1.00 max
TP347H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min

5 1.00 max
348
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
9.00/13.00

Ta 5 .10 max
TP348
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
TP348H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min

Ta 5 .10 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
384
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
15.00/17.00
17.00/19.00
..............
385
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
11.50/13.50
14.00/16.00
..............
TP316L
TP316H
TP317
321
TP321
Cr
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS continued

Type
C
Mn
Si
P
S

Number Max Max Max Max Max
At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.
201
.15 5.5/7.5 1.00 .060 .030 16.00/18.00 3.50/5.50 N 5 0.25 max
202
.15 7.5/10.0 1.00 .060 .030 17.00/19.00 4.00/6.00 N 5 0.25 max
301
.15
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
16.00/18.00
6.00/8.00
N 5 0.10 max
302
.15
2.00
.75
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
8.00/10.00
N 5 0.10 max
302B
.15
2.00
2.00/3.00
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
8.00/10.00
.............
303
.15
2.00
1.00
.200
.15 min
17.00/19.00
8.00/10.00
Zr, Mo 5 .60 max(1)
304
.08
2.00
.75
.045
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/10.50
.............
TP304
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/11.00
..............
304L
.03
2.00
.75
.045
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/12.00
N 5 0.10 max
TP304L
.035
2.00
.75
.040
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/13.00
..............
TP304H
.04/.10
2.00
.75
.040
.030
18.00/20.00
8.00/11.00
..............
305
.12
2.00
.75
.045
.030
17.00/19.00
10.50/13.00
..............
308
.08
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
19.00/21.00
10.00/12.00
..............
309
.20
2.00
1.00
.045
.030
22.00/24.00
12.00/15.00
..............
310
.25
2.00
1.50
.045
.030
24.00/26.00
19.00/22.00
..............
TP310
.15
2.00
.75
.040
.030
24.00/26.00
19.00/22.00
..............
314
.25
2.00
1.50/3.00
.045
.030
23.00/26.00
19.00/22.00
..............
316
.08
2.00
.75
.045
.030
16.00/18.00
10.00/14.00
Mo 5 2.00/3.00

N 5 0.10 max
TP316
.08
2.00
.75
.040
.030
16.00/18.00
11.00/14.00
Mo 5 2.00/3.00
316L
.03
2.00
.75
.045
.030
16.00/18.00
10.00/14.00
Mo 5 2.00/3.00

N 5 0.10 max
(1)
Type
Number
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS
24
25
403
405
TP405
410
TP410
414
416
420
TP420
430
430F
431
440A
440B
440C
TP443
501
502
.15
1.00
.08
1.00
.08
1.00
.15
1.00
.15
1.00
.15
1.00
.15
1.25
Over .15
1.00
Over .15
1.00
.12
1.00
.12
1.25
.20
1.00
.60/.75 1.00
.75/.95 1.00
.95/1.20
1.00
.20
1.00
Over .10
1.00
.10
1.00
.50
1.00
.75
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
.75
1.00
1.00
.040
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.060
.150 min
.040
.030
.030
.030
.040
.030
.060
.150 min
.040
.030
.040 .030
.040 .030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
.040
.030
Cr
A
B
C
F11
F12
A
T1
T1a
T1b

A106(1)

A182

A192

A209

C
.25 max
.30 max
.35 max
.10/.20
.10/.20
.06/.18
.10/.20
.15/.25
.14 max
.27/.93
.29/1.06
.29/1.06
.30/.80
.30/.80
.27/.63
.30/.80
.30/.80
.30/.80
Mn
.10 min
.10 min
.10 min
.50/1.00
.10/.60
.25 max
.10/.50
.10/.50
.10/.50
Si
.40 max
.40 max
.40 max
1.00/1.50
.80/ 1.25
.............
.............
1.00/1.50
.............
Cr
SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS
See current ASTM specifications for P & S limitations.

(1) The combined elements of Cr, Ni, Mo, V and Cu must not exceed 1%
Grade
ASTM
Number
Ni
Others
.40 max
.40 max
.40 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
Ni
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.44/.65
.44/.65
.............
.44/.65
.44/.65
.44/.65
Mo
.08 max
.08 max
.08 max
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
11.50/13.00
..............
Turbine Quality
11.50/14.50
.60 max
AI 5 .10/.30
11.50/13.50
.50 max
AI 5 .10/.30
11.50/13.50
.75 max
..............
11.50/13.50
.50 max
..............
11.50/13.50
1.25/2.50
..............
12.00/14.00
..............
Zr, Mo 5 .60 max(1)
12.00/14.00
..............
..............
12.00/14.00
.50 max
..............
16.00/18.00
..............
..............
16.00/18.00
..............
Mo 5 .60 max(1)
15.00/17.00
1.25/2.50
..............
16.00/18.00 ..............
Mo 5 .75 max
16.00/18.00 ..............
Mo 5 .75 max
16.00/18.00
..............
Mo 5 .75 max
18.00/23.00
.50 max
Cu 5 .90/1.25
4.00/6.00
..............
Mo 5 .40/.65
4.00/6.00
.............
Mo 5 .40/.65
Prefix TP denotes tubular products.

Suffixes A, B and C denote differing carbon ranges for the same grade. F denotes a free machining grade.
(1) At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.
Type
C
Mn
Si
P
S

Number
Max Max Max Max Max
CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEELS
26
27
Grade
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
Mo
Others
Mn
Si
Cr
Ni
..............
.40/ .60
1.00/1.35
1.90/2.40
3.00/3.50
Si Cr
..............
.15/.30
.40/.70
.50/.80
.15/.30
Mo
TIMKENSTEEL OIL COUNTRY STEELS
.30/ .60
.45/ .65
.60/ .80
.80/1.20
.40/ .60
Cb
P 5 .015 max, S 5 .005 max
P 5 .030 max
S 5 .030 max
P 5 .040 max
P 5 .020 max
Other
..............
.20/.30
.35/.55
.25/.35
.45/.60
Ni Mo
..............
1.65/2.00
1.85/2.25
.25 max.
..............
Impact 7
.26/.32
.60/.90
..............
1.20/1.50
..............
.65/.75
.02/.05
Impact 8
.26/.32
.90/1.10
.20/.40
1.00/1.50
.15 max
.75/.85
.02/.05
Impact 10
.26/.32
.90/1.10
.15/.35
.70/.90
.50/.70
.65/.75
.02/.05
9Cr1Mo
.15 max
.30/.60
.25/1.00
8.00/10.00
..............
.90/1.10
..............

410
.15 max
1.00 max
1.00 max
12.00/14.00
..............
..............
..............
420 Mod
.18/.22
1.00 max
1.00 max
12.50/14.00
..............
..............
..............
Type
.72/.85
.17/.22
.27/.33
.25/.31
.23/.28
Type C Mn
TDS-10
TDS-30
TDS-50
TDS-70
TDS-90
TIMKENSTEEL TUBULAR HOLLOW DRILL STEELS
See current ASTM specifications for P & S limitations

(2) These grades also included in ASTM Specifications A213 and A335.
(3) Cb 5 .06/.10, N 5 .03/.07, Al 5 .04 max
(4) These grades also included in ASTM Specifications A312 and A376.
A210
A1
.27 max
.93 max
.10 min
.............
.............
.............

C
.35 max
.29/1.06
.10 min
.............
............. .............
A213
T4
.05/.15
.30/.60
.50/1.00
2.15/2.85
.............
.44/.65
.............

T5(2)
.15 max
.30/.60
.50 max
4.00/6.00
.............
.45/.65
.............

T5b
.15 max
.30/.60
1.00/2.00
4.00/6.00
.............
.45/.65

T5c
.12 max
.30/.60
.50 max
4.00/6.00
.............
.45/.65
Ti 5 4 3 C min, .70 max

T7(2)
.15 max
.30/.60
.50/1.00
6.00/8.00
.............
.45/.65
.............
.15 max
.30/.60
.25/1.00
8.00/10.00
.............
.90/1.10
.............

T9(2)
.............

T11(2) .05/.15 .30/.60 .50/1.00 1.00/1.50 ............. .44/.65

T12
.05/.15
.30/.61
.50 max
.80/1.25
.............
.44/.65

T21(2)
.05/.15
.30/.60
.50 max
2.65/3.35
.............
.80/1.06
.............
.05/.15
.30/.60
.50 max
1.90/2.60
.............
.87/1.13
.............

T22(2)
.08/.12
.30/.60
.20/.50
8.00/9.00
.40 max
.85/1.05
.18/.25

T91(3)

TP304H(4)
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
18.00/20.00
8.00/11.00
.............
(4)

TP310H
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
24.00/26.00
19.00/22.00
.............

TP316H(4)
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
16.00/18.00
11.00/14.00
2.00/3.00
(4)

TP321H
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
.............
Ti 5 4 3 C min, .60 max

TP347H(4)
.04/.10
2.00 max
.75 max
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
.............
Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min,1.00 max

TP348
.08 max
2.00 max
.75 max
17.00/20.00
9.00/13.00
.............
Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min,

Ta 5 .10 max

Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
ASTM
Number
SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS continued

28
29
44LN
DP-3
3RE60
2205
2304
Uranus 50
Ferralium 255
7-Mo PLUS
Type
C
.13/.21
.20/.27
HS-220-07
HS-220-18
HS-220-27
HS-220-28
HS-220-30
.27/.33
.23/.28
.28/.33
.32/.38
.32/.38
1.00
0.75
1.40-2.00(1)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.60
Si max
2.0
1.0
1.2-2.0(1)
2.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
Mn max
Cr
24.0-26.0
24.0-26.0
18.0-19.0
21.0-23.0
21.5-24.5
20.5-22.5
24.0-27.0
26.0-29.0
Si
.15/.30
.15/.30
Cr
.65/.90
.70/.90
Ni
.40/.70
1.55/2.00
.60/.80
1.20/1.50
.75/1.00
.60/.80
.60/.90
.40/.70
1.30/1.70
.15/.35
.15/.35
.40/.60
Si
1.00/1.35
.20/.40
.75/1.00
.65/.90
.65/.90
Cr
Mo
.15/.25
.20/.30
V
.03/.08
..............
Ni
.003 added
..............
5.50-6.50
5.50-7.50
4.25-5.25
4.50-6.50
3.00-5.50
5.50-8.50
4.50-6.50
3.50-5.20
1.85/2.25
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
1.65/2.00
.35/.55
.35/.45
.35/.50
.30/.40
.30/.40
............
............
.05/.10
.17/.23
.17/.23
Ni Mo V
TIMKENSTEEL HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
1.00/1.30
.60/ .80
Mn
TIMKENSTEEL WELDABLE HIGH STRENGTH STEELS
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.04
.04
.03
C max
Type C Mn
WHS 100TM
WHS 130TM
(1)
Range indicates min to max mass functions.
Designation
CORROSION RESISTANT ALLOYS
Duplex Stainless Steel Ranges and Limits (Not Manufactured by TimkenSteel)
30
31
0.020/0.035
0.025/0.035
0.040/0.060
0.040/0.060
..............
0.15/0.35
0.45/0.65
0.45/0.65
Ti 5 4 3 C min, .70 max
.040
.040
.040
.45/.65
.45/.65
.60/.90
17-22-A
17-22-AS
17-22-AV
.41/.48
.28/.33
.25/.30
..............
.50/1.00
.50 max
.50 max
.50 max
.50 max
1.00/2.00
1.00/1.50
.50/1.00
.25/1.00
.20/.50
.44/.65
1.00/1.50
.80/1.25
1.90/2.60
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
4.00/6.00
6.00/8.00
8.00/10.00
8.00/9.50
Ni 5 .40 max, V 5 .18/.25, Cb 5 .06/.10, N 5 .03/.07, Al 5 .04 max
.10/.50
.030
..............
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.010
1
.44/.65
.44/.65
.87/1.13
.45/.65
.45/.65
.45/.65
.09/1.10
.45/.65
.90/1.10
.85/1.05
S
Max
Si
Cr
Mo
.040
.040
.040
.55/.75
.55/.75
.55/.75
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
1.00/1.50
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.20/.30
.20/.30
.75/.95
S
Max
Si
Cr
Mo
V
(3)
.045
.030
..............
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.020
P
Max
TIMKENSTEEL HIGH TEMPERATURE ENGINEERING STEELS
(2)
.045
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
P
Max
.50 Mo steel also available with .08/.14 C.
.30/.80
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.12 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.15 max
.08/.12

Type
C
Mn
(1)
.50Mo(1) .10/.20
DM
DM-2
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Ti(2)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Si
5 Cr 1 Mo+Si
7 Cr 1/2 Mo
9 Cr 1 Mo
T9(3)
0.08/0.12
0.05/0.20
0.08/0.18
0.10/0.20
Chemical Composition Range and Limits
0.70/0.85
0.70/1.00
1.05/1.25
1.15/1.35
TIMKENSTEEL ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE

Type
C
Mn
MicroTec 5H85
MicroTec 5H90
MicroTec 5H95
MicroTec 5H95A
..............
6302
6303
AMS
No
11
..............
22
5
5c
5b
..............
7
9
91
ASTM
No
Cr = .15/.45
N = .008/.015
N = .008/.015
Si Other
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
0.53/0.57
0.52/0.57
0.52/0.57
0.52/0.57
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
0.05/0.10
0.06/0.10
0.07/0.11
0.10/0.20
0.07/0.18
0.13/0.23
0.13/0.18
0.28/0.33
1.30/1.60
0.08/0.18
..............
..............
0.28/0.33
1.30/1.50
0.08/0.18
0.025/0.050
..............
0.32/0.36
1.35/1.45
0.06/0.10
0.010 max.
0.40/0.50
0.32/0.36
1.35/1.45
0.07/0.09
0.005/0.020
0.20/0.30
0.31/0.35 1.30/1.50 0.10/0.14 0.030/0.050 ..............
0.36/0.40
1.20/1.40
0.04/0.10
0.030/0.050
0.30/0.50
0.36/0.41 1.10/1.30 0.10/0.18 .............. ..............
0.36/0.41 1.10/1.30 0.10/0.18 0.030/0.050 ..............
0.36/0.40
1.30/1.50
0.08/0.12
0.045 max.
0.50/0.70
0.38/0.43
1.35/1.45
0.08/0.12
0.030/0.045
0.50/0.65
1.20/1.60
1.20/1.40
1.40/1.60
1.30/1.70
0.90/1.30
1.00/1.30
0.90/1.20
C Mn V
0.10/0.18
0.16/0.20
0.16/0.20
0.16/0.22
0.28/0.33
0.26/0.30
0.28/0.32
MicroTec 3M80
MicroTec 3M80A
MicroTec 3M80B
MicroTec 3M80C

MicroTec 3M85
MicroTec 4M85

MicroTec 4M90

MicroTec 4M90A
MicroTec 4M95
MicroTec 4M95A
Type
MicroTec 2W60
MicroTec 2W65
MicroTec 2W70
MicroTec 2W75
MicroTec 3W70
MicroTec 3W75
MicroTec 3W75A
TIMKENSTEEL MICROALLOY STEELS
32
Type
Mn
.70/1.00
.70/1.00
Cr
.70/.90
.80/1.20
.25/.45
.90/1.20
1.40/1.70
.65/.90
1.05/1.35
.60/.80
.40/.70
.40/.60
.15/.35
1.05/1.35
.35 max.
1.00 max.
.50/.80
Mn
.15/.35
.45/.75
.50/.80
.15/.35
.15/.35
.85/1.20
.90/1.25
.40/.60
.10/.25
.15/.35
.25 max.
1.00 max.
.15/.35
Si
1.30/1.60
.90/1.20
1.40/1.80
1.10/1.50
1.10/1.50
1.25/1.65
1.25/1.65
.90/1.20
4.00/4.25
.90/1.20
3.75/4.25
16.00/18.00
.40/.60
(2)
(1)
Cr
Ni
1.65/2.00
2.00/2.50
Mo
..............
..............
..............
.20/.30
.45/.60
.25/.35
.90/1.10
4.00/5.00
4.00/4.50
1.20/1.40
4.00/4.50
.75 max.
.08/.15
Mo
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.25/.50
1.13/1.33
..............
.90/1.10
..............
..............
.35/.45
.50/.65
Through hardening steel can be air quenched.
(7)
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
2.75/3.25
3.20/3.60
1.30/1.65
.10 max.
..............
.25 max.
Ni
TIMKENSTEEL SPECIAL BEARING STEELS

.93/1.05
.90/1.05
.85/1.00
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.16/.22
.10/.16
.11/.15
.70/.80
.77/.85
.95/1.20
.89/1.01
.30/.38
.30/.38
(4) Through hardening steel for service up to 600 F.

52100 shown for reference purposes only
Max Cu .10, Co .25, W .25, P .015, S .010 (5) Carburizing steel for service up to 600 F.
(3) Deep hardening steels. (6) Carburizing steel for service up to 1000 F.
52100(1)
ASTM-A485-1(#1 Mod.)(3)
ASTM-A485-2(#2 Mod.)
ASTM-A485-3(T-1)(3)
ASTM-A485-4(T-2)(3)
TBS-600TM (4)
CBS-600TM (5)
CBS1000MTM (6)
CBS-50NiL(2)
TBA-2(7)
M-50
440C
TBS-9
Type
4333M4
4333M6
TIMKENSTEEL TUBING FOR POLYETHYLENE PRODUCTION
USA - EUROPEAN - JAPANESE

NEAR EQUIVALENT GRADES
USA
European
1045
C45
S45C
4118
20CrMo5
SCM418
4130
25CrMo4
SCM430
4140
42CrMo4
SCM440
4340
40NiCrMo6
SNCM439
8620
21NiCrMo2
SNCM220
8640
40NiCrMo22
SNCM240
5120
20Cr4
SCr420
5130
28Cr4
SCr430
5140
41Cr4
SCr440
52100
100Cr6
SUJ2
33
Japanese
34
35
(1)
.07/.13
.12/.18
.17/.23
.17/.24
.22/.29
.27/.34
.32/.39
.37/.44
.42/.50
.47/.55
.52/.60
.57/.65
.25/.35
.28/.35
.28/.35
.35/.42
.35/.42
.42/.50
.42/.50
C
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
Si Max
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.40/.70
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
1.30/1.65
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
.50/.80
Mn
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
P Max
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.045
.03
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
S Max
Steel Grade
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
.40
Si Max
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.50/.80
.50/.80
.40/.70
.30/.60
.70/1.10
.40/.70
Mn
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
P Max
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.020/.035
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
S Max
Ck has same chemical composition except %S is .03 max. Cm has same chemical composition except %S is .020/.035 max.
.24/.31
.24/.31
.30/.37
.30/.37
.34/.41
.34/.41
.38/.45
.38/.45
.22/.29
.22/.29
.30/.37
.30/.37
.38/.45
.38/.45
.46/.54
.32/.40
.30/.38
.26/.34
.47/.55
.26/.34
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
.40/.60
Cr
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Mo
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
1.40/1.70
1.80/2.20
.90/1.20
2.30/2.70
Cr
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.30/.50
..............
.15/.25
Mo
EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS CARBON STEELS AND ALLOY STEELS continued
Ck has same chemical composition except %S is .03 max. Cm has same chemical composition except %S is .020/.035 max.
28 Cr 4
28 CrS 4
34 Cr 4
34 CrS 4
37 Cr 4
37 CrS 4
41 Cr 4
41 CrS 4
25 CrMo 4
25 CrMoS 4
34 CrMo 4
34 CrMoS 4
42 CrMo 4
42 CrMoS 4
50 CrMo 4
36 CrNiMo 4
34 CrNiMo 6
30 CrNiMo 8
50 CrV 4
30 CrMoV 9
(1)
C 10
C 15
C 20
C 22(1)
C 25(1)
C 30(1)
C 35(1)
C 40(1)
C 45(1)
C 50(1)
C 55(1)
C 60(1)
28 Mn 6
32 Cr 2
32 CrS 2
38 Cr 2
38 CrS 2
46 Cr 2
46 CrS 2
Steel Grade
DIN 17200
Chemical Composition, %
EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

CARBON STEELS AND ALLOY STEELS
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.90/1.20
1.40/1.70
1.80/2.20
..............
..............
Ni
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Ni
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.10/.20
.10/.20
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
36
37
.07/.13
.12/.18
.07/.13
.12/.18
.12/.18
.14/.19
.17/.22
.17/.22
.23/.29
.12/.17
.14/.19
C
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
.15/.40
Si Max
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.40/.60
1.00/1.30
1.10/1.40
.60/.90
.60/.90
.40/.60
.40/.60
Mn
.045
.045
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
P Max
Steel Grade
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.90/1.05
.045
.045
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
.035
S Max
..............
..............
..............
..............
.40/.70
.80/1.10
1.00/1.30
.30/.50
.40/.60
1.40/1.70
1.50/1.80
Cr
.15/.35
.15/.35
.50/.70
.20/.40
.20/.40
.40/.60
Si
.25/.45
.25/.45
1.00/1.20
.25/.45
.60/.80
.80/1.10
Mn
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
.030
P Max
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
.025
S Max
DIN 17230
Chemical Composition %
.40/.60
1.35/1.60
1.40/1.65
1.65/1.95
1.65/1.95
1.80/2.05
Cr

THROUGH HARDENING BEARING STEELS
Alloy steels intended for direct quenching shall contain at least 0.02% by weight of metallic (acid soluble) aluminum.
100 Cr2
100 Cr6
100 CrMn6
100 CrMo7
100 CrMo7 3
100 CrMnMo 8
(1)
C 10
C 15
Ck 10
Ck 15
15 Cr 3
16 MnCr 5
20 MnCr 5
20 MoCr 4
25 MoCr 4
15 CrNi 6
17 CrNiMo 6
Steel Grade
DIN 17210
Chemical Composition, % (1)

CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
.10 max
.10 max
.10 max
.15/.25
.20/.35
.50/.60
Mo
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.40/.50
.40/.50
..............
.25/.35
Mo
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
Ni Max
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
1.40/1.70
1.40/1.70
Ni
38
39
Steel
Grade
S 10 C
S 12 C
S 15 C
S 17 C
S 20 C
S 22 C
S 25 C
S 28 C
S 30 C
S 33 C
S 35 C
S 38 C
S 40 C
S 43 C
S 45 C
S 48 C
Steel
Grade
S 50 C
S 53 C
S 55 C
S 58 C
ASBo 20
ASBo 25
ASBo 28
ASBo 30
ASBo 33
ASBo 35
ASBo 38
ASBo 40
ASBo 43
ASBo 45
ASBo 48
ASBo 50
ASBo 53
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
No.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.30/.60
Mn
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
Ni
.50/.56
.52/.58
.55/.61
.18/.23
.22/.28
.25/.31
.27/.33
.30/.36
.32/.38
.35/.41
.37/.43
.40/.46
.42/.48
.45/.51
.47/.53
.50/.56
.47/53
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
Mn
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
S
.030 max
..............
..............
..............
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
..............
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
Ni
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS CARBON STEELS AND BORON STEELS continued
.10/.15
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.20/.25
.22/.28
.25/.31
.27/.33
.30/.36
.32/.38
.35/.41
.37/.43
.40/.46
.42/.48
.45/.51
.08/.13
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS

CARBON STEELS AND BORON STEELS
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
Cr
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
.20 max
Cr
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
Ni + Cr
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
Ni + Cr
40
41
Steel Grade
ASMn420H
ASMn425H
ASMn430H
SMn433H
ASMn435H
SMn438H
ASMn440H
ASMn443H
ASMn448H
ASMn453H
ASMnB220H
ASMnB233H
ASMnB422H
ASMnB425H
ASMnB433H
ASMnB443H
ASMnC420H
SMnC443H
Steel Grade
ASMnC520H
ASMnC543H
ASMnCB440H
SCr415H
ASCr418H
SCr420H
ASCr423H
ASCr425H
SCr430H
SCr435H
SCr440H
ASCr445H
ASCB435H
ASCB440H
ASCM115H
ASCM118H
ASCM120H
ASCM125H
ASCM315H
No.
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
No.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
.17/.23
.39/.46
.37/.44
.12/.18
.15/.21
.17/.23
.20/.26
.22/.28
.27/.34
.32/.39
.37/.44
.42/.49
.32/.39
.37/.44
.12/.18
.15/.21
.17/.23
.22/.28
.12/.18
.17/.23
.22/.28
.27/.34
.29/.36
.32/.39
.34/.41
.37/.44
.40/.47
.45/.52
.50/.57
.17/.23
.29/.36
.19/.25
.22/.28
.29/.36
.40/.47
.17/.23
.39/.46
C
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.15/1.55
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.30/1.70
1.10/1.40
1.10/1.40
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
1.20/1.50
1.15/1.55
1.30/1.70
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
S
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
Ni
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35 max
.35/.70
.35/.70
Cr
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
1.15/1.55
1.30/1.70
.80/1.20
.80/1.20
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.65/1.00
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
Ni
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.30/.70
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.35/.65
.85/1.25
Cr
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS H STEELS continued
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS

H STEELS
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
Mo
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Mo
..............
..............
.0005 min
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.0005 min
.0005 min
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
.0005 min
..............
..............
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
42
43
.08/.13
.10/.15
.13/.18
.15/.20
.18/.23
.20/.25
.22/.28
.25/.31
.27/.33
.30/.36
.32/.38
.35/.41
S 10 C
S 12 C
S 15 C
S 17 C
S 20 C
S 22 C
S 25 C
S 28 C
S 30 C
S 33 C
S 35 C
S 38 C
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.15/.21
.17/.23
.22/.28
.12/.18
.15/.21
.17/.23
.27/.34
.32/.39
.37/.44
.42/.49
.19/.25
.17/.23
.17/.23
C
.65/1.00
.65/1.00
.65/1.00
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.55/.90
.60/.95
.40/.70
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
P
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
S
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.25 max
.35/.75
1.55/2.00
Ni
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
S 40 C
S 43 C
S 45 C
S 48 C
S 50 C
S 53 C
S 55 C
S 58 C
S 09 CK
S 15 CK
S 20 CK
Steel Grade
JIS G 4051
.37/.43
.40/.46
.42/.48
.45/.51
.47/.53
.50/.56
.52/.58
.55/.61
.07/.12
.13/.18
.18/.23
Cr
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.85/1.25
.35/.65
.35/.65
JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

CARBON STEELS
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.30/.60
.30/.60
.30/.60
Mn
.08/.15
.08/.15
.08/.15
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.35/.45
.15/.30
.15/.30
Mo
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.035 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
.30 max
Cu
NOTE: As impurities Cu, Ni, Cr and Ni + Cr for grades S 09 CK, S 15 CK, S 20 CK shall not exceed respectively 0.25%, 0.20%, 0.20% and 0.30% and Cu, Ni, Cr and Ni +
Cr for other grades shall not exceed respectively 0.30%, 0.20%, 0.20% and 0.35%.

ASCM318H
ASCM320H
ASCM325H
SCM415H
SCM418H
SCM420H
ASCM430H
SCM435H
SCM440H
SCM445H
SCM822H
SNCM220H
SNCM420H
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
Steel Grade
Steel Grade
No.
JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS H STEELS continued
44
45
.38/.43
.12/.18
.17/.23
.27/.35
.36/.43
.44/.50
.13/.20
.20/.30
.25/.35
.12/.18
SNCM 240
SNCM 415
SNCM 420
SNCM 431
SNCM 439
SNCM 447
SNCM 616
SNCM 625
SNCM 630
SNCM 815
.15/.35
.40/.70
.15/.35
.40/.70
.15/.35
Si
.50 max
.90/1.15
.50 max
.90/1.15
.50 max
Mn
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
.025 max
Si
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Mn
.70/1.00
.40/.70
.40/.70
.60/.90
.60/.90
.60/.90
.80/1.20
.35/.60
.35/.60
.30/.60
.60/.90
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
JIS G 4103
.40/.70
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
1.60/2.00
2.80/3.20
3.00/3.50
2.50/3.50
4.00/4.50
.40/.70
Ni

NICKEL MOLYBDENUM CHROMIUM STEELS
NOTE: As impurities, Cu shall not exceed 0.30% for all grades.
C
.17/.23
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
.95/1.10
SNCM 220
.95/1.10
SUJ 1
SUJ 2
SUJ 3
SUJ 4
SUJ 5
Steel Grade
Symbol
JIS G 4805

HIGH CARBON CHROMIUM BEARING STEELS
.40/.65
.40/.65
.40/.65
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
.60/1.00
1.40/1.80
1.00/1.50
2.50/3.50
.70/1.00
.40/.65
Cr
1.30/1.60
.90/1.20
1.30/1.60
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
Cr
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.40/.60
.15/.30
.50/.70
.15/.30
.15/.30
Mo
..............
..............
.10/.25
.10/.25
..............
Mo
46
47
.18/.23
.28/.33
.33/.38
.38/.43
.43/.48
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
Cr
.16/.21
.18/.23
.17/.23
.28/.33
.27/.37
.33/.38
.38/.43
.43/.48
.20/.25
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
.60/.85
.60/.85
.70/1.00
.60/.85
.30/.60
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
.60/.85
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
JIS G 4105
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max

CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM STEELS
NOTE: As impurities, Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades.
.13/.18
SCM 418
SCM 420
SCM 421
SCM 430
SCM 432
SCM 435
SCM 440
SCM 445
SCM 822
SCM 415
Steel Grade
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
1.00/1.50
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
.90/1.20
Cr
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.15/.30
.35/.45
.15/.30
Mo
NOTE: As impurities Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades.
.13/.18
SCr 420
SCr 430
SCr 435
SCr 440
SCr 445
SCr 415
Steel Grade
JIS G 4104

CHROMIUM STEELS
48
49
.30/.36
.35/.41
.40/.46
.17/.23
.40/.46
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
.15/.35
Si
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
1.35/1.65
1.20/1.50
1.35/1.65
1.20/1.50
Mn
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
.030 max
..............
..............
..............
.35/.70
.35/.70
..............
Cr
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
58
56
55
53
49
43
37
33
30
29
28
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
23
21
...
...
...
...
51
42
34
29
26
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
62
61
59
56
52
46
38
34
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
27
26
25
23
22
21
55
52
42
34
31
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
25
24
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
50
48
47
46
45
42
39
37
34
32
30
28
27
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
41
32
27
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
51
49
48
47
45
43
39
38
35
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
23
22
20
...
...
...
...
42
42
38
34
29
25
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
53
50
49
47
46
42
39
37
33
31
30
28
27
26
26
24
24
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
44
42
38
33
26
25
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
60
59
59
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
48
46
44
41
39
35
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
26
53
52
50
47
44
41
38
35
32
29
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
48
48
47
47
46
45
44
42
40
38
35
32
27
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
41
41
40
39
38
36
30
23
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

J
GRADE
Distance
1038 H
1045 H
1522 H
1524 H
1526 H
1541 H

15B21 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified
Tabulations of Band Limits 1038 H to 15B21 H
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
S
.030 max
NOTE: As impurities Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades. SMn 420, SMn 433, SMn 438 and SMn 443 shall not contain Cr exceeding 0.35%.
.17/.23
SMn 433
SMn 438
SMn 443
SMnC 420
SMnC 443
SMn 420
Steel Grade
JIS G 4106

MANGANESE STEELS AND MANGANESE CHROMIUM STEELS
50
51
Tabulations of Band Limits 15B28 H to 1330 H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Tabulations of Band Limits 1335 H to 4037 H
(1)
Formerly Standard Steels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
52
51
50
48
46
44
42
41
39
38
37
36
35
35
34
34
53
52
51
49
46
40
35
33
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
63
63
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
49
48
47
46
45
45
45
45
56
56
55
54
51
44
38
35
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
43
43
42
42
42
42
41
41
41
40
40
40
39
39
38
38
37
37
37
36
36
36
35
35
36
36
35
35
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
47
47
47
46
46
46
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
44
44
44
44
43
43
43
42
42
42
41
Max.
40
39
38
38
37
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
30
30
30
Min.
3316 H(1)
GRADE
52
50
46
40
34
30
28
26
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
Max.
45
40
31
25
22
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4028 H
57
54
51
46
39
34
31
29
28
26
26
25
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
...
...
Max.
50
45
36
29
25
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4032 H
59
57
54
51
45
38
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
24
23
23
Max.
52
49
42
35
30
26
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Min.
4037 H
62
60
58
55
50
45
39
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
28
27
27
27
26
26
55
52
48
40
33
29
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
22
21
20
20
...
...
...
...
Min.
4042 H
56 49
56
47
55
44
53 40
52
35
50
31
48
28
45
26
43
25
42
23
40
22
39
21
38
20
37
...
36
...
35
...
34
...
33
...
32
...
31
...
31
...
31
...
30
...
30
...
Max.
58 50 60 53 63 56 ... 60
56
50
59
52
62
56
...
60
55
49
59
52
62
55
...
60
54 48 58 51 61 54 ... 60
53
43
58
51
60
53
65
59
52
37
57
50
59
52
65
58
51
33
57
49
58
42
64
57
50
26
56
48
57
34
64
52
...
...
55
44
56
31
64
43
45
22
55
37
55
30
63
39
...
...
54
32
53
29
63
37
40
21
53
28
51
28
63
35
...
...
52
26
48
27
62
35
33
20
51
25
45
27
62
34
...
...
50
25
41
26
61
33
29
...
49
24
38
26
60
33
...
...
46
23
34
25
58
32
27
...
42
22
32
24
54
31
...
...
39
21
31
23
48
30
25
...
36
21
30
22
43
30
...
...
34
20
29
21
40
29
23
...
33
...
29
20
37
28
...
...
31
...
28
...
35
27
21
...
31
...
28
...
34
26
53 47 55 48 58 51
53
47
53
47
56
50
52
46
52
46
55
49
51 45 51 44 54 48
51
42
50
32
53
39
50
32
48
22
51
28
49
25
43
20
47
24
48
21
38
...
41
22
46
20
33
...
...
...
43
...
29
...
30
20
40
...
27
...
...
...
37
...
26
...
27
...
34
...
25
...
...
...
31
...
24
...
26
...
30
...
23
...
...
...
29
....
22
...
25
...
27
...
20
...
...
...
25
...
...
...
24
...
25
...
...
...
...
...
24
...
...
...
22
...
23
...
...
...
...
...
22
...
...
...
20
...
21
...
...
...
...
...
20
...
...
...
...
...

J
Distan
1340 H
1345 H
3310 H(1)
Sixteenths

of an Inch

Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.

J
GRADE
Distance
15B28 H
15B30 H
15B35 H
15B37 H
15B41 H
15B48 H
15B62 H
1330 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
52
53
64
62
60
58
55
52
47
43
40
38
37
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
30
30
29
29
29
48
46
41
35
31
28
27
25
24
23
22
21
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
48
47
44
41
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
41
37
32
37
23
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
56
55
53
51
49
47
44
42
40
38
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
49
46
42
38
34
31
29
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
21
20
...
...
...
...
...
58
58
57
56
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
42
41
40
39
38
38
37
51
50
49
48
47
45
42
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
27
27
27
26
26
26
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
46
45
44
43
42
42
41
41
41
36
27
23
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
52
51
50
49
49
48
45
43
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
30
29
29
29
57
55
50
42
35
32
30
28
28
27
26
26
25
25
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
60
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
54
53
52
51
49
48
47
46
45
44
53
53
52
51
51
50
48
47
44
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
62
62
62
61
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
55
54
53
53
52
51
51
50
55
55
54
53
53
52
51
50
49
47
46
44
42
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
34
34
33
33

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32
63 56 64 57 65 59
63
55
64
57
65
59
62
55
64
56
65
59
62
54
64
56
65
58
62
53
63
55
65
58
61
53
63
55
65
57
61
52
63
55
65
57
61
52
63
54
64
56
60
51
63
54
64
56
60
50
62
53
64
55
60
49
62
52
64
54
59
48
62
51
63
53
59
46
61
49
63
51
59
45
61
48
62
50
58
43
60
46
62
48
58
42
60
45
62
47
57
40
59
42
61
45
57
38
59
40
60
43
56
37
58
39
59
41
55
36
57
38
59
40
55
35
57
37
58
39
55
35
57
37
58
38
55
34
56
37
58
38
54
34
56
36
58
38
65 60 48 41 60 53 60 53
65
60
47
38
60
53
60
53
65
60
45
35
60
53
60
53
65
60
43
32
60
53
60
53
65
60
41
29
60
53
60
53
65
60
38
27
60
53
60
53
65
60
36
25
60
53
60
53
65
60
34
23
60
52
60
53
65
59
33
22
60
52
60
53
65
59
31
21
60
52
60
53
65
59
30
20
59
51
60
53
64
59
29
20
59
51
60
52
64
58
28
...
59
50
60
52
64
58
27
...
58
49
59
52
64
57
27
...
58
49
59
52
64
56
26
...
58
48
59
51
64
55
25
...
58
48
58
51
63
63
25
...
57
46
58
50
63
50
24
...
57
45
58
49
63
48
24
...
57
44
57
48
63
45
24
...
57
43
57
47
63
43
24
...
56
42
57
46
63
42
24
...
56
41
57
45
63
41
24
...
56
40
57
44
48 41
45
35
42
27
39
24
34
21
31
...
29
...
27
...
26
...
25
...
24
...
23
...
22
...
22
...
22
...
21
...
21
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

J
GRADE
Distance
4145
H
4147
H
4150
H
4161 H
4320 H
4340 H
E 4340 H
4620 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

J
GRADE
Distance
4047 H
4118 H
4120 H
4130 H
4135 H
4137 H
4140 H
4142 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
54
55
Formerly Standard Steels
45 38 46 39 48 41 60 53
44
37
46
38
48
40
60
53
44
34
45
35
47
39
59
52
42
30
44
32
46
38
59
51
41
27
42
29
45
34
58
50
39
24
41
27
43
31
58
48
37
22
39
25
42
29
57
44
35
21
37
23
40
27
57
39
33
20
35
22
39
26
56
34
31
...
33
21
37
25
55
31
30
...
32
20
36
24
53
29
29
...
31
20
35
23
51
28
28
...
30
...
34
22
49
27
28
...
29
...
33
22
47
26
27
...
28
...
32
21
44
25
27
...
28
...
31
21
41
25
26
...
27
...
29
20
38
23
25
...
26
...
28
20
36
21
24
...
25
...
28
...
35
...
24
...
25
...
27
...
34
...
24
...
25
...
27
...
33
...
23
...
25
...
26
...
32
...
23
...
24
...
26
...
30
...
23
...
24
...
25
...
29
...
51 45 47 40 48 41
48
36
47
40
47
39
41
29
45
38
43
31
33
24
43
33
39
27
29
21
40
29
35
23
27
...
37
27
32
21
25
...
35
25
29
...
24
...
33
24
28
...
23
...
32
23
27
...
22
...
31
22
26
...
22
...
30
22
25
...
21
...
29
21
24
...
21
...
29
21
24
...
20
...
28
21
23
...
...
...
27
20
23
...
...
...
27
20
22
...
...
...
27
...
21
...
...
...
26
...
21
...
...
...
26
...
21
...
...
...
25
...
20
...
...
...
25
...
...
...
...
...
24
...
...
...
...
...
24
...
...
...
...
...
24
...
...
...
63 56
63
56
62
55
62
55
61
54
61
52
60
48
60
43
59
38
58
34
57
31
56
30
54
29
52
29
50
28
48
27
44
26
40
24
38
23
37
21
36
20
35
...
34
...
33
...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32
63 56 63 56 65 59
62
55
62
54
65
59
60
45
61
52
64
58
56
32
60
50
64
57
52
28
59
41
63
56
46
27
58
32
63
55
39
26
57
31
62
52
35
25
56
30
62
47
34
24
54
29
61
42
33
24
51
28
60
37
33
23
47
27
60
35
32
23
43
26
59
33
32
22
40
26
58
32
31
22
38
25
57
31
31
21
37
25
56
30
30
21
36
24
54
29
29
20
35
23
50
28
28
....
34
22
47
27
27
....
33
21
44
26
26
....
32
20
41
25
25
....
31
....
39
24
24
....
30
....
38
22
23
....
29
....
37
21
23
....
28
....
36
20
.... 60 48 40 56 49 57 50
....
60
46
34
55
46
56
47
....
60
41
28
53
42
54
43
....
60
36
23
51
39
52
40
....
60
33
20
49
35
50
35
....
59
30
....
47
32
48
32
....
57
28
....
45
30
45
29
65
53
27
....
42
28
42
27
65
47
25
....
40
26
40
25
64
42
24
....
38
25
38
24
64
39
23
....
37
23
37
23
64
37
22
....
36
22
36
22
63
36
21
....
35
21
35
21
63
35
21
....
34
20
34
20
63
34
20
....
34
....
34
....
62
34
....
....
33
....
33
....
60
33
....
....
32
....
32
....
58
31
....
....
31
....
31
....
55
30
....
....
30
....
30
....
53
29
....
....
29
....
29
....
51
28
....
....
27
....
28
....
49
27
....
....
26
....
27
....
47
26
....
....
25
....
26
....
44
25
....
....
24
....
25
....
58 51
57
49
56
47
55
43
54
38
52
35
50
32
47
30
45
28
43
27
41
25
40
24
39
23
38
22
37
21
37
21
36
20
35
....
34
....
33
....
32
....
32
....
31
....
30
....

J
GRADE
Distance
5046
H
50B46
H
50B50
H
50B60
H
5120 H
5130 H
5132 H
5135 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
(1)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

J
GRADE
Distance
4626 H(1)
4718 H
4720 H
4815 H
4817 H
4820 H
50B40 H
50B44 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
56
57
.... 60 .... 60 .... 60 46 39

65
59
....
60
....
60
44
36
64
58
....
60
....
60
38
28
64
57
65
59
....
60
33
24
63
55
65
58
....
60
30
22
63
52
64
56
....
59
28
20
62
47
64
52
....
58
27
....
62
41
63
47
....
57
26
....
61
37
62
42
....
54
26
....
60
36
61
39
....
50
25
....
59
35
60
37
....
44
25
....
57
34
59
36
65
41
24
....
55
34
58
35
65
40
24
....
52
33
56
35
64
39
23
....
51
33
54
34
64
38
23
....
49
32
52
34
63
37
22
....
47
31
48
33
61
36
22
....
45
31
47
32
59
34
21
....
44
30
46
31
57
33
21
....
43
29
45
30
55
31
20
....
42
28
44
29
53
30
....
....
41
27
43
28
51
28
....
....
41
26
43
28
49
27
....
....
40
25
42
27
47
25
....
....
Tabulations of Band Limits 81B45 H to 86B30 H
64 57 65 59
64
56
65
58
63
55
64
57
62
54
63
56
62
53
62
53
61
52
61
49
61
49
60
42
60
45
59
38
60
40
58
36
59
37
56
34
59
35
55
33
58
34
53
32
58
33
51
31
57
32
50
31
57
32
48
30
56
31
47
30
55
30
45
29
54
29
43
28
53
27
42
27
52
26
41
26
51
25
40
25
50
24
39
24
49
22
39
23
48
21
38
22
60 53
59
52
58
50
57
48
56
43
54
38
52
35
50
33
48
31
46
30
45
29
43
28
42
27
40
27
39
26
38
25
37
24
36
23
35
21
34
20
34
....
33
....
33
....
32
....
65 59
65
58
64
57
64
56
63
55
63
53
62
50
61
47
61
43
60
41
59
39
58
38
57
37
55
36
54
35
52
35
50
34
48
32
47
31
46
30
45
29
44
27
43
26
42
25
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32
63
63
63
63
63
63
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
47
45
43
56
56
56
56
55
54
53
51
48
44
41
39
38
37
36
35
34
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
46
44
41
38
34
31
28
27
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
39
33
27
24
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
48
47
44
41
37
34
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
23
23
22
22
22
41
37
32
27
23
21
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
50
49
47
44
40
37
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
43
39
34
30
26
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
52
51
48
46
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
45
41
36
32
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
54
52
50
48
45
43
40
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
28
28
27
27
27
27
27
47
43
38
35
32
29
27
26
24
24
23
22
21
21
20
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
56
55
54
52
50
47
44
41
39
37
35
34
33
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
29
29
29
29
49
46
43
39
35
32
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
20
....
....
....
....
....
56
55
55
55
54
54
53
53
52
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
48
47
45
44
43
41
40
39
49
49
48
48
48
48
48
47
46
44
42
40
39
38
36
35
34
32
31
29
28
27
26
25

J
GRADE
Distance
81B45
H
8617
H
8620
H
8622 H
8625 H
8627 H
8630 H
86B30 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

J
GRADE
Distance
5140 H
5147 H
5150 H
5155 H
5160 H
51B60 H
6118 H
6150 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
58
59
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
53
51
49
47
46
44
43
41
40
39
37
36
36
35
35
35
35
60
60
60
59
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
49
47
45
44
42
41
39
38
38
37
37
37
37
62
62
62
61
61
60
59
58
57
55
54
52
50
49
48
46
44
42
41
40
40
39
39
39
55
54
53
52
50
48
45
42
39
37
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
63
63
63
63
62
61
61
60
59
58
56
55
54
52
51
49
47
45
43
42
42
41
41
41
56
56
55
54
52
50
48
45
41
39
37
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
28
27
27
27
27
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
60
60
60
59
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
57
57
57
57
56
56
56
56
55
54
54
53
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
48
46
45
42
39
37
35
34
32
32
31
65
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
60
60
59
58
58
57
56
55
53
52
50
49
47
46
45
53
53
52
51
49
46
42
39
36
34
32
31
30
29
28
28
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
59
58
57
57
56
54
53
50
47
44
41
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
52
51
50
48
45
42
39
36
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
23
23
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
53
60
59
59
58
57
56
55
54
52
49
46
43
41
40
39
38
37
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
65
64
64
63
62
62
61
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
59
58
57
55
53
50
47
45
44
43
42
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
35

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32
48 41 60 53 50 43
47
38
60
53
49
42
45
35
60
52
48
39
42
30
60
51
46
33
38
26
59
49
43
29
35
24
58
46
40
27
33
22
57
43
37
25
31
21
56
40
35
24
30
20
55
37
34
24
29
....
53
35
33
23
28
....
52
34
32
23
27
....
50
32
31
22
26
....
49
31
31
22
26
....
48
31
30
22
25
....
46
30
30
21
25
....
45
29
29
21
24
....
43
28
29
20
24
....
42
28
28
....
23
....
41
27
27
....
23
....
40
27
27
....
23
....
39
27
27
....
23
....
39
27
27
....
22
....
38
26
27
....
22
....
38
26
27
....
.... 60 43 36 45 38 46 39
....
60
43
35
45
38
46
39
65
57
43
35
44
37
45
38
64
53
42
34
44
36
45
37
63
46
42
32
43
32
44
34
62
41
42
31
42
28
43
29
60
38
42
30
40
25
42
26
58
36
41
29
38
23
41
24
55
36
40
28
36
21
40
23
52
35
40
27
34
20
38
21
49
34
39
27
33
....
36
20
47
34
38
26
31
....
34
....
45
33
37
26
30
....
33
....
43
33
36
26
29
....
32
....
42
32
36
26
28
....
31
....
40
32
35
26
27
....
30
....
38
31
35
26
26
....
28
....
37
31
35
25
25
....
27
....
36
30
34
25
24
....
26
....
36
30
34
25
23
....
25
....
35
29
34
25
23
....
24
....
35
29
34
25
22
....
24
....
35
28
33
24
22
....
23
....
34
28
33
24
22
....
23
....
56 49
56
49
55
48
55
48
54
47
54
46
53
44
53
42
52
39
52
37
51
34
51
32
50
30
49
29
48
28
46
27
44
25
42
24
40
23
38
23
37
22
35
21
34
21
34
20

J
GRADE
Distance
8720
H
8740
H
8822
H
9260 H
9310 H
94B15 H
e 94B17 H
94B30 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

J
GRADE
Distance
8637 H
8640 H
8642 H
8645 H
86B45 H
8650 H
8655 H
8660 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch
60
61
Tabulations of Band Limits 15B21 RH to 4130 RH
47
46
44
42
37
30
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
57
55
54
53
50
46
42
36
32
28
....
25
....
24
....
23
....
22
....
20
....
....
....
....
52
51
50
49
41
33
28
24
23
21
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
42
42
41
41
41
40
40
39
39
39
39
38
38
37
37
36
36
35
35
35
34
34
34
37
37
37
36
36
35
33
33
32
32
31
31
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
27
27
26
26
26
51
48
43
37
32
28
26
24
23
22
22
21
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
46
42
34
28
24
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
44
38
33
29
27
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
38
30
25
22
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
45
41
38
34
31
29
28
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
Tabulations of Band Limits 4140 RH to 50B40 RH
RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
42
41
39
33
24
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.....
....
42
39
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
55
54
52
49
46
44
41
39
37
35
33
32
32
31
31
31
30
30
30
29
29
28
28
27
50
48
44
40
36
34
32
30
28
27
26
26
26
25
25
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
21
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

54
59
42
47
42
47
42
47
60
65
57
62
54
59
54
59
42
47
37
44
40
46
60
65
57
62
54
59
59 54 61 56 65 60 44 37 40 30 46 41 58 53
53
58
40
45
27
37
34
41
60
65
56
61
53
59
52
57
36
43
24
32
31
39
60
65
55
60
52
58
50
56
33
41
21
29
29
36
60
65
55
60
51
57
47
55
32
40
20
27
27
34
60
65
54
59
50
56
43
54
30
38
....
25
25
32
60
65
53
59
49
55
38
52
28
36
....
24
24
31
60
65
52
58
48
54
35
50
27
35
....
23
23
29
60
65
52
58
46
53
33
49
26
34
....
22
22
28
60
65
51
58
44
52
32
47
25
33
....
21
21
26
59
64
50
57
43
52
31
45
24
32
....
20
20
25
59
64
49
57
42
51
30
44
24
31
....
....
....
24
59
64
48
56
41
50
29
41
23
30
....
....
....
24
58
63
47
56
40
50
28
38
23
29
....
....
....
23
57
63
46
55
39
49
26
36
22
28
....
....
....
22
56
62
44
54
38
48
24
34
22
27
....
....
....
22
54
62
43
53
37
47
23
33
21
26
....
....
....
21
53
61
42
52
37
46
22
32
20
25
....
....
....
21
51
60
40
51
36
45
21
31
20
25
....
....
....
21
49
59
40
51
35
44
20
30
....
25
....
....
....
21
47
58
39
50
35
43
....
29
....
24
....
....
....
21
46
57
38
50
34
42
....
28
....
23
....
....
....
21
45
57
37
49
33
41
GRADE
J

Distance
50B40 RH
4820 RH
4620 RH
4320 RH
4161 RH
4145 RH
4140 RH
Sixteenths
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

GRADE
J

Distance
4130 RH
4120 RH
4118 RH
4027 RH
3310 RH
15B35 RH
15B21 RH
Sixteenths
62
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32
55
53
51
49
46
44
42
39
37
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
50
47
44
41
37
35
33
31
29
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
59
58
57
55
53
51
48
46
44
43
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
30
29
29
54
53
51
49
45
41
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
....
65
65
65
65
64
63
62
60
58
56
55
53
51
50
48
47
44
43
42
41
40
39
39
38
60
60
60
59
58
57
54
50
45
42
40
39
38
37
36
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
29
47
45
41
38
34
31
29
28
26
25
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
39
35
30
26
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
49
47
45
41
38
35
32
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
44
41
37
32
29
27
24
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
47
45
43
40
36
33
31
29
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
42
39
37
32
28
26
24
23
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
49
48
47
43
40
37
35
33
32
31
30
30
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
25
25
25
44
43
40
35
31
29
27
26
25
25
24
23
23
23
22
22
21
20
....
....
....
....
....
....
42
42
42
41
41
40
40
39
38
37
37
36
35
34
34
33
33
32
32
32
32
32
31
31
37
36
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
25
25

J
GRADE

Distance
5130 RH
5140 RH
5160 RH
8620 RH
8622 RH
8720 RH
8822 RH
9310 RH
Sixteenths
of an Inch
Tabulations of Band Limits 5130 RH to 9310 RH
INTRODUCTION TO
JOMINY CORRELATION
WITH ROUND BARS
The following correlation of Jominy values with quenching severity and surface to center
hardnesses obtainable in round bars is based on calculated and practical experience data.
Since practical heat treatment results are subject to several variables that are always
difficult to determine, i.e., surface condition of piece being quenched, furnace atmosphere,
and quenching severity of the coolant, the metallurgist or heat treater may find some differences in applying this correlation to his particular heat treatment setup.
However, as experience is gained by their use, it is believed that these charts will be found
helpful as a guide to the selection of steel of proper hardenability based on Jominy end
quench results. As a value-added service, TimkenSteel hardenability data will be supplied
upon request, with each heat of steel.
63
4" RD
3" RD
2" RD
1-1/2" RD
BAR SIZE
1.5
0.35
2.0
1.5
5.0
0.20
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
1.0
0.70
1.5 2.0
0.50
0.35
0.70
1.0
0.50
0.70
0.35
0.50
5.0
1" RD
0.20
0.50
1.0
3/4" RD
0.35
0.70
5.0
1.0
1.5
0.20
SURFACE
12
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
1.5
1/2 RADIUS
0.35
1.0
12
0.50
2.0
0.20
0.70
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
SURFACE
16
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
SURFACE
5.0
1/2" RD
2.0
CENTER
0.50
1.5
BAR SIZE
16
0.20
1.0
5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.70
2.0
SURFACE
20
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
H VALUE
20
0.20
0.35
0.50
0.70
1.0
1.5
2.0
5.0
H VALUE
24
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water
Water
Brine
Brine
Ideal Quench
QUENCH
24
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Water
Water
Brine
Brine
Ideal Quench
QUENCH
28
28
32
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
AGITATION
No
Moderate
Good
Strong
No
Strong
No
Strong
AGITATION
32
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
CENTER
Select proper round bar size to be quenched.

Select the curve most representative of quenching conditions (H value) to be used.
Read the curve to the Jominy Distance.
Insert Rockwell C hardness values corresponding to the Jominy Distance.
These are obtained from TimkenSteel
0.50
1.
2.
3.
4.
0.20
INSTRUCTIONS FOR
USE OF CHART
Hardenability
Data available
with each
shipment of steel.
These hardness
values represent
the approximate
surface-to-center
hardness
obtainable for
the type of steel
being heat
treated.
CHART FOR PREDICTING APPROXIMATE CROSS SECTION HARDNESS OF QUENCHED

ROUND BARS USING JOMINY TEST RESULTS
0.35
0.70
65
0.35
64
0.20

32
The following charts present hardenability data for thirteen popular steels. They may be
used to determine the approximate mid-radius hardness which is developed, in various
sized rounds up to 9" in diameter using a good oil quench (.4-.5 Hv), or rounds up to 15"
in diameter when air cooling. The effect of a subsequent 1000F 2 hour temper is also
illustrated.
The relationship between hardness and section size was determined using data from the
Jominy end quench test, and air hardenability test, and controlled cooling tests. It must be
remembered that the results for a particular steel type are based on one chemical analysis
and one austenitizing temperature. Variations of these will affect hardenability, as shown
by the Jominy hardenability bands (shaded area). Therefore, the charts should be used to
determine estimated, rather than exact, hardness values.
5.0
20
1.5
1.0
24
0.70
28
0.35
SURFACE
1/2 RADIUS
1.5
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
1.5
0.35
SURFACE
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
0.35
1.5
0.70
SURFACE
CENTER
5.0
0.35
0.50
CENTER
1/2 RADIUS
EXPLANATION OF COMBINED
HARDENABILITY CHARTS
1. Select steel type.
USE OF CHARTS
3. Read the approximate as-quenched or tempered hardness using the appropriate curve;
read hardness range using hardenability band.
For example, a 2-inch round made of 1045 type steel will
develop the following mid-radius hardnesses:
Mild Water
Oil .4-.5 Hv
Air
As-Cooled
28(25/32) Rc
25(22/29) Rc
91Rb
22.5 Rc
21 Rc
91Rb
Tempered
1000 F-2 Hours
66
8" RD
7" RD
6" RD
5" RD
BAR SIZE
4
8
JOMINY DISTANCE
12
16
2. Find desired diameter for the quenching medium employed.
67
1045
1340
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.
69
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
68
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

55F/S
2"
10
S
.023
Si
.22
Cr
.11
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
55F/S
2"
10
25F/S
3"
2"
Mo
.04
48
19F/M
P
.011
S
.013
Si
.24
Cr
.08
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
48
~9"
4"
80F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
19F/M
4"
Al
.019
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
1550 F.
27F/M
3"
Cu
.11
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
11/2"
32F/M
2"
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
1550 F.
27F/M
4"
Al
11/2"
32F/M
3"
Cu
.04
NORMALIZED 1600 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
4"
80F/M
2"
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
Mn
1.87
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR
1"
1"
C
.40
HEAT TREATMENT
Ni
.18
25F/S
3"
2"
P
.019
Mn
.79
1"
1"
C
.42
HEAT TREATMENT
3310
4027
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
71
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
70
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

55F/S
2"
P
.012
S
.012
Si
.25
Cr
1.56
10
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
55 /S
2"
F
10
25 /S
3"
2"
Mo
.05
48
1 /2"
P
.011
S
.027
Si
.29
Cr
.05
Ni
.09
Mo
.22
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
48
~9"
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
1 /4"
1
/4"
3
19 /M
F
4"
Al
.032
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1600 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Cu
.07
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
6" 10" 15"
(FROM ASM HANDBOOK)
19F/M
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27F/M
4"
Al
.032
32F/M
3"
Cu
.10
4"
80F/M
2"
Mn
.86
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
1"
1"
C
.26
HEAT TREATMENT
Ni
3.42

25F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.54
1"
1"
C
.08
HEAT TREATMENT
4130
4140
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
73
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
72
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

55F/S
2"
P
.013
S
.020
Si
.30
Cr
.96
10
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
55 /S
2"
F
10
25 /S
3"
2"
Mo
.21
48
19F/M
P
.031
S
.021
Si
.31
Cr
.96
Ni
.13
Mo
.20
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
19 /M
F
4"
Al
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Cu
.08
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1600 F.
27F/M
4"
Al
11/2"
32F/M
3"
Cu
.12
4"
80F/M
2"
Mn
.82
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
1"
1"
C
.39
HEAT TREATMENT
Ni
.20

25F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.51
1"
1"
C
.31
HEAT TREATMENT
4320
4340
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
75
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
55F/S
2"
10
25F/S
3"
2"
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.29
Cr
.50
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
48
55 /S
2"
F
10
25 /S
F
2"
3"
Mo
.23
19F/M
P
.014
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
.72
Ni
1.75
Mo
.26
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
19 /M
F
4"
Al
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Cu
.13
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1700 F.
27F/M
4"
Al
.021
11/2"
32F/M
3"
Cu
.09
4"
80F/M
2"
Mn
.74
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
1"
1"
C
.41
HEAT TREATMENT
Ni
1.79

Mn
.61
1"
1"
C
.18
HEAT TREATMENT
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
74
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

4620
5130
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
77
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
76
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

55F/S
2"
P
.013
S
.019
Si
.32
Cr
.20
10
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
55 /S
2"
F
10
25 /S
3"
2"
Mo
.22
48
19F/M
P
.022
S
.026
Si
.26
Cr
.98
Ni
.09
Mo
.02
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
19 /M
F
4"
Al
.019
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1600 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Cu
.14
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1700 F.
27F/M
4"
Al
11/2"
32F/M
3"
Cu
.05
4"
80F/M
2"
Mn
.79
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
1"
1"
C
.30
HEAT TREATMENT
Ni
1.75

25F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.60
1"
1"
C
.19
HEAT TREATMENT
5160
8620
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
79
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
78
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

55F/S
2"
P
.014
S
.016
Si
.29
Cr
.78
10
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
48
55 /S
2"
F
10
25 /S
3"
2"
Mo
.01
19F/M
11/4"
/4"
3
P
.010
S
.014
Si
.30
Cr
.50
Ni
.51
Mo
.19
15
12 /S
4"
3"
5"
20
7 /S
F
4"
7"
27
6"
~9"
48
4"
80 /M
F
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290 /M 200 /M
6"
5"
19 /M
F
4"
6" 10" 15"
13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

F
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1700 F.
27 /M
F
3"
Al
.031
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
11/2"
32 /M
F
2"
Cu
.09
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
LEGEND
AS COOLED
400 F. TEMPER
1000 F. TEMPER
1550 F.
27F/M
4"
Al
.023
11/2"
32F/M
3"
Cu
.05
4"
80F/M
2"
Mn
.85
~9"
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
1"
1"
C
.20
HEAT TREATMENT
Ni
.07

25F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.91
1"
1"
C
.58
HEAT TREATMENT
80
ROCKWELL C HARDNESS
9310
81
10
20
30
40
50
60

.10
107
128
150
185
230
283
372
484
614
COOLING
RATE
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv
MILD WATER
QUENCH
55F/S
2"
P
.012
S
.015
Si
.30
Cr
1.26
Ni
3.26
Mo
.11
10
15
12F/S
4"
3"
5"
20
7F/S
4"
7"
6"
27
~9"
48
4"
80F/M
AIR
QUENCH 1"
290F/M 200F/M
6"
5"
19F/M
4"
.20
.30
.40
.50
PERCENT CARBON
.60
.70
6" 10" 15"
13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M
5"
11/4"
/4"
3
21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
LEGEND
AS COOLED
1550 F.
27F/M
3"
Al
.044
11/2"
32F/M
2"
Cu
.11

25F/S
3"
2"
Mn
.58
1"
1"
C
.10
HEAT TREATMENT
Note: Fine divisions added to

simplify use of the graph.
Hodge, J. M. and Orehoski, M. A.

Relationship between hardenability
and percentage of martensite in
some low-alloy steels.
Transactions. AIME, 1946, v. 167,
pp. 627-642.
50% MARTENSITE
80% MARTENSITE
90% MARTENSITE
99.9% MARTENSITE
95% MARTENSITE
AVERAGE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBON CONTENT, HARDNESS AND

PERCENTAGE OF MARTENSITE IN QUENCHING
60
70
80
90
20
30
40
50
60
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
TYPE
ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

690
828
TENSILE STRENGTH, MPa

966 1104 1241 1379 1517
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
1655 1793 1931
EFFECTS OF SURFACE CONDITIONS AND MECHANICAL

NOTCHES ON ENDURANCE OR FATIGUE LIMITS
160
ENDURANCE LIMIT, 1000 psi
552
1140
140
966
120
828
POLISHED
690
100
GROUND
552
80
MACHINED
60
For .10% Carbon (Approx.) Higher Alloy Carburizing

Steels, i.e., 3310, 9310, etc.
414
ENDURANCE LIMIT, MPa
414
276
40
HOT ROLLED,
SEVERLY NOTCHED,
AS FORGED
20
60
80
100
120
140 160
180 200 220
TENSILE STRENGTH, 1000 psi
240
260
138
280
Note: Endurance limits for surfaces exposed to corrosive environment fall

below the band for hot rolled, severly notched, and as forged surfaces.
CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT

FATIGUE STRENGTH
The fatigue strength of a material depends on many factors of which the following are
considered among the most important: (1) the strength of the material and the magnitude of the stress being applied to the material in its application, (2) the surface integrity
of the material including its finish and method of manufacture, magnitude of residual
stress present, and the presence of decarburization, (3) the environment in which the
material is exposed in service.
It must be noted that fatigue data such as that represented by the curves shown above are
averages obtained from laboratory tests which approach ideal conditions and should not
be considered more than a guide.
EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH

for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
Carburizing
Carburizing Temperature (F)
Time,
Hours
1600 1650
1700
1750
1

2

3

4

5

6

7
8

9

10
11
.011" .013"
.015"
.019"
.019"
.023"
.021"
.026"
.024"
.030"
.026"
.033"
.028"
.035"
.030" .038"
.032"
.040"
.034"
.042"
.036" .044"
.016"
.023"
.028"
.033"
.037"
.040"
.043"
.046"
.049"
.052"
.054"
.019"
.027"
.034"
.039"
.044"
.048"
.052"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.065"
.037"
.057"
.068"
12
.046"
16
.043" .053"
.065"
.078"
20
.048"
.059"
.073"
.088"
24
.052"
.065"
.080"
.096"
.089"
.108"
30
.059" .073"
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in May 1974 by F. E. Harris.
F.B. Stulen and W.C. Schulte, Metals Engineering Quarterly (Am. Soc. Metals), Vol. 5, No. 3, Aug. 1965
SAE Fatigue Design Handbook (AE4) - 1968
Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals, (IME-ASME) - 1956
82
83
PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS

PROCESS
AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS
CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .20% Carbon (Approx.) Lower Alloy Carburizing

Steels, i.e., 4017, 4620, 8620, etc.
DEW
POINT,
DEW
POINT,
F F
-20
EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH

for
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)

1

2

3

4

5
6
7
8
9
10

11
.013"
.015"
.018"
.022"
.022"
.027"
.025"
.031"
.029"
.034"
.031" .038"
.034" .041"
.036" .044"
.038" .046"
.040" .049"
.042"
.051"
.019"
.026"
.032"
.037"
.042"
.045"
.049"
.053"
.056"
.059"
.062"
.022"
.031"
.039"
.045"
.050"
.055"
.059"
.063"
.067"
.071"
.073"
.044"
.065"
.077"
16
.051" .061"
.075"
.088"
20
.057"
.069"
.084"
.099"
24
.062"
.075"
.092"
.109"
30
.070"
.085"
.103"
.122"
SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, %
1750
.053"
20
40
60
80
Austenite
cementite
Carburizing
Carburizing Temperature (F)
Time,
Hours
1600 1650
1700
12
100
2
Low-carbon
steel
1
760 C
0.6
815 C
Austenite
+ ferrite
870 C
0.4
925 C
980 C
0.2
1040 C
Workpiece
temperature
1150 C
1095 C
0.1
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
DEW POINT, C
Variation of carbon potential with dew point for an endothermic-based atmosphere containing 20% CO and
40% H2 in contact with plain carbon steel at various workpiece temperatures.
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in May 1974 by F. E. Harris
84
74
85
Austenite
+ ferrite
1,
50
0
60
1,
70
0
1,
60
0
40
1,
90
0
1,
80
0
20
10
8
6
4
400
200
100
CASE DEPTH, 0.001 in.
CARBON DIOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERE, %
0.06
0.04
0.2
86
0.1
0.01
0.02
Workpiece
temperature
1150 C
0.4
0.6
SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, %

Variation of carbon potential with carbon dioxide concentration for an endothermic-based atmosphere containing 20% CO and 40% H2 in contact with plain
carbon steel at various workpiece temperatures.
0.2
0.1
1040 C
1095 C
Austenite cementite
980 C
925 C
0.4
0.6
870 C
815 C
PROCESS AND
CONTROL
CONSIDERATIONS
PROCESS
ANDQUALITY
QUALITY
CONTROL
CONSIDERATIONS
760 C
100
80
TIME AT HEAT, Hr
Low-carbon
steel
DETERMINING
CARBURIZING
TIMES
DETERMINING CARBURIZING
TIMES
AND
TEMPERATURES
AND TEMPERATURES
80
60
40
20
11
12
13
14
15
10
PARAMETER, P
TO USE THE CHART

In the upper grid, select a point (time and temperature) for which the case depth results are
known. Go vertically down from that point to the known case depth and plot the point. Pass a line
through this point parallel to the dashed line shown. Projecting a line vertically upward from any
point on this line into the grid will give the combinations of time and temperature that will result
in the same depth of case. For instance, a vertical line drawn upward from the dashed line at 100
thousandths indicates that a 0.100 in.
case will be produced by 6 hr. at 1900F, 11 hr. at 1800F, or 22 hr. at 1700F. Shop experience of
the Cook Heat Treat Co., Houston, is depicted by this line and its related points.
Adapted from information provided by Charles F. Lewis, Cook Heat
Treating Co., Div. Lindberg Corp.
87
88
89
1355
1350
1345
1355
1355
1355

3115

3120

3130

3140

3141
3150
1240
1230
1220
1225
1215
1215
1060
1090
1065
910/1050
1060
1040
.............
.............
.............
1550
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1450
.............
Cooling (F)
Represents the case of 4600 grades of carburizing steels
1305
1305
1460
1345
1255
1285
1305
1230
.............
.............
.............
1550
1430
1410
1525
1450
1360
1370
1380
1360
.............
.............
1500
1400
1230
.............
1500
1350
1250
.............
1460
1340
1210
1500
1400
1320
1200
.............
1390
1220
1190
1500
1395
1215
1195
.............
1500
1410
1275
.............
1475
1350
1250
1600
1460
1370
1280
1500
............. ............. ............. 1500
1450
1290
1245
.............
............. ............. ............. 1575
1485 1330 840/1170 .............
1425
1220
725/1210
1550
............. ............. ............. 1500
1485
1400
1200
.............
1490
1335
1220
.............
1400
1220
875/1130
1550
.............
.............
.............
1550
1510
1410
1200
.............
1450
1310
860/1110
.............
1440
1260
825/1110
.............
1160
1160
1360
1340
1340
1310
1360
1365
1385
1380
1380
.............
1390
.............
1355
1350
.............
1340
1300
1325
.............
1285
1285
1290
1235
1235

4027

4032

4042

4053

4063

4068

4118

4130
4140
4147
4150
4160
4320
4340
4342
4615
4620
4640
4695(1)

4718
4815
4820

5045
5060
5120
5140
1440
1425
.............
.............
.............
440
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
400
.............
3115
3120
3130
3140
3141
3150
2512
2515
2317
2330
2340
2345
.............
.............
3310
3316
.............
.............
.............
630
............. 5045
............. 5060
............. 5120
460 5140
.............
.............
4027
.............
.............
4032
610
.............
4042
.............
.............
4053
445
.............
4063
.............
............. 4068
.............
.............
4118
710
550
4130
640
425 4140
590 ............. 4147
.............
............. 4150
500 ............. 4160
............. ............. 4320
550
330 4340
530 ............. 4342
.............
............. 4615
.............
............. 4620
640
490 4640
255
.............
4695(1)
.............
............. 4718
.............
.............
4815
.............
............. 4820
.............
.............
Quench SAE
Temp F
Ms (F)
Mf (F)
No.
1335
1335
(1)
.............
.............
.............
630
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
580
.............
CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS continued
1480
1445
1360
1275
1300
1275
1150
1160
1265
1205
1185
1125
Ac1 Ac3 Ar3 Ar1
Heating (F)
1500
1480
1460
1410
1410
1380
1400
1400
1435
1360
1350
1335
3310

3316
SAE
No.
1290
1260
2512
2515
1285
1280
1285
1265
2317
2330
2340
2345
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
1270
.............
.............
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
1545
1515
1465
1440
1420
1405
1390
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
300
175
1330
1325
1470
1340
1160
.............
.............
.............
1330
1335 1315 1460 1340 1165 1550 640 450 1335
1340
1340
1420
1310
1160
.............
.............
.............
1340
1345
1325
1420
1300
1160
.............
.............
.............
1345
1565
1555
1485
1475
1460
1440
1420
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
525
420
1370
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1340
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
1500
1625
1015
1020
1030
1035
1040
1045
1050
1065
1090
Quench SAE
Temp F
Ms (F)
Mf (F)
No.
Cooling (F)
Ac1 Ac3 Ar3 Ar1
SAE
No.
Heating (F)
APPROXIMATE CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS

OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
90
SAE
No.
Cooling (F)
(2)
1515
1370
1440
1435
1380
1275

9 Cr 1 Mo
17-22-A
17-22-AS
17-22-AV

Graph Mo

Graph Air
1430
1350
1460
1525
1365
1260
Represents the case of 8600 and 9300 grades of carburizing steels, respectively.
1645
1480
1600
1700
1415
1415
1490 1305 830/1080 ............. ............. ............ 9310

1455
1290
800
.............
.............
............ 9317
............. ............. ............. 1700
170 ............ 9395(2)
1435
1280
1190
1575
620
410 9442
1315
1300
.............
1350
9310
9317
9395(2)
9442
1350
1245
1280
1230
1275
1150
.............
.............
.............
.............
1450
1460
............. ............
9 Cr 1 Mo
.............
............ 17-22-A
.............
............ 17-22-AS
.............
............ 17-22-AV
410
............
Graph Mo
325
............
Graph Air
............. 8615
............. 8620
540 8630
............ 8640
............ 8650
............ 8695(2)
.............
.............
690
.............
.............
275
1520
1400
1200
.............
.............
............ 8720
1450 1300 1180 ............. ............. ............ 8740
1410
1265
1190
.............
.............
............ 8750
.............
.............
1600
.............
.............
1500
1380
1350
1350
1265
1200
1210
1170
1195
.............
8720
8740
8750
1455
1400
1340
1275
1240
.............
............. 6117
.............
6120
460 6140
............. 6150
305
260
620
.............
1550
1525
1480
1435
1390
.............
1650
1740
1550
.............
1360
1350
1350
1350
1325
.............
1270
1300
.............
1275
8615
8620
8630
8640
8650
8695(2)
1430
1440
.............
1375
1560
1530
.............
1450
1400
1410
.............
1380
6117
6120
6140
6150
.............
.............
............. 51100
1560
345
.............
1650 305 ............. 52100
1740
260
............. 52100
Quench SAE
Temp F
Ms (F)
Mf (F)
No.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS continued

Ac1 Ac3 Ar3 Ar1
Heating (F)
51100
1385
1415
1320
1300
52100
1340
1415
1320
1270
52100
52100

RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS
SAE
No.
Temperature
(F)
1008
1010
1015
1040

1118
1141

1350

2317
2340
2250
2250
2250
2200
SAE
No.
4320
4337
4340

4422
4427
2200
2200
2200
4520
2250
2250
2200
4615
4620
4640
2300
2300
2200
2512
2250
4718
2250
3115
3135
3140
2250
2200
2200
4820
2250
5060
2150
3240

3310
3316
3335

4017
4032
4047
4063
2200
5120
5140
5160
2250
2200
2150
51100
52100
2050
2050
2300
2200
2200
2150
6120
6135
6150
2250
2250
2200
4130
4132
4135
4140
4142
2200
2200
2200
2200
2200
8617
8620
8630
8640
8650
2250
2250
2200
2200
2200
2250
2200
2200
2250
2250
2250
91
Temperature
(F)
2250
2250
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
FOR STEELS continued
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES

Standard TimkenSteel Tolerances
HOT ROLLED, ROUND(1)

SAE
No.
Timken
Type
Temperature
(F)
8720
2250
8735
2200
8740
2200

9310
2250

302
2200
303
2200
304
2200
309
2150
310
2050
316
2150
317
2150
321
2150
347
2150

410
2200
416
2200
420
2200
430
2100
440A
2100
440C
2050
443
2100
446 1900

C-Mo
2300
DM
2300

DM-2
2300
Temperature
(F)
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.05C)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.15C)
2250
2250
2250
5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.25C)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Ti
5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Si
7 Cr 1/2 Mo
9 Cr 1 Mo
2250
2100
2200
2250
2200
8 1/2 Ni
2200
Graph-Mo 1950
Graph-Air
1925
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:

inches
TOD 5 61.5 (.0045 OD 1 .005) or 6.023 min.

mm
TOD 5 61.5 (.0045 OD 1 .13) or 6.58 min.
over 10.75 inches (273mm) to 12.00 inches (305 mm)
inches TOD 5 6.113
mm
TOD 5 62.87
2050
2300
10105
Nitriding #3
2050
2200
17-22A
17-22AS
17-22AV
2200
2200
2250
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 or over 10.75 inches (273 mm) to

13.00 inches (330 mm) OD
(all OD to wall ratios) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610%
OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%
92
OD Tolerances
As rolled or single thermal treatment:

inches
TOD 5 6 (.0045 OD 1 .005) or 6.015 min.

mm
TOD 5 6 (.0045 OD 1 .13) or 6.38 min.
over 10.75 inches (273mm) to 12.0 inches (305mm)
inches TOD 5 6.095
mm
TOD 5 62.41
greater than 12.00 inches (305mm) to 13 inches

(330mm)refer to mill
5 Cr Mo (1.00C)
5Cr Mo W (1.00W)
A 485-1
A 485-2
A 485-3
A 485-4
2050
2050
2100
2100
TBS-600
2050
CBS-600
CBS-1000M
2250
2200
NOTE: Information obtained from hot-twist test data published in Evaluating The Forgeability of Steels
(TimkenSteel) occasionally modified by actual Forge Shop experience.
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.020 inch (.51mm).
OD - Outside Diameter T - Tolerance ID - Inside Diameter W - Wall Thickness

(1) Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness (W) only.
TimkenSteel guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using TimkenSteel tolerances.
93
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE continued


ROUGH TURNED, ROUND (1)
COLD DRAWN, ROUND (2)
OD Tolerances
As turned or single thermal treatment:

under 6.75 inches (171.5mm)
inches TOD 5 6.005
mm
TOD 5 6.13
6.75 inches (171.5mm) and over
inches TOD 5 6.010
mm
TOD 5 6.25
Straightened and/or tempered or stress relieved after
rough turning:
inches TOD 5 6.010
mm
TOD 5 6.25
Under 6.75 inches (171.5mm)
Heat Treated Before Rough Turned
TOD 5 6.010 inches (6.25mm)
Heat Treated After Rough Turned
6.75 inches (171.5mm) and over
Heat Treated Before Rough Turned
Heat Treated After Rough Turned

OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.5%

OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.0%

Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.020 inch (.51mm).
Drawn and annealed, normalized, tempered or

stress relieved:
inches
TOD/ID 5 61.8 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.007 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 61.8 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.18 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
(OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 62.5 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.010 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 62.5 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.25 min.
(OD & ID dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 63.75 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.015 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 63.75 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.38 min.
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%
OD to wall ratio 10:1 to 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66%
OD to wall ratio under 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%


(1) Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness (W) only.
TimkenSteel guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using TimkenSteel tolerances.
94
OD Tolerances
As drawn:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.004 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.10 min.
Note: (1) Minimum wall tolerance is 6.012 inch (.30mm)

(2) When ID is under 1.000 inch (25.4mm), inquiry basis
(3) Walls 6% of OD and lighter, inquiry basis
(4) When OD & ID dimensions, use 67.5% wall

(2) Tubes with a final OD/W ratio less than 4:1 or a nominal finish wall size greater than 1.250 inches (31.75mm)
will have a hot rolled ID and will be produced to cold drawn OD tolerances and hot rolled
wall tolerances.
ASTM A-519 tolerances are acceptable except for cold finished sizes smaller than 2.500 inches
(63.50mm) diameter, where TimkenSteel tolerances apply.
95

MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES

Special Processed Tubing Tolerances
ROTOROLLED , ROUND
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED (Square, Rectangular or Oval)
OD Tolerances
As Rotorolled:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6
.005 min. OD
6.010 min. ID
mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6
.13 min.
Rotorolled and annealed, normalized, tempered or
stress relieved:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .007) or 6.010 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .18) or 6.25 min.
(OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 62 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6.010 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 62 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6.25 min.
(OD & ID dimensions only):
inches
TOD/ID 5 63 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6.015 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 63 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6.38 min.
All wall thicknesses 65%

Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.012 inches (.30mm)
OD - Outside Diameter
T - Tolerance
ID - Inside Diameter
96
W - Wall Thickness
OD Tolerances
As drawn or tempered:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.020 min.
mm
TOD 5 6.005 OD or 6.51 min.
inches
TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 6.040 min.
mm
All wall thicknesses 610% at center of flats
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED3 (Dissimilar OD and ID Configuration)

OD Tolerances
As drawn or tempered:
inches
TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.010 min.
mm
inches
mm
All wall thicknesses 610% at center of flats

3 When corner radii and twist are important, they must be reviewed by our mill before we accept the order.
97
LENGTH TOLERANCES
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES
Random Lengths
Tubing shipped on random-length orders has a length spread of 7 feet (2.1 meters) with a
mean length 10 feet to 26 feet (3 to 8 meters) unless otherwise specified.
Straightness tolerances (T) should not exceed those shown in the tables below. The
tolerance (T) for any 3-foot (1 meter) length is measured as shown in Figure 1. The total
tolerance, the maximum curvature in the total length, is measured as shown in Figure 2.
The table applies to lengths not exceeding 22 feet (6.7 meters).
All Conditions Seamless Steel Tubing
All Conditions Seamless Steel Tubing
Multiple Lengths
For tubing ordered in multiple lengths, it is standard practice for the customer to make
their own allowances for loss of steel due to cutting operations. These allowances will vary
from one customer to another due to their cutting practices and the amount of facing
required on the ends of the part. Therefore, tubing is furnished to the multiple length as
specified by the individual customer.
The tolerances shown apply to conventional steel grades of as rolled, annealed, and heat
treated tubing up to 302 Brinell maximum or micro alloy grades with a hardness of 229
Brinell or below. Heat treated tubes with a Brinell hardness of 302 maximum up to 401
maximum or micro alloy grades with a Brinell hardness exceeding 229 will have tolerance (T) twice the values shown in the table. Tubes with lighter walls, or with hardness
exceeding 401 Brinell maximum, or weighing greater than 140 pounds per foot, require
agreement on tolerances at time of order.
In Inches
Permissible

Specified Size Variations
Specified Length
4 feet and under
4 feet and under

4 feet and under
Over 4 feet to 10 feet, incl.
Outside Diameter
Up to 2 inches incl.
Over 2 inches to
4 inches incl.
Over 4 inches
Up to 2 inches incl.
Over 2 inches
All
All
All
Over Under
1/16 inch
3/32 inch
0
0
1/8 inch
3/32 inch
1/8 inch
3/16 inch
5/16 inch
7/16 inch
0
0
0
0
0
0
FIGURE 1
Measuring technique for straightness in any three feet
T max
Three foot (one meter) straight-edge
FIGURE 2
Measuring technique for overall straightness
L
In Meters
Permissible

Specified Size Variations
Specified Length
1 meter and under
1 meter and under

1 meter and under
Over 1 meter to 3 meters
Over 1 meter to 3 meters
Over 3 meters to 7 meters
Outside Diameter
Up to 50mm incl.
Over 50mm to
100mm incl.
Over 100mm
Up to 50mm incl.
Over 50mm
All
All
All
98
Over Under
1mm
2mm
0
0
3mm
2mm
3mm
5mm
8mm
11mm
0
0
0
0
0
0
Surface plate
T max
99
100
Ratio of 0.015 inch

per foot
Ratio of 0.020 inch
per foot
OD over 5 inches to 8 inches

.045 inch
.030 inch 3 length in feet
inclusive. Wall thickness, over
3
4% of OD
3
OD over 8 inches to 12 inches

.060 inch
inclusive. Wall thickness, over
4% of OD
Ratio of 1.65mm
per meter
1.25 mm 3 length in meters

(1)
Refer to the previous page for exception to the straightness tolerance.
OD over 200mm to 280mm inclusive.

1.65mm
Wall thickness, over 4% of OD
Ratio of 1.25mm
per meter
OD over 125mm to 200mm inclusive.

1.25mm
.85mm 3 length in meters
Wall thickness, over 4% of OD
Ratio of .85mm
per meter
Ratio of .010 inch

per foot

3
OD 5 inches and smaller. Wall

.030 inch
thickness, over 3% of OD
OD 125mm and smaller. Wall

.85mm
.55mm 3 length in meters
thickness, over 3% of OD
Maximum Curvature
for Lengths
Under 5 feet
Maximum
Curvature
in any 3 feet
Maximum Curvature
in Total Lengths
of 5 feet or more
In Inches

Specified Size
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES continued

Seamless Steel Tubing(1)
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES
W 10.68 (D t) t
M .02466 (D t) t
A (D t) t
W 10.68 (D et) et
M .02466 (D et) et
et D 1.050 d
2
ed 1.050 d
W 11.27 (D t) t
M .02601 (D t) t
eD 1.027 D
ed 1.027 d
W 10.68 (eD et) et
M .02466 (eD et) et
et 1.050 D d
2
eD 1.050 D
W 11.78 (D t) t
M .02719 (D t) t
eD 1.050 D
ed 1.050 d
W 10.68 (D et) et
M .02466 (D et) et
et D 1.128 d
2
ed 1.128 d
W 13.60 (D t) t
M .03138 (D t) t
eD 1.128 D
ed 1.128 d
W 10.68 (D et) et
M .02466 (D et) et
et D 1.027 d
2
ed 1.027 d
101
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES continued
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS

How Mechanical Tube Sizes Are Calculated
W 10.68 (eD et) et

M .02466 (eD et) et
et 1.027 D d
2
eD 1.027 D
W 13.60 (D t) t
M .03138 (D t) t
eD 1.128 D
ed 1.128 d
TimkenSteel has pioneered a method to determine the most economical tube size, which
insures that all part dimensions will clean up during machining. This program has the
capability to determine what we call a guaranteed tube size for either full or bright
metal cleanup on the outer diameter and/or the inner diameter, based on the condition
of the tube.
The guaranteed tube size is based on the parts critical finished dimensions and critical
machining position. The required critical dimensions are: 1) maximum finished OD, 2)
minimum finished ID, and 3) maximum finished part length. All applicable tolerances
and surface finishes (machined or ground) should be included. The critical machining
position is based on whether the tube is chucked on the tube OD or the tube ID during
the initial machining operation.
Critical finished part dimensions and machining position influence the amount of
cleanup, the size tolerances and the tube eccentricity variables. These variables are then
factored into the tube size calculation.
W 10.68 (D et) et
M .02466 (D et) et
et D .7425 d
2
ed .7425 d
W 5.34 (D1 D2 2t) t

M .01233 (D1 D2 2t) t
eD D1 D2
2
ed d1 d2
2
Legend
A 5 Tubing cross sectional area. Round
OD and ID.
ed 5 Equivalent round inside diameter

in inches (or millimeters)
W 5 Weight in pounds per foot
et 5 Equivalent wall thickness in inches

(or millimeters)
M 5 Mass in kilograms per meter
D1 5 Major outside diameter of oval

tube in inches (or millimeters)
D 5 Outside diameter or distance across

flats in inches
(or millimeters)
Cleanup allowance must be added to the finished OD dimension or subtracted from

the finished ID dimension to provide for the elimination of surface imperfections,
decarburization and camber (out-of-straightness). Other allowances specific to the
application may be needed. (See table, page 98.)
Examples of Tube Size Calculation

Finished Part Dimensions
4.995 inches 6.005 inch OD 3 4.005 inches 6.005 inch ID 3 7 inches.
Part is cut to length and held on one end. Allowance
for camber is made for parts over 3 inches, measured
from the end of the part to the face of the chuck.
7 inches
Examples on page 96 are for a hot rolled tube using
TimkenSteel cleanup allowances.
d1 5 Major inside diameter of oval tube

d 5 Inside diameter or distance across

flats in inches
(or millimeters)
t 5
Cleanup Allowance
D2 5 Minor outside diameter of oval

tube in inches (or millimeters)
d2 5 Minor inside diameter of oval tube
Wall thickness in inches

(or millimeters)
eD 5 Equivalent round outside diameter

102
103
Figure 3
Finished part showing cleanup
stock added to ID. (Refer to
Example 1, Operaton 2.)
Figure 4
Finished part with cleanup
allowance added to OD and ID
determines minimum wall required
for part to clean up. (Refer to
Example 1, Operation 3.) Were it
not for eccentricity, this would be
the recommended tube size.
Figure 5
Same tube size machined true
to OD showing effect of tube
eccentricity. Tube ID is
eccentric in relation to tube
OD. Note that cleanup stock
(dashed line) has been
eliminated at A due to tube
eccentricity. Part would not
clean up at this point.
Figure 6
Here enough stock has been
added to ID to protect cleanup
stock required at minimum wall
point A. (Refer to Example 1,
Operations 4 and 5.)
When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply except that stock to compensate for eccentricity is added to the tube OD. (See Example 2, page 97.)
104
105
Tube OD (Operation 1)
Minus average wall doubled
2
Required tube ID
5. Determine nominal tube ID

(see Figure 6)

Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.109 inches OD 6.028 inches 3 .637 inches 67.5% Theoretical Foot Weight: 30.42 lbs.
.589 in
.925
4
.637 in
Minimum tube wall

Divide by the complement of minus tolerance
4
Average tube wall
4. Determine average wall required

(see Figure 6)

5.109 in
1.274 in
2
3.835 in
5.109 in
129.77mm
3.931 in
2 99.84mm
1.178 in
29.93mm
2
4
2
.589 in
14.96mm
3. Determine minimum wall required

Tube OD (Operation 1)
(see Figure 4)
Minus tube ID (Operation 2)
2

Divide by 2
4

Minimum tube wall
129.77mm
32.34mm
97.43mm
14.95mm
.925
16.17mm
4.000 in
101.60mm
.042 in
2
1.07mm
.027 in
2 .69mm
3.931 in
99.84mm
Minimum machined ID
Minus cleanup stock
2
Minus camber allowance
2
Maximum tube ID
5.000 in
127.00mm
.054 in
1
1.37mm
.027 in
1 .69mm
.028 in
1 .71mm
5.109 in
129.77mm
2. Determine maximum tube ID

(see Figure 3)

Formula
Maximum machined OD
Plus cleanup stock
1
Plus camber allowance
1
Plus OD negative tolerance
1
Nominal tube OD
1. Determine nominal tube OD

(see Figure 2, page 95)

Operation
Example
Figure 2
Finished part with addition of
cleanup stock to OD. (Refer to
Example 1, Operation 1, page 96.)
Example 1 Machined True to OD
Figure 1
Cross section of finished part
requiring full cleanup of OD
and ID surfaces.
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS continued
.604 in
.925
4
.653 in
Minimum tube wall (Operation 3)

Divide by the complement of minus tolerance
4
Average tube wall
Nominal tube ID (Operation 2)
Plus average wall doubled
1
Nominal tube OD
4. Determine average wall required

5. Determine nominal tube OD

3.861 in
98.07mm
1.306 in
1 33.19mm
5.167 in
131.26mm
107
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
12.0
0.762
0.508
0.254
0.03
0.02
0.01
Note: Total stock removal is calculated for the tube diameter
Outside Diameter (inches)
1.016
0.04
11.0
1.270
0.05
10.0
1.524
0.06
9.0
1.778
0.07
2.032
2.286
0.08
2.540
0.09
3.048
3.302
3.556
3.810
2.794
2.0
304.80
0.10
1.0
279.40
HR-CD-ID Cleanup
HR-OD
Clean-up
254.00
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
CD-OD
Cleanup
228.00
4.064
152.40 177.80 203.20
4.318
127.00
Outside Diameter (mm)
0.16
101.60
4.572
76.20
0.17
50.80
0.18
25.40
HOT ROLLED AND COLD DRAWN MECHANICAL TUBING CLEANUPS

FOR FULL SURFACE INTEGRITY AND BASE METAL
Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.167 inches OD 6.028 inches 3 .653 inches 67.5% Theoretical Foot Weight: 31.48 lbs.
5.069 in
128.76mm
3.861 in
2 98.07mm
1.208 in
30.69mm
2
4
2
.604 in
15.35mm
3. Determine minimum wall required

Minimum tube OD (Operation 1)

Minus nominal tube ID (Operation 2)
2

Divide by 2
4

Minimum tube wall
15.35mm
.925
16.59mm
4.000 in
101.60mm
.054 in
2
1.37mm
.027 in
2
.69mm
.028 in
2
.71mm
.030 in
2 .76mm
3.861 in
98.07mm
Minimum machined ID
Minus minimum OD cleanup
2
Minus camber allowance
2
Minus OD tolerance
2
Minus (if hot rolled)
2
Nominal tube ID
Example
5.000 in
127.00mm
.042 in
1
1.07mm
.027 in
1 .69mm
5.069 in
128.76mm
2. Determine nominal tube ID

Formula
Maximum machined OD
Plus ID cleanup stock
1
Plus camber allowance
1
Minimum tube OD
1. Determine minimum tube OD

Operation
larger recommended tube size.
When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply, except that stock to compensate for tube eccentricity is added to the tube OD. This will result in a
Example 2 Machined True to ID
Cleanup (inches)
106
Cleanup (mm)
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING SURFACE CLEANUP

Hot Rolled OD Cleanup 5 [.022e.18 OD]
Cold Drawn OD Cleanup 5 .86[.022e.18 OD]
Hot Rolled and Cold Drawn ID Cleanup 5 .78[.022e.18 OD]

Specified Size of

Rounds or Squares
(inches)
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING CAMBER

(STRAIGHTNESS) CLEANUP
Chucked on one end:
Part length 3 inches or lessno camber added
Part length over 3 inchesdouble the part length to calculate camber.
Chucked on both ends:
Length 6 inches or lessno camber added
Length over 6 inchesuse formulas below (do not double part length).
Formulas (Calculate all length dimensions in inches):
A) OD , 5.000 inches 5 (171 3 length) 2 444 2 (1.03 3 length squared)

B) OD $ 5.000 inches 5
100,000
(222 3 length) 2 222 2 (1.13 3 length squared)
100,000
C) OD , 5.000 inches and Part Length . 60 inches 5 450 1 (25 3 length)

BAR CROSS SECTIONAL TOLERANCES FOR HOT

ROLLED STEEL BARS(1)
30,000
To 5/16 incl.
Over 5/16 to 7/16 incl.
Over 7/8 to 1 incl.
Over 1 to 1-1/8 incl.
Over 1-1/8 to 1-1/4 incl.
Over 1-1/2 to 2 incl.
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl.
Over 9-1/2 to 10 incl.
(1)
Variation from Size

Out-of-Round
Over
Under
or Square
(inches) (inches) (inches)
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.014
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
1/8
5/32
3/16
1/4
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
.010
.011
.012
.014
1/64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.008
.009
.010
.012
.013
.015
.016
.018
.021
.023
.023
.035
.046
.058
.070
.085
.100
.120
Tolerances are in accordance with ASTM A29 Rev. 5 revision.
D) OD 5.000 inches and Part Length . 60 inches:

Use formula C 1 .030 inches
STANDARD TIMKENSTEEL
COMPANY TOLERANCES

Specified Size of

Rounds or Squares
(inches)
Over 10 to 12 incl.
12-1/2 or 13 round
14, 15 or 16 round
Over 12 square or
rectangular. All other sizes
not listed.
If forged
108
Variation from Size

Out-of-Round
Over
Under
or Square
(inches) (inches) (inches)
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/2
0
..
1/8
1/2
1/2
1/2
109
0.150
..
..
..
BAR LENGTH TOLERANCES FOR

HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS
MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR

ROUNDS AND SQUARES

Specified Sizes of

Rounds, Squares,
10' to
20' to
30' to
40' to

Hexagons, Octagons 20' 30' 40' 60'
(inches)
Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl.
Up to 3-1/2, incl.
Over 3-1/2 to 5, incl.
Over 5 to 12 incl.
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
1-3/4
2-1/4
2-3/4
2-1/4
2-5/8
3
No Tolerance Under
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE
HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, Octagons,
Flats, and SpringFlats
Measurement is taken on the concave side of the bar

with a straight edge.

Normal Straightness
Special Straightness
14" in any 5 ft.
18" in any 5 ft.
and and

14" 3

length in ft.
length in ft.
18" 3
5
5
(1) 3

8" 3

length in ft.
5
Inquire with mill.
Note: Because of warpage, straightness tolerances do not apply to bars if any

subsequent heating operation or controlled cooling has been performed.
Note: Tolerances shown are based upon ASTM A29.
(1) Note: As applicable to rounds greater than 12".
MACHINING ALLOWANCE
FOR HOT ROLLED BARS
Minimum Stock Removal (diameter)

Standard Grades
Resulfurized Grades
1.6% per side

2.4% per side
Note: Based on bars within special straightness tolerance. Since straightness is a

function of length, additional machining allowance may be required for turning
on centers.
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.

Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares

Size
Rounds
1.9125
1.9930
2.0752
2.1590
1.5021
1.5653
1.6299
1.6957
.0939
.1102
.1278
.1467

3/4"
49/64"
25/32"
51/64"

13/16"
53/64"
27/32"
55/64"
2.2445
2.3317
2.4205
2.5110
1.7629
1.8313
1.9011
1.9721
.2125
.2399
.2689
.2997
.1669
.1884
.2112
.2354
7/8"
57/64"
29/32"
59/64"
2.6031
2.6969
2.7924
2.8895
2.0445
2.1182
2.1931
2.2694
.3320
.3661
.4018
.4391
.2608
.2875
.3155
.3449
15/16"
61/64"
31/32"
63/64"
2.9883
3.0887
3.1908
3.2946
2.3470
2.4259
2.5061
2.5876
.4781
.5188
.5611
.6051
.3755
.4075
.4407
.4753

1"
1-1/32"
1-1/16"
1-3/32"
3.400
3.616
3.838
4.067
2.6704
2.8399
3.0146
3.1945
.6508
.6981
.7471
.7977
.5111
.5483
.5867
.6265
1-1/8"
1-5/32"
1-3/16"
1-7/32"
4.303
4.546
4.795
5.050
3.3797
3.5700
3.7656
3.9664
.8500
.9040
.9596
1.0168
.6676
.7100
.7536
.7986
1-1/4"
1-9/32"
1-5/16"
1-11/32"
5.313
5.581
5.587
6.139
4.1724
4.3836
4.6001
4.8218
1.0758
1.1364
1.1986
1.2625
.8449
.8925
.9414
.9916
1-3/8"
1-13/32"
1-7/16"
1-15/32"
6.428
6.724
7.026
7.335
5.0486
5.2807
5.5180
5.7606
1-1/2"
1-17/32"
1-9/16"
1-19/32"

1-5/8"
1-21/32"
1-11/16"
1-23/32"
7.650
7.972
8.301
8.636
6.0083
6.2612
6.5194
6.7838
8.978
9.327
9.682
10.044
7.0514
7.3252
7.6043
7.8885
1/8"

9/64"

5/32"
11/64"
.0531
.0672
.0830
.1004
.0417
.0528
.0652
.0789
3/16"
13/64"

7/32"
15/64"
.1195
.1403
.1627
.1868
1/4"
17/64"
9/32"
19/64"

5/16"
21/64"
11/32"
23/64"

3/8"
25/64"
13/32"
27/64"

7/16"
29/64"
15/32"
31/64"
Sq. Cor.
Squares Rounds

1/2"
33/64"
17/32"
35/64"

9/16"
37/64"
19/32"
39/64"

5/8"
41/64"
21/32"
43/64"
1.3281
1.3954
1.4643
1.5348
1.0431
1.0959
1.1500
1.2054
11/16"
45/64"
23/32"
47/64"
1.6070
1.6809
1.7564
1.8336
1.2622
1.3202
1.3795
1.4401
Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule.
110
111

ROUNDS AND SQUARES continued


Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares
1-3/4"
1-25/32"
1-13/16"
1-27/32"

1-7/8"
1-29/32"
1-15/16"
1-31/32"
10.413
10.788
11.170
11.558
8.1780
8.4726
8.7725
9.0776
3"
3-1/32"
3-1/16"
3-3/32"
30.600
31.241
31.888
32.542
11.953
12.355
12.763
13.178
9.3880
9.7035
10.0243
10.3502
3-1/8"
3-5/32"
3-3/16"
3-7/32"
2"
2-1/32"
2-1/16"
2-3/32"
13.600
14.028
14.463
14.905
10.6814
11.0178
11.3595
11.7063
2-1/8"
2-5/32"
2-3/16"
2-7/32"
15.353
15.808
16.270
16.738
2-1/4"
2-9/32"
2-5/16"
2-11/32"

Sq. Cor.
Squares
24.033
24.537
25.045
25.559
5"
5-1/16"
5-1/8"
5-3/16"
85.000 66.759
87.138 68.438
89.303 70.139
91.495 71.860
33.203
33.871
34.545
35.225
26.078
26.602
27.131
27.666
5-1/4"
5-5/16"
5-3/8"
5-7/16"
3-1/4"
3-9/32"
3-5/16"
3-11/32"
35.913
36.606
37.307
38.014
28.206
28.751
29.301
29.856
12.0583
12.4156
12.7781
13.1458
3-3/8"
3-13/32"
3-7/16"
3-15/32"
38.728
39.449
40.176
40.910
17.213
17.694
18.182
18.677
13.5187
13.8968
14.2802
14.6687
3-1/2"
3-9/16"
3-5/8"
3-11/16"
2-3/8"
2-13/32"
2-7/16"
2-15/32"
19.178
19.686
20.201
20.722
15.0625
15.4615
15.8657
16.2751
2-1/2"
2-17/32"
2-9/16"
2-19/32"
21.250
21.785
22.326
22.874
16.6898
17.1096
17.5346
17.9650
3-3/4"
3-13/16"
3-7/8"
3-15/16"

4"
4-1/16"
4-1/8"
4-3/16"
2-5/8"
2-21/32"
2-11/16"
2-23/32"
23.428
23.989
24.557
25.131
18.4004
18.8410
19.2870
19.7382
2-3/4"
2-25/32"
2-13/16"
2-27/32"
25.713
26.300
26.895
27.496
20.1946
20.656
21.123
21.595
2-7/8"
2-29/32"
2-15/16"
2-31/32"

28.103
28.717
29.338
29.996
22.072
22.555
23.042
23.535
4-1/2"
4-9/16"
4-5/8"
4-11/16"

4-3/4"
4-13/16"
4-7/8"
4-15/16"
4-1/4"
4-5/16"
4-3/8"
4-7/16"
112
Sq. Cor.
Squares Rounds

Size
Rounds

Size
Rounds

Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares Rounds
7-1/2"
7-9/16"
7-5/8"
7-11/16"
191.25
194.45
197.68
200.93
150.21
152.72
155.26
157.81
7-3/4"
7-13/16"
7-7/8"
7-15/16"
204.21
207.52
210.85
214.21
160.39
162.99
165.60
168.24
5-1/2"
102.850
80.778
5-9/16"
105.20
82.62
5-5/8" 107.58 84.49
5-11/16"
109.98
86.38
8"
8-1/16"
8-1/8"
8-3/16"
217.60
221.01
224.45
227.92
170.90
173.58
176.29
179.01
30.417
30.983
31.554
32.130
5-3/4"
5-13/16"
5-7/8"
5-15/16"
112.41
114.87
117.35
119.86
8-1/4"
8-5/16"
8-3/8"
8-7/16"
231.41
234.93
238.48
242.05
181.75
184.52
187.30
190.11
41.650
43.151
44.678
46.232
32.712
33.891
35.090
36.311
122.40
124.96
127.55
130.17
96.13
98.15
100.18
102.24
8-1/2"
8-9/16"
8-5/8"
8-11/16"
245.65
249.28
252.93
256.61
192.93
195.78
198.65
201.54
47.813
49.420
51.053
52.713
37.552
38.814
40.097
41.401
6-1/4"
6-5/16"
6-3/8"
6-7/16"
132.81
135.48
138.18
140.90
104.31
106.41
108.53
110.66
8-3/4"
8-13/16"
8-7/8"
8-15/16"
260.31
264.04
267.80
271.59
204.45
207.38
210.33
213.31
54.400
56.113
57.853
59.620
42.726
44.071
45.438
46.825
6-1/2"
6-9/16"
6-5/8"
6-11/16"
143.65
146.43
149.23
152.06
112.82
115.00
117.20
119.43
9"
9-1/16"
9-1/8"
9-3/16"
275.40
279.2
283.1
287.0
216.30
219.3
222.4
225.4
61.413
63.232
65.078
66.951
48.233
49.662
51.112
52.583
6-3/4"
6-13/16"
6-7/8"
6-15/16"
154.91
157.79
160.70
163.64
121.67
123.93
126.22
128.52
9-1/4"
9-5/16"
9-3/8"
9-7/16"
290.9
294.9
298.8
302.8
228.5
231.6
234.7
237.8
68.850
70.776
72.728
74.707
54.075
55.587
57.121
58.675
7"
7-1/16"
7-1/8"
7-3/16"
166.60 130.85
169.59 133.19
172.60
135.56
175.64 137.95
9-1/2"
9-9/16"
9-5/8"
9-11/16"
306.8
310.9
315.0
319.1
241.0
244.2
247.4
250.6
76.713
78.745
80.803
82.888
60.250
61.846
63.463
65.100
7-1/4"
7-5/16"
7-3/8"
7-7/16"
178.71
181.81
184.93
188.08
9-3/4"
9-13/16"
9-7/8"
9-15/32"
323.2
327.4
331.6
335.8
253.9
257.1
260.4
263.7
93.713
95.957
98.228
100.526
6"
6-1/16"
6-1/8"
6-3/16"
73.602
75.364
77.148
78.953
88.29
90.22
92.17
94.14
140.36
142.79
145.24
147.71
113


Size
REDUCTION RATIOS
FOR ROUND BARS
Sq. Cor.
Squares Rounds

Size
Sq. Cor.
Squares Rounds
10"
10-1/16"
10-1/8"
10-3/16"
340.0
344.3
348.5
352.9
267.0
270.4
273.8
277.1
11-3/4"
11-13/16"
11-7/8"
11-15/16"
469.4
474.4
479.5
484.5
368.7
372.6
376.6
380.5

10-1/4"
10-5/16"

10-3/8"
10-7/16"

10-1/2"
10-9/16"
10-5/8"
10-11/16"
357.2
361.6
366.0
370.4
280.6
284.0
287.4
290.9
12"
12-1/16"
12-1/8"
12-3/16"
489.6
494.6
499.8
505.0
384.5
388.5
392.5
396.6
374.9
379.3
383.8
388.4
294.4
297.9
301.5
305.0
12-1/4"
12-5/16"
12-3/8"
12-7/16"
510.2
515.4
520.6
525.9
400.7
404.8
408.9
413.0

10-3/4"
10-13/16"

10-7/8"
10-15/16"
392.9
397.5
402.1
406.7
308.6
312.2
315.8
319.5

12-1/2"
531.2
417.2
13" 575 451

13-1/2"
620
487

14"
666
523
411.4
416.1
420.8
425.5
323.1
326.8
330.5
334.2
11-1/4"
11-5/16"
11-3/8"
11-7/16"
430.3
435.1
439.9
448.8
337.9
341.7
345.5
349.3

14-1/2"
715
561
15" 765 601

15-1/2"
817
642
16" 871 684

16-1/2"
926
727

17"
982
772

17-1/2"
1040
818

18"
1102
865

11-1/2"
11-9/16"
11-5/8"
11-11/16"
449.6
454.6
459.5
464.4
353.1
357.0
360.9
364.8
11"
11-1/16"
11-1/8"
11-3/16"
114
18-1/2"
19"
19-1/2"
20"
1164
1227
1293
1360
914
964
1015
1068
Product
Diameter
(inches)
As Cast Size
28"
Square

11" x 14.75"
16.000
3.9
15.000
4.4
14.500
4.7

14.000 5.1

13.500 5.5

13.000 5.9

12.500 6.4

12.000 6.9

11.500 7.5

11.000 8.2

10.500 9.1

10.000
10.0

9.500
11.1

9.000
12.3

8.500
13.8
8.000 15.6
7.500 17.7

7.000
20.4
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.7
4.3
Product
Diameter
(inches)
As Cast Size
28"
Square
11" x 14.75"
6.500 23.6 5.0

6.000 27.7 5.8
5.500 33.0 6.9
5.000 39.9 8.4
4.500 49.3 10.3
4.000 62.4 13.1
3.500 81.5 17.1
3.000
110.9 23.3
2.500
159.7 33.5
2.000
249.6 52.4
1.500
443.7 93.1
1.000
998.2
209.4
REDUCTION RATIOS
FOR SQUARE BARS

Product
Diameter
(inches)
As Cast Size
28"
Square

11" x 14.75"
16.000
3.1
15.000
3.5
14.500
3.7

14.000 4.0

13.500 4.3

13.000 4.6

12.500 5.0

12.000 5.4

11.500 5.9

11.000 6.5

10.500 7.1

10.000 7.8

9.500 8.7

9.000 9.7

8.500
10.9

8.000
12.3

7.500
13.9
7.000 16.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.4
Product
Diameter
(inches)
As Cast Size
28"
Square
11" x 14.75"

6.500 18.6 3.9

6.000 21.8 4.6

5.500 25.9 5.4

5.000 31.4 6.6

4.500 38.7 8.1

4.000 49.0 10.3

3.500 64.0 13.4

3.000 87.1 18.3

2.500
125.4 26.3

2.000
196.0 41.1

1.500
348.4 73.1
1.000 784.0 164.5
115
in.
mm
Square in.
mm
1
25.4
1.0
645.2
1
38.1
2.25
1451.6
2
50.8
4.0
2580.6
2
57.2
5.06
3264.5
2
63.5
6.25
4032.2
3
76.2
9.0
5806.4
3
82.6
10.56
6812.9
3
88.9
12.25
7903.2
3
95.2
14.06
9071.0
4
101.6
16.0
10322.6
4
108.0
18.06
11651.6
4
114.3
20.25
13064.5
4
120.6
22.56
14554.8
5
127.0
25.0
16129.0
5
139.7
30.25
19516.1
6
152.4
36.0
23225.8
6
165.1
42.25
27258.0
116
117
4
4
4
3
3
2
3
3
4
4
4
3
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
2 **
3
2**
2
3
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
2 **
2**
2**
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
**Size 1 in. square and smaller should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing. Producers should be consulted for flat sizes under 3/4 in. thickness.
All sizes in this carbon range should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing.
11XX Over 1.00 Max. Mn

15XX
13XX
23XX
25XX
31XX
32XX
33XX
34XX
10XX
12XX
11XX Thru 1.00 Max. Mn
Thru 0.20
When Maximum of Specified Carbon Range is, percent
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
Equivalent Cross Sectional Area
Grade Series Designation
(Standard AISI and SAE Grades and Formerly Standard SAE Grades)
Maximum Square or Equivalent Cross-Sectional Area Without Heat Treatment
Square Size
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS

HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BILLETS AND BARS
EQUIVALENT CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS AND

METRIC EQUIVALENTS FOR COLD SHEARING TABLES
118
119
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
4
4
4
Thru 0.20
4
3
4
3
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
2
3
2**
3
2 **
1 **
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
2**
2
2
2**
2
2**
2
2 **
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
2
Over 0.49
thru 0.55

Over 0.55
thru 0.76
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
Thru 0.20
4
3
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
2**
2**
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.49
thru 0.55

Over 0.55
thru 0.76
Over 0.76
thru 1.05

86BXX
87XX
88XX
92XX
93XX
94XX
94BXX
97XX
98XX
43BVXX
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS WITHOUT HEAT TREATMENT continued

40XX
41XX
43XX
44XX
46XX
47XX
48XX
50XX
50BXX
51XX
51BXX
61XX
81XX
81BXX
86XX
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS WITHOUT HEAT TREATMENT continued
120
121
5
5
5
4
Thru 0.20
5
4
4
4
3
5
5
5
3
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
4
2
4
4
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
4
3
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
5
5
3
4
5
5
4
Thru 0.20
4
4
4
4
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
4
4
3
4
4
4
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
3
3
3
3
4
3
Over 0.49
thru 0.55

Over 0.55
thru 0.76
All sizes in this carbon range should be thermally treated before cold shearing.
33XX
34XX
40XX
41XX
43XX
44XX
46XX
47XX
48XX
50XX
50BXX
51XX
51BXX
61XX
81XX
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY continued
11XX Over 1.00 Max. Mn

15XX
13XX
23XX
25XX
31XX
32XX
10XX
12XX
11XX Thru 1.00 Max. Mn
(Standard AISI and SAE Grades and Formerly Standard SAE Grades)
Maximum Square or Equivalent Cross-Sectional Area Annealed for Cold Shearing Quality
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS

FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY
HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BILLETS AND BARS
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
81BXX
86XX
86BXX
87XX
88XX
92XX
93XX
94XX
94BXX
97XX
98XX
43BVXX
122

Over 0.76
thru 1.05
Over 0.55
thru 0.76
Over 0.49
thru 0.55
Over 0.44
thru 0.49
Over 0.33
thru 0.44
Over 0.25
thru 0.33
Over 0.20
thru 0.25
Thru 0.20
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY continued
ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL BARS
Estimated Minimum Values
SAE and
AISI No.
Tensile
Strength
psi
Yield
Strength
psi
Elongation
1008
44,000
24,500
1010
1012
1015
1017
1018
1020
1022
1023
1025
1026
1030
1035
1037
1038
1040
1042
1043
1045
1046
1050
1055
1060
1065
1070
1080
1085
1090
1524
1536
1541
1548
1552
47,000
48,000
50,000
53,000
58,000
55,000
62,000
56,000
58,000
64,000
68,000
72,000
74,000
75,000
76,000
80,000
82,000
82,000
85,000
90,000
94,000
98,000
100,000
102,000
112,000
121,000
122,000
74,000
83,000
92,000
96,000
108,000
26,000
26,500
27,500
29,000
32,000
30,000
34,000
31,000
32,000
35,000
37,500
39,500
40,500
41,000
42,000
44,000
45,000
45,000
47,000
49,500
51,500
54,000
55,000
56,000
61,500
66,500
67,000
41,000
45,500
51,000
53,000
59,500
123
in 2 in.,
%
Reduction
Brinell
in Area,
%
Hardness
30
55
86
28
28
28
26
25
25
23
25
25
24
20
18
18
18
18
16
16
16
15
15
12
12
12
12
10
10
10
20
16
15
14
12
50
50
50
50
50
50
47
50
50
49
42
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
35
30
30
30
30
25
25
25
42
40
40
33
30
95
95
101
105
116
111
121
111
116
126
137
143
143
149
149
163
163
163
170
179
192
201
207
212
229
248
248
149
163
187
197
217
ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

RESULFURIZED HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL
BARS(1)
IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM

Temperature
F
3000
Estimated Minimum Values

SAE and
AISI No.
Tensile
Strength
psi
Yield
Strength
psi
Elongation
1117
62,000
34,000
1132
1137
1141
1144
1146
83,000
88,000
94,000
97,000
85,000
45,500
48,000
51,500
53,000
47,000
in 2 in.,
%
Reduction
in Area,
%
Hardness
23
47
121
16
15
15
15
15
40
35
35
35
40
167
179
187
197
170
All SAE 1100 series steels are rated on the basis of 0.10 maximum silicon or coarse grain
melting practice.
(1)
Brinell
2802
2800
2720
+L
Temperature
C
= Austenite
= Ferrite
= Delta iron
= Cementite
CM
2600
2552
1539
1492
+L
1400
2400
2200
L + Fe3C
2066 F
2066
2000
1130
Fe3C
1800
1670
1600
1400
1333
1200
1000
410
910
+ Fe3C
+
0.025
A1,2,3
1333 F
Pearlite
and
Ferrite
Austenite
to Pearlite
760
723
Pearlite and Cementite

+ Fe3C
Magnetic change of Fe3C
0.008%
0.50%
6.67
0.83% 1%
Hypo-eutectoid
2%
3%
4%
5%
210
6% 65%
Hyper-eutectoid
Steel
Cast Iron
Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th Edition; Pollack, Prentice Hall, 1988
124
125

CALCULATIONS FOR X AND R CHARTS AND
CAPABILITY
IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM

(ENLARGED VERSION)
CONTROL CHARTS
FOR VARIABLES
PROCESS CAPABILITY
Calculate the Average (X) and

Range (R) of each subgroup
X1 1 X2 1 . . . . . Xn
X 5
n
R 5 Xmax 2 Xmin
Estimated ()
5 R/d2
Estimated Process Capability (Cp)

Calculate the Average Range (R)
and the process Average (X)
X 5
USL 2 LSL
6
Estimated Capability Ratio (Cr)

Cr 5 1/Cp 3 100 (%)
X1 1 X2 1 . . . . . Xk
k
R1 1 R2 1 . . . . . Rk

R 5
k
Cp 5
Estimated Process Capability (Cpk)
CPU 5

Calculate the Control Limits
_ =
UCL X 5 X 1 A2R UCLR 5 D4R
=
_
LCL X 5 X 2 A2R LCLR 5 D3R
USL 2 X
X 2 LSL
CPL 5

3
3
CPK 5 Minimum of CPU or CPL
Note: A2, D3, D4, d2 factors are dependent on subgroup size (n). See factor values table.
Note: Calculations of Process capability (Cp, Cpk, Cr) are only valid for stable processes.
FACTOR VALUES
Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th Edition; Pollack, Prentice Hall, 1988
N
D4
3.27
2.57
2.28
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
12
2.11 2.00 1.72
D3
A2
1.86
1.02
0.73
0.58 0.48 0.27
0.26
d2
1.13
1.69
2.06
2.33 2.53 3.26
-3s
* No constant for subgroup sizes below 7.
126
127
-2s
-1s
X
+1s
68.3%
95.4%
99.7%
+2s +3s
CONTROL
CHARTS
FORATTRIBUTES
ATTRIBUTES
CONTROL
CHARTS FOR
HANDY PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
The
Chart
The
The ppChart
TheuuChart
Chart

of rejects
in subgroup
total nonconformities
nonconformities
_p 5 number
total
number
of rejects
in subgroup _ u 5
u = __________________
p = _________________________
number inspected in subgroups
total units inspected
total units inspected
number inspected
_
_ in subgroups
_

3p ( 12 p )
3u
______
_
UCLP 5 P1
UCLu 5 u1
_
_
_ n3 p ( 1- p )
3 u
n_ _____
UCL = P + _________
UCL
=
u
+
u
P

3 p ( 12 _p )
_
LCLP 5 P2 _
3 p ( 1- p )
LCLP = P n- _________
3u
_
LCLu 5 u2 _
3 u
LCLu = u -n_____
The np Chart
The np Chart
np 5 Number of non-conforming
units= within
a sample
np
Number
of non-conforming
units within a sample
np_5 Average number of

= Average
nonconforming
units of
per
np
number
sample
nonconforming units per
sample
1 3 np
UCLnp 5 np
_
_ ( 1 2 p_)
UCLnp = np + 3 np (1 - p )
LCL np 5 np2 3 _ np ( 1 2 _p)

_
LCL np = np - 3 np (1 - p )
The c Chart
The u Chart
c 5 The count (number) of nonconformia sample
c = ties
Thewithin
count
(number) of
nonconformities within a
c5 Asample
verage number of non-
confomities per sample
_
c = Average number of nonUCLc confomities
5 c 1 3 c per sample
Acceleration of gravity, g
Density of water

32.17 ft/s2 5 9.807 m/s2

62.4 lbm/ft3 5 1 g/cm3
1 gal H2O 5 8.345 lbm
Gas Constant, R
(STP: 68F, 1 atm)
Constant, J
Poissons ratio,

1545 ft-lbf/pmole-R 5 8.314 J/gmole-K Gas volume

359 ft3/pmole 5 .02241 m3/gmole Joules
778 ft-lbf/BTU
.3 (for steel)
STEEL CONSTANTS
Fe-Fe3C eutectoid composition

Fe-Fe3C eutectoid temperature
0.77 w/o carbon

1340F (727C)
Modulus of Elasticity (steel)
30 3 106 psi
Densities:
Carbon & Low-Alloy Steels
304 SS
Tool Steels
Moly High Speed
Multiphase Alloys
0.283 lbm/in3 5 7.84 g/cm3

0.29 lbm/in3 5 7.88 g/cm3
Carbon Steels 3 1.000
Steel Tensile Strength (psi)
~ 500 3 Brinell Number
LCL
UCL
=2c 3+3c c
c5c
c
COMPARISON MATERIALS

Density
Material (g/cm3)
LCL c = c - 3 c
Aluminum Alloys
Nickel-base Superalloys
Titanium Alloys
Identification
IDENTIFICATIONof
OFOut-of
OUT-OF Control
CONTROLConditions
CONDITIONS
(Each
subgroup)
(Eachpoint
point is
is aasubgroup)
2.6-2.9
8.0-8.9
4.4-5.0
Modulus of
Elasticity (psi)
Poissons
Ratio
10.0 3 106 0.33

28.5 2 31.0 3 106 0.31
15.0 3 16.8 3 106 0.34
SI PREFIXES
One or
More Points
Outside
Control
Limits.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Increasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points
Decreasing.
A Run Of
7 Or More
Points On
Either Side
Of Aim Size.
128
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
G 109
M 106
k 103
h 102
da 101
d 1021
c 1022
m 1023
1026
n 1029
129
ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS
CONVERSION FACTORS
Explanation of Dimensional Units

All table entries are categorized according to their specific combination of basic dimensions of Length [L], Mass [M] and Time [t]. For example, all units of force have the dimensions [M][L][t]22. The following better illustrates this convention:
Force
5 [M][L][t]22

5 (Mass) 3 (Acceleration)
1 kgf 5 (1 kg) 3 (9.80665 m/s2)
Example Conversion
Meters to Yards
(50 m) 3 (3.28084 ft/m) 3 (1/3 yd/ft) 5 54.68066 yd
Significant Digits
The convention is to retain the number of digits which correctly infers the known accuracy
of the numbers involved. Normally, this means using the same number of significant
digits as occur in the original number. For the above example, the answer would therefore
be rounded to 55 yards.
When the accuracy of the measurement is known, additional digits may become significant. For example, if the measurement of 50 meters is known to be accurate to .01 meters
(.0109 yards), then the conversion result may be rounded to 54.68 yards.
EQUATION: A 3 B 5 C
A
Area [L]2
ft2
in2
in2
0.092903
m2
645.16
mm2
6.45160 cm2
Energy, Work or Heat [M] [L]2 [t]22

Btu
Btu
Calories (cal)
ft-lbf
ft-lbf
hp-hr
KWH
m-kgf
N-m
1.05435 kJ
0.251996
kcal
4.184*
Joules (J)
1.355818 J
0.138255
kgf-m
2.6845
MJ
3.600 MJ
9.80665*
J
1. J
Flow Rate [L]3 [t]21

ft3/min
ft3/min
gal/min
7.4805 gal/min
0.471934 l/s
0.063090 l/s
Force or Weight [M] [L] [t]22

kgf
lbf
lbf
9.80665*
4.44822
0.453592
Newton (N)
N
Kgf
Fracture Toughness
ksiin
1.098800
MPam
Heat Content
Btu/lbm
Btu/lbm
Btu/ft3
0.555556 cal/g
2.324444
J/g
0.037234
MJ/m3
Heat Flux
Btu/hr-ft2
Btu/hr-ft2
cal/s-cm2
7.5346 E-5
3.1525
4.184*
cal/s-cm2
W/m2
W/cm2
Length [L]
Foot (ft)
Inch (in)
Mile (mi)
0.304800
25.4000
1.609344
Meter (m)
Millimeter (mm)
Kilometer (km)
* Indicates exact conversion(s)
130
131
CONVERSION FACTORS continued
METRIC-ENGLISH STRESS
CONVERSION TABLE
EQUATION: A 3 B 5 C
A
Mass Density [M] [L]23

lbm/in3
lbm/ft3
27.68
g/cm3
16.0184 kg/m3
Power [M] [L] [t]

Btu/hr
ft-lbf/s
Horsepower (hp)
Horsepower
0.292875
Watt (W)
1.355818 W
745.6999
W
550.*
ft-lbf/s
Pressure (fluid) [M] [L]21 [t]22

Atmosphere (atm)
atm
lbf/ft2
lbf/in2
14.696
1.01325 E5*
47.88026
27.6807
Stress [M] [L]21 [t]22

kgf/cm2
ksi
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
9.80665 E-2*
MPa
6.89476 MPa
1. MPa
1.42231
ksi
Volume [L]3 & Capacity

in3
ft3
ft3
ft3
Gallon
16.3871 cm3
0.028317
m3
7.4805 Gallon
28.3168
Liter (l)
3.785412
Liter
Specific Heat
Btu/lbm-F
1.
Temperature*
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Rankine
(F232)/1.8
Celsius
F1459.67 Rankine
C1273.16
Kelvin
R/1.8 Kelvin
Thermal Conductivity
Btu-ft/hr-ft2-F
14.8816
23
* Indicates exact conversion(s)
132
lbf/in2
Pascal (Pa)
Pa
in. H2O at 39.2F
cal/g-C
cal-cm/hr-cm2-C
Kg Per Sq Mm to Psi to M Pa
Kg
per
Psi
M Pa
sq
mm
Kg
per
Psi
M Pa
sq
mm
Kg
per
Psi
M Pa
sq
mm
Kg
per
Psi
M Pa
sq
mm
10
11
12
13
14
14,223 98.1
15,646 107.9
17,068 117.7
18,490 127.5
19,913 137.3
50
51
52
53
54
71,117
72,539
73,962
75,384
76,806
490.3
500.1
510.0
519.8
529.6
90
91
92
93
94
128,011
129,433
130,855
132,278
133,700
882.6
892.4
902.2
912.0
921.8
130
131
132
133
134
184,904
186,327
187,749
189,171
190,594
1274.9
1284.7
1294.5
1304.3
1314.1
15
16
17
18
19
21,335
22,757
24,180
25,602
27,024
147.1
156.9
166.7
176.5
186.3
55
56
57
58
59
78,229
79,651
81,073
82,496
83,918
539.4
549.2
559.0
568.8
578.6
95
96
97
98
99
135,122
136,545
137,967
139,389
140,812
931.6
941.4
951.2
961.0
970.9
135
136
137
138
139
192,016
193,438
194,861
196,283
197,705
1323.9
1333.7
1343.5
1353.3
1363.1
20
21
22
23
24
28,447
29,869
31,291
32,714
34,136
196.1
205.9
215.7
225.6
235.4
60
61
62
63
64
85,340
86,763
88,185
89,607
91,030
588.4
598.2
608.0
617.8
622.6
100
101
102
103
104
142,234 980.7 140 199,128

143,656 990.5 141 200,550
145,079 1000.3 142 201,972
146,501 1010.1 143 203,395
147,923 1020.0 144 204,817
1372.9
1382.7
1392.5
1402.4
1412.2
25
26
27
28
29
35,558
36,981
38,403
39,826
41,248
245.2
255.0
264.8
274.6
284.4
65
66
67
68
69
92,452
93,874
95,297
96,719
98,141
637.4
647.2
657.0
666.9
676.7
105
106
107
108
109
149,346
150,768
152,190
153,613
155,035
1029.7
1039.5
1049.3
1059.1
1068.9
145
146
147
148
149
206,239
207,662
209,084
210,506
211,929
1422.0
1431.8
1441.6
1451.4
1461.2
30
31
32
33
34

35
36
37
38
39
42,670
44,093
45,515
46,937
48,360
294.2
304.0
313.8
323.6
333.4
70
71
72
73
74
99,564
100,986
102,408
103,831
105,253
686.5
696.3
706.1
715.9
725.7
110
111
112
113
114
156,457
157,880
159,302
160,724
162,147
1078.7
1088.5
1098.3
1108.2
1118.0
150
151
152
153
154
213,351
214,773
216,196
217,618
219,040
1471.0
1480.8
1490.6
1500.4
1510.2
49,782
51,204
52,627
54,049
55,471
343.2
353.0
362.8
372.7
382.5
75
76
77
78
79
106,675
108,098
109,520
110,943
112,365
735.5
745.3
755.1
764.9
774.7
115
116
117
118
119
163,569
164,991
166,414
167,836
169,258
1127.8
1137.6
1147.4
1157.2
1167.0
155
156
157
158
159
220,463
221,885
223,307
224,730
226,152
1520.0
1529.8
1539.6
1549.5
1559.3
40
41
42
43
44
56,894
58,316
59,738
61,161
62,583
393.3
402.1
411.9
421.7
431.5
80
81
82
83
84
113,787
115,210
116,632
118,054
119,477
784.5
794.3
804.1
814.0
823.8
120
121
122
123
124
170,681
172,103
173,525
174,948
176,370
1176.8
1186.6
1196.4
1206.2
1216.0
45
46
47
48
49
64,005
65,428
66,850
68,272
69,695
441.3
451.1
460.9
470.7
480.5
85
86
87
88
89
120,899
122,321
123,744
125,166
126,588
833.6
843.4
853.2
863.0
872.8
125
126
127
128
129
177,792
179,215
180,637
182,059
183,482
1225.8
1235.6
1245.4
1255.3
1265.1
133
WORK-ENERGY CONVERSION TABLE

ft.-lbf
0.7376
1.4751
2.2127
2.9502
3.6878
4.4254
5.1629
5.9005
6.6381
7.3756
8.1132
8.8507
9.5883
10.3259
11.0634
11.8010
12.5386
13.2761
14.0137
14.7512
15.4888
16.2264
16.9639
17.7015
18.4391
19.1766
19.9142
20.6517
21.3893
22.1269
22.8644
23.6020
24.3396
25.0771
25.8147
26.5522
27.2898
28.0274
28.7649
29.5025
30.2400
30.9776
31.7152
32.4527
33.1903
33.9279
34.6654
35.4030
36.1405
36.8781
joules
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
1.356
2.712
4.067
5.423
6.779
8.135
9.491
10.847
12.202
13.558
14.914
16.270
17.626
18.981
20.337
21.693
23.049
24.405
25.761
27.116
28.472
29.828
31.184
32.540
33.895
35.251
36.607
37.963
39.319
40.675
42.030
43.386
44.742
46.098
47.454
48.809
50.165
51.521
52.877
54.233
55.589
56.944
58.300
59.656
61.012
62.368
63.723
65.079
66.435
67.791
ft.-lbf
37.6157
38.3532
39.0908
39.8284
40.5659
41.3035
42.0410
42.7786
43.5162
44.2537
44.9913
45.7289
46.4664
47.2040
47.9415
48.6791
49.4167
50.1542
50.8918
51.6294
52.3669
53.1045
53.8420
54.5796
55.3172
56.0547
56.7923
57.5298
58.2674
59.0050
59.7425
60.4801
61.2177
61.9552
62.6928
63.4303
64.1679
64.9055
65.6430
66.3806
67.1182
67.8557
68.5933
69.3308
70.0684
70.8060
71.5435
72.2811
73.0186
73.7562
joules
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
69.147
70.503
71.858
73.214
74.570
75.926
77.282
78.637
79.993
81.349
82.705
84.061
85.417
86.772
88.128
89.484
90.840
92.196
93.551
94.907
96.263
97.619
98.975
100.331
101.686
103.042
104.398
105.754
107.110
108.465
109.821
111.177
112.533
113.889
115.245
116.600
117.956
119.312
120.668
122.024
123.379
124.735
126.091
127.447
128.803
130.159
131.514
132.870
134.226
135.582
TABLES FOR CONVERSION FROM

INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS
Fractions Inches
Millimeters
1

64
.015625
.396875
1

32
.031250
.793750
3

64
.046875
1.190625
116 .062500 1.587500
5

64
.078125
1.984375
3

32
.093750
2.381250
7

64
.109375
2.778125
18
.125000 3.175000
9

64
.140625
3.571875
5

32
.156250
3.968750
11

64
.171875
4.365625
316 .187500
4.762500
13

64
.203125
5.159375
7

32
.218750
5.556250
15

64
.234375
5.953125
14 .250000 6.350000
17

64
.265625
6.746875
9

32
.281250
7.143750
19

64
.296875
7.540625
516
.312500
7.937500
21

64
.328125
8.334375
11

32
.343750
8.731250
23

64
.359375
9.128125
38 .375000 9.525000
25

64
.390625
9.921875
13

32
.406250
10.318750
27
.421875
10.715625

64
716 .437500 11.112500
29

.453125
11.509375
64
15

.468750
11.906250
32
31

.484375
12.303125
64
12 .500000 12.700000
* On the basis of the conversion factor 1 in. 5 25.4 mm.
Examples: 1 ft-lbf 5 1.356 joules

1 joule 5 0.7376 ft-lbf
134
135
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES
TABLES FOR CONVERSION continued
Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.
Fractions Inches
33

64
17

32
35

64
916
37

64
19

32
39

64
58
41

64
21

32
43

64
1116
45

64
23

32
47

64
34
49

64
25

32
51

64
1316
53

64
27

32
55

64
78
57

64
29

32
59

64
1516
61

64
31

32
63

64
1
.515625
13.096875
.531250
13.493750
.546875
13.890625
.562500 14.287500
.578125
14.684375
.593750
15.081250
.609375
15.478125
.625000 15.875000
.640625
16.271875
.656250
16.668750
.671875
17.065625
.687500 17.462500
.703125
17.859375
.718750
18.256250
.734375
18.653125
.750000 19.050000
.765625
19.446875
.781250
19.843750
.796875
20.240625
.812500 20.637500
.828125
21.034375
.843750
21.431250
.859375
21.828125
.875000 22.225000
.890625
22.621875
.906250
23.018750
.921875
23.415625
.937500 23.812500
.953125
24.209375
.968750
24.606250
.984375
25.003125
1.000000
25.400000
459.4 to 0
0 to 100
C F/C
-459.4
-450
-440
-430
-420
-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6
0
1
2
3
4
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2
50
51
52
53
54
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
38
43
49
54
60
100
110
120
130
140
212
230
248
266
284
260
266
271
277
282
500 932
510 950
520 968
530 986
540 1004
-246
-240
-234
-229
-223
-410
-400
-390
-380
-370
-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8
5
6
7
8
9
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
12.8
13.3
13.9
14.4
15.0
55
56
57
58
59
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
66
71
77
82
88
150
160
170
180
190
302
320
338
356
374
288
293
299
304
310
550
560
570
580
590
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
-218
-212
-207
-201
-196
-360
-350
-340
-330
-320
-12.2
-11.7
-11.1
-10.6
-10.0
10
11
12
13
14
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8
60
61
62
63
64
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
93
99
100
104
110
200 392 316

210 410 321
212 413.6 327
220 428 332
230 446 338
600
610
620
630
640
1112
1130
1148
1166
1184
-190
-184
-179
-173
-169
-310
-300
-290
-280
-273 -459.4
-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2
15
16
17
18
19
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6
65
66
67
68
69
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
116
121
127
132
138
240
250
260
270
280
464
482
500
518
536
343
349
354
360
366
650
660
670
680
690
1202
1220
1238
1256
1274
-168
-162
-157
-151
-146
-270
-260
-250
-240
-230
-454
-436
-418
-400
-382
-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.4
20
21
22
23
24
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
21.1
21.7
22.2
22.8
23.3
70
71
72
73
74
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
143
149
154
160
166
290
300
310
320
330
554
572
590
608
626
371
377
382
388
393
700
710
720
730
740
1292
1310
1328
1346
1364
-140
-134
-129
-123
-118
-220
-210
-200
-190
-180
-364
-346
-328
-310
-292
-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7
25
26
27
28
29
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
23.9
24.4
25.0
25.6
26.1
75
76
77
78
79
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
171
177
182
188
193
340
350
360
370
380
644
662
680
698
716
399
404
410
416
421
750
760
770
780
790
1382
1400
1418
1436
1454
-112
-107
-101
-96
-90
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-274
-256
-238
-220
-202
-1.1
- .6
0
.6
1.1
30
31
32
33
34
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9
80
81
82
83
84
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
199
204
210
216
221
390
400
410
420
430
734
752
770
788
806
427
432
438
443
449
800
810
820
830
840
1472
1490
1508
1526
1544
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-184
-166
-148
-130
-112
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9
35 95.0
36 96.8
37 98.6
38 100.4
39 102.2
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7
85
86
87
88
89
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
227
232
238
243
249
440
450
460
470
480
824
842
860
878
896
454
460
466
471
477
850
860
870
880
890
1562
1580
1598
1616
1634
-57
-51
-46

-40
-34
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-94
-76
-58
-40
-22
F/C F
100 to 1000
-273
-268
-262
-257
-251
-84
-79
-73
-68
-62
F/C
C F/C
F/C
4.4 40 104.0 32.2 90 194.0 254 490 914

5.0 41 105.8 32.8 91 195.8
5.6 42 107.6 33.3 92 197.6
6.1 43
109.4 33.9 93 199.4
6.7 44 111.2 34.4 94 201.2
-29
-20
-4
7.2 45 113.0
-23
-10
14
7.8 46 114.8
-17.8
0
32
8.3 47 116.6

8.9 48 118.4

9.4 49 120.2

35.0 95
35.6 96
36.1 97
36.7 98
37.2 99
37.8 100
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
482 900 1652

488 910 1670
493 920 1688
499 930 1706
504 940 1724
510 950
516 960
521 970
527 980
532 990
538 1000
1742
1760
1778
1796
1814
1832
Look up reading in middle column. If in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in right hand column; if in
Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
(All the values in these tables are exact).
Millimeters
136
137
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES

BASED ON BRINELL
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES continued

Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.

1000 to 2000
(APPROXIMATE)
2000 to 3000
F/C
F/C
538
543
549
554
560
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1832
1850
1868
1886
1904
816
821
827
832
838
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
566
571
577
582
588
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1922
1940
1958
1976
1994
843
849
854
860
866
593
599
604
610
616
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
2012
2030
2048
2066
2084
621
627
632
638
643
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
649
654
660
666
671
F/C
F/C
2732
2750
2768
2786
2804
1093
1099
1104
1110
1116
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
3632
3650
3668
3686
3704
1371
1377
1382
1388
1393
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
4532
4650
4568
4586
4604
Diameter
mm
3000 Kg
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
2822
2840
2858
2876
2894
1121
1127
1132
1138
1143
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
3722
3740
3758
3776
3794
1399
1404
1410
1416
1421
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
4622
4640
4658
4676
4694
....
....
....
....
....
871
877
882
888
893
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
2912
2930
2948
2966
2984
1149
1154
1160
1166
1171
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
3812
3830
3848
3866
3884
1427
1432
1438
1443
1449
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
4712
4730
4748
4766
4784
2102
2120
2138
2156
2174
899
904
910
916
921
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
3002
3020
3038
3056
3074
1177
1182
1188
1193
1199
2150
2160
2170
2180
2190
3902
3920
3938
3956
3974
1454
1460
1466
1471
1477
2650
2660
2670
2680
2690
4802
4820
4838
4856
4874
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
2192
2210
2228
2246
2264
927
932
938
943
949
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
3092
3110
3128
3146
3164
1204
1210
1216
1221
1227
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
3992
4010
4028
4046
4064
1482
1488
1493
1499
1504
2700
2710
2720
2730
2740
4892
4910
4928
4946
4964
677
682
688
693
699
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
2282
2300
2318
2336
2354
954
960
966
971
977
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
3182
3200
3218
3236
3254
1232
1238
1243
1249
1254
2250
2260
2270
2280
2290
4082
4100
4118
4136
4154
1510
1516
1521
1527
1532
2750
2760
2770
2780
2790
4982
5000
5018
5036
5054
704
710
716
721
727
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
2372
2390
2408
2426
2444
982
988
993
999
1004
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
3272
3290
3308
3326
3344
1260
1266
1271
1277
1282
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
4172
4190
4208
4226
4244
1538
1543
1549
1554
1560
2800
2810
2820
2830
2840
5072
5090
5108
5126
5144
732
738
743
749
754
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
2462
2480
2498
2516
2534
1010
1016
1021
1027
1032
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
3362
3380
3398
3416
3434
1288
1293
1299
1304
1310
2350
2360
2370
2380
2390
4262
4280
4298
4316
4334
1566
1571
1577
1582
1588
2850
2860
2870
2880
2890
5162
5180
5198
5216
5234
760
766
771
777
782
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
2552
2570
2588
2606
2624
1038
1043
1049
1054
1060
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
3452
3470
3488
3506
3524
1316
1321
1327
1332
1338
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
4352
4370
4388
4406
4424
1593
1599
1604
1610
1616
2900
2910
2920
2930
2940
5252
5270
5288
5306
5324

788
1450 2642

793
1460 2660

799
1470 2678

804
1480 2696

810
1490 2714

1066
1071
1077
1082
1088
1093
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
3542 1343
2450 4442
3560 1349
2460 4460
3578 1354
2470 4478
3596 1360
2480 4496
3614 1366
2490 4514
3632
1621
1627
1632
1638
1643
1649
2950
2960
2970
2980
2990
3000
5342
5360
5378
5396
5414
5432
BRINELL HARDNESS
Tungsten
Carbide
10 mm Ball
....
....
....
....
757
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
A-Scale
60 Kg
Brale
86.5
86.0
85.6
85.0
84.4
B-Scale
100 Kg
1/16" Ball
C-Scale
150 Kg
Superficial
Brale
30 N
....
....
....
....
....
70.0
69.0
68.0
67.0
65.9
86.0
85.0
84.4
83.6
82.7
Diamond
Pyramid
Approx.
Hardness
Tensile
Number
Strength
(Vickers)
1000 psi
1076
1004
940
900
860
....
....
....
....
....
2.25
745
84.1
....
....
722
83.4
....

.... 710 83.0 ....
2.35
682
82.2
....
2.40
653
81.2
....
65.3
82.2
840
....
64.0
81.1
800
....
63.3
80.4 780 ....
61.7
79.0
737
....
60.0
77.5
697
....
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
627
601
578
555
534
80.5
79.8
79.1
78.4
77.8
....
....
....
....
....
58.7
57.3
56.0
54.7
53.5
76.3
75.1
73.9
72.7
71.6
667
640
615
591
569
323
309
297
285
274
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
514
495
477
461
444
76.9
76.3
75.6
74.9
74.2
....
....
....
....
....
52.1
51.0
49.6
48.5
47.1
70.3
69.4
68.2
67.2
65.8
547
528
508
491
472
263
253
243
235
225
2.95
429
73.4
....
3.00
415
72.8
....
3.05
401
72.0
....

3.10 388 71.4 ....

3.15 375 70.6 ....
45.7
64.6
455
217
44.5
63.5
440
210
43.1
62.3
425
202
41.8
61.1 410 195
40.4
59.9 396 188
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
363
352
341
331
321
70.0
69.3
68.7
68.1
67.5
....
(110.0)
(109.0)
(108.5)
(108.0)
39.1
37.9
36.6
35.5
34.3
58.7
57.6
56.4
55.4
54.3
383
372
360
350
339
182
176
170
166
160
311
302
293
285
277
66.9
66.3
65.7
65.3
64.6
(107.5)
(107.0)
(106.0)
(105.5)
(104.5)
33.1
32.1
30.9
29.9
28.8
53.3
52.2
51.2
50.3
49.3
328
319
309
301
292
155
150
145
141
137
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
Look up reading in middle column. If in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in right hand column; if in
Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
138
139
USEFUL
FOR
USEFULEQUATIONS
EQUATIONS FOR
HARDENABLE
ALLOY
STEELS
HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES continued

BRINELL HARDNESS
Diameter
mm
3000 Kg
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
Tungsten
Carbide
10 mm Ball
A-Scale
60 Kg
Brale
B-Scale
100 Kg
1/16" Ball
C-Scale
150 Kg
Superficial
Brale
30 N
Diamond
Pyramid
Approx.
Hardness
Tensile
Number
Strength
(Vickers)
1000 psi
104 V
Ae1 (F) ~ 1333 2 25 3 Mn 1 40 3 Si 1 42 3 Cr 2 26 3 Ni ............... (1)

Ae3 (F) ~ 1570 2 323 3 C 2 25 3 Mn 1 80 3 Si 2 3 3 Cr 2 32 3 Ni .. (2)
Ac1 (C) ~ 723 2 10.7 3 Mn 1 29.1 3 Si 1 16.9 3 Cr 2 16.9 3 Ni 1
290 3 As 1 6.38 3 W ........................................................... (3)
Ac3 (C) ~ 910 2 203 3 C 1 44.7 3 Si 15.2 3 Ni 1 31.5 3 Mo 1 104
3 V 1 13.1 3 W ...................................................................... (4)
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
269
262
255
248
241
64.1
63.6
63.0
62.5
61.8
(104.0)
(103.0)
(102.0)
(101.0)
100.0
27.6
26.6
25.4
24.2
22.8
48.3
47.3
46.2
45.1
43.9
284
276
269
261
253
133
129
126
122
118
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
235
229
223
217
212
61.4
60.8
59.7
59.2
58.5
99.0
98.2
97.3
96.4
95.5
21.7
20.5
(18.8)
(17.5)
(16.0)
42.9
41.9
....
....
....
247
241
234
228
222
115
111
....
105
102
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
207
201
197
192
187
57.8
57.4
56.9
56.5
55.9
94.6
93.8
92.8
91.9
90.7
(15.2)
(13.8)
(12.7)
(11.5)
(10.0)
....
....
....
....
....
218
212
207
202
196
100
98
95
93
90
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
183
179
174
170
167
55.5
55.0
53.9
53.4
53.0
90.0
89.0
87.8
86.8
86.0
(9.0)
(8.0)
(6.4)
(5.4)
(4.4)
....
....
....
....
....
192
188
182
178
175
89
87
85
83
81
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
163
156
149
143
137
52.5
51.0
49.9
48.9
47.4
85.0
82.9
80.8
78.7
76.4
(3.3)
(.9)
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
171
163
156
150
143
79
76
73
71
67
Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .021t, for 1650F ............................... (14)
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
131
126
121
116
111
46.0
45.0
43.9
42.8
41.9
74.0
72.0
69.8
67.6
65.7
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
137
132
127
122
117
65
63
60
58
56
___________________________________________________________________________
Values in ( ) are beyond normal range and are given for information only.
The Brinell values in this table are based on the use of a 10mm tungsten carbide ball; at hardness levels of 429
Brinell and below, the values obtained with the tungsten carbide ball, the Hultgren ball, and the standard ball
are the same.
The Hardness Conversion Tables are based on SAE J417 and ASTM E140.
140
Ms (F) ~ 930 2 600 3 C 2 60 3 Mn 2 20 3 Si 2 50 3 Cr 2 30 3

Ni 2 20 3 Mo 2 20 3 W........................................................ (5)
M10 (F) ~ Ms 2 18 ................................................................................. (6)
M50 (F) ~ Ms 2 85 ................................................................................. (7)
M90 (F) ~ Ms 2 185 ............................................................................... (8)
Mf (F) ~ Ms 2 387................................................................................ (9)
Bs (F) ~ 1526 2 486 3 C 2 162 3 Mn 2 126 3 Cr 2 67 3 Ni 2
149 3 Mo ............................................................................ (10)
B50 (F) ~ Bs 2 108 ............................................................................. (11)
Bf (F) ~ Bs 2 216 ............................................................................. (12)

(t 5 time in hours)
Note:
1 & 2:
3 & 4:
5:
6-12:
13-15:
Each equation above is subject to the chemistry limitations under which

it was developed.
R. A. Grange, Metal Progress, 79, April 1961, p 73.
K. W. Andrews, JISI, 203, 1965, p 721.
E. S. Rowland and S. R. Lyle, Trans. ASM, 37, 1946, p 27.
W. Steven and A. G. Haynes, JISI, 183, 1956, p 349.
F. E. Harris, Metal Progress, 44, August 1943, p 265.
141
105
GLOSSARY OF
METALLURGICAL TERMS
Alloying Elements
ALUMINUM - Al
is used to deoxidize steel and control grain size. Grain size control is effected by forming
a fine dispersion with nitrogen and oxygen which restricts austenite grain growth.
Aluminum is also an extremely effective nitride former in nitriding steels.
BORON - B
is usually added between .0005-.003% to significantly increase the hardenability,
especially for low carbon alloys. It does not affect the strength of ferrite, therefore not
sacrificing ductility, formability or machinability in the annealed state.
CALCIUM - Ca
is used in certain steels to control the shape, size and distribution of oxide and/or sulfide
inclusions. Benefits may include improved ductility, impact strength and machinability.
CARBON - C
is the most important alloying element which is essential for the formation of cementite,
pearlite, spheriodite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite. Compared to steels with similar
microstructures, strength, hardness, hardenability, and ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature are increased with increasing carbon content up to approximately .60%.
Toughness and ductility of pearlitic steels are decreased with increasing carbon content.
CHROMIUM - Cr
is used in low alloy steels to increase 1) resistance to corrosion and oxidation, 2) high
temperature strength, 3) hardenability, and 4) abrasion resistance in high carbon alloys.
Straight chromium steels are susceptible to temper embrittlement and can be brittle.
COPPER - Cu
is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is used in certain
steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
LEAD - Pb
improves machinability. It does not dissolve in steel but stays as globules.
Environmental concerns are resulting in a decreased usage of lead in the steel industry.
MANGANESE - Mn
is important because it deoxidizes the melt and facilitates hot working of the steel by
reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. It combines with sulfur to form MnS stringers
which increases machinability. Manganese contributes to the effectiveness of normalizing
for strengthening, to the formation of fine pearlite, and lowers the Ms temperature,
therefore increasing the probability of retained austenite.
142
GLOSSARY continued
MOLYBDENUM - Mo
increases hardenability of steels and helps maintain a specified hardenability. It increases
high temperature tensile and creep strengths. Molybdenum hardened steels require
higher tempering temperatures for softening purposes.
NICKEL - Ni
is used in low alloy steels to reduce the sensitivity of the steel to variations in heat
treatment and distortion and cracking on quenching. It also improves low temperature
toughness and hardenability.
NIOBIUM - Nb (Columbium - Cb)
lowers transition temperature and raises the strength of low carbon steel. Niobium
increases strength at elevated temperatures, results in finer grain size and forms stable
carbides, lowering the hardenability of the steel.
NITROGEN - N
increases the strength, hardness and machinability of steel, but it decreases the ductility
and toughness. In aluminum killed steels, nitrogen combines with the aluminum to
provide grain size control, thereby improving both toughness and strength. Nitrogen can
reduce the effect of boron on the hardenability of steels.
PHOSPHORUS - P
is generally restricted to below 0.04 weight percent to minimize its detrimental effect
on ductility and toughness. Certain steels may contain higher levels to enhance machinability, strength and/or atmospheric corrosion resistance.
SILICON - Si
is one of the principal deoxidizers with the amount used dependent on the
deoxidization practice. It slightly increases the strength of ferrite without a serious loss
of ductility. In larger quantities, it aids the resistance to scaling up to 500F in air and
decreases magnetic hysteresis loss.
SULFUR - S
is detrimental to transverse strength and impact resistance. It affects longitudinal
properties to a lesser degree. Existing primarily in the form of manganese sulfide
stringers, sulfur is typically added to improve machinability.
TITANIUM - Ti
is added to boron steels because it combines with oxygen and nitrogen, thus increasing
the effectiveness of boron. Titanium, as titanium nitride, also provides grain size control
at elevated temperatures in microalloy steels. In excess, titanium is detrimental to
machinability and internal cleanness.
143
GLOSSARY continued
TELLURIUM - Te
is added to steel to modify sulfide type inclusion size, morphology and distribution.
The resulting sulfide type inclusions are finer and remain ellipsoidal in shape following
hot working, thereby improving transverse properties.
VANADIUM - V
inhibits grain growth during heat treating while improving strength and toughness of
hardened and tempered steels. Additions up to .05% increase hardenability whereas
larger amounts tend to reduce hardenability because of carbide formation. Vanadium is
also utilized in ferrite/pearlite microalloy steels to increase hardness through carbonitride
precipitation strengthening of the matrix.
Standard Mill Terminology

ANNEALING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a temperature, within or above the critical
range, and cooling at a controlled rate to a temperature under the critical range. This
treatment is used to produce a definite microstructure, usually one designed for best
machinability, and/or to remove stresses, induce softness, and alter ductility, toughness or
other mechanical properties.
BILLET
A solid semifinished round or square that has been hot worked usually smaller than a
bloom. Also a general term for wrought starting stock for forgings or extrusions.
BLOOM
A semifinished hot rolled rectangular product. The width of the bloom is no more than
twice the thickness and the cross-sectional area is usually not less that 36 square inches.
CAPPED STEEL
A type of steel similar to rimmed steel, usually cast in a bottle top ingot, in which the
application of a mechanical or chemical cap renders the rimming action incomplete by
causing the top metal to solidify.
DI (Ideal Diameter)
The diameter of a round steel bar that will harden at the center to a given percent of martensite when subjected to an ideal quench (i.e., Grossman quench severity H=infinity)
ELONGATION
In tensile testing, the increase in gage length, measured after the fracture of a specimen
within the gage length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
144
GLOSSARY continued
END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY TEST (Jominy Test)
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous
alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper
critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold
water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed,
measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals
along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the
quenched end.
HARDNESS
Resistance of a metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. However, this may
also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting.
IMPACT TEST
A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading,
usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity measured is the energy absorbed
in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in the Charpy or Izod tests.
INGOT
A casting of a simple shape which can be used for hot working or remelting.
KILLED STEEL
Steel treated with a strong deoxidizer to reduce oxygen to a level where no reaction
occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
LAP
A surface imperfection which appears as a seam. It is caused by the folding over of hot
metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface but not
welding them. Laps on tubes can form from seams on piercing mill billets.
MACHINABILITY
This is a generic term for describing the ability of a material to be machined. To be
meaningful, machinability must be qualified in terms of tool wear, tool life, chip control,
and/or surface finish and integrity. Overall machining performance is affected by a myriad
of variables relating to the machining operation and the workpiece. An overall review is
provided in the ASM Metals Handbook: Machinability, Ninth Edition, Volume 16, 1989.
NORMALIZING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to temperature at least 100F above the
critical range and cooling in still air at room temperature. The treatment produces a
recrystallization and refinement of the grain structure and gives uniformity in hardness
and structure to the product.
145
GLOSSARY continued
PICKLING
An operation by which surface oxide (scale) is removed by chemical action. Sulfuric acid
is typically used for carbon and low-alloy steels. After the acid bath, the steel is rinsed
in water.
QUENCHING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a predetermined temperature and cooling
rapidly in air or liquid medium to produce a desired crystalline structure.
REDUCTION OF AREA
The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between the original crosssectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum cross-sectional area measured
after complete separation.
RIMMED STEEL
A low carbon steel having enough iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon
monoxide during solidification giving a rim of material virtually free of voids.
SCAB
An imperfection which is a flat piece of metal rolled into the steel surface.
GLOSSARY continued
TEMPERING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to some predetermined temperature
under the critical range, holding at that temperature a designated period of time
and cooling in air or liquid. This treatment is used to produce one or more of the
following end results: A) to soften material for subsequent machining or cold
working, B) to improve ductility and relieve stresses resulting from prior treatment
or cold working, and C) to produce the desired mechanical properties or structure
in the second step of a double treatment.
TENSILE STRENGTH
In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area.
YIELD POINT
The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress,
at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. If there is a
decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and
lower yield points.
YIELD STRENGTH
The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of
stress and strain. An offset of .2% is commonly used.
SEAM
A defect on the surface of a metal which appears as a crack. Experience indicates that most
seams are created during the cooling or reheating of cast structures.
SEMI-KILLED STEEL
Incompletely deoxidized steel which contains enough dissolved oxygen to react with the
carbon to form carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage.
Information adapted from ASM

and/or SAE publications.
SPHEROIDIZE ANNEAL
A special type of annealing that requires an extremely long cycle. This treatment is used
to produce globular carbides and maximum softness for best machinability in some
analyses, or to improve cold formability.
STRAND CASTING (Continuous Casting)
Operation in which a cast shape is continuously drawn through the bottom of the mold as
it solidifies. The length is not determined by mold dimensions.
STRESS RELIEVE TEMPER
A thermal treatment to restore elastic properties and to minimize distortion on
subsequent machining or hardening operations. This treatment is usually applied to
material that has been heat treated (quenched and tempered). Normal practice would be
to heat to a temperature 100F lower than the tempering temperatures used to establish
mechanical properties and hardness. Ordinarily, no straightening is performed after the
stress relieve temper.
146
147
GLOSSARY OF FORGING TERMS
FORGING GLOSSARY continued
AS FORGED
The condition of a forged component when it is removed from the finisher die block cavity
without any additional or subsequent operations.
FILLET
The concave easing of an interior corner of the forging that is used to reduce stress
concentration within the component.
BACKWARD EXTRUSION
The forging or forming process where a metal contained within a die is forced backward
or in the opposite direction over a punch producing a blind hole or cup shaped forging.
FIN
A thin projection formed on a forging when metal is forced under pressure into hairline
cracks or die interfaces.
BLANK
Raw material or forging stock from which a forging is made.
FINISH ALL OVER (F.O.A.)

The designation that a forging has been produced sufficiently larger than the dimensions
specified to permit machining to the required size on all surfaces.
BLOCKER FORGING
The primary forging operation that defines the basic shape of the forging by approximating the components final dimensions and leaving a generous finish allowance and radii.
BOSS
A relatively short projection or protrusion on the surface of a forging, often cylindrical in
shape.
FLASH
The excess metal that extends out from the body of the forging to ensure complete filling
of the die block impression.
FORGING BILLET
A wrought metal multiple or mult used as forging stock.
BURNING
Metal that has been overheated to an excessively high temperature resulting in
permanent damage. Burning occurs by either incipient melting at the grain boundaries
or intergranular oxidation.
FORGING STRESSES
Elastic residual stresses induced by part design, forging operations or post-forging c
ooling. The stresses can be relieved by a subsequent heat treatment such as annealing
or normalizing.
COLD FORGING
An impression or closed die forging process that is performed at or near room
temperature. This process often requires a lubricant to assist with material flow and
will produce a close-tolerance, draft-less forging.
FORWARD EXTRUSION
The forcing of metal through a die orifice in the same direction as the force applied.
COINING
A post-forging process that is used to attain tighter tolerances or to improve the surface
finish of the forged components.
DIE BLOCK(S)
Metal block(s) that have been machined with the required forging impressions to
produce the forged component.
DIE IMPRESSION
The counter-sunk portion of the die block surface that defines the shape of the
forged component.
DIE SINKING
The forming or machining operation that creates the depressed pattern of a die block.
DRAFT
The taper on the sides of the die impression and the associated forging that is required
for removal of the component from the die block.
148
HAMMER FORGING
A mechanical forging or forming process that shapes the metal by means of a hammer ram striking forging stock that is placed on an anvil, repeated strikes create the
components desired shape. The action of the hammer provides instantaneous localized
compressive forces that deform the metal. The process also is referred to as Drop Forging
and is frequently used during the forging of shafts.
HOT FORGING
A forging process that induces plastic deformation at a specified temperature and strain
rate to simultaneously produce recrystallization and metal deformation, thus avoiding
strain hardening.
IMPRESSION DIE FORGING
A forging process that utilizes mating dies with shaped impressions to form a component.
The process also is referred to as Closed Die Forging.
MULT OR MULTIPLE
A single piece of raw material or forging stock used to produce a forging.
149

OPEN DIE FORGING
A forging process where components are made between a set of flat dies or dies with
simple shapes such as V or O shapes. Shafts, Discs and Saddle/Mandrel Rings are
manufactured through this process.
PREHEATING
The heating of a metal to a relatively high temperature for a long period of time to gain a
uniform and sufficient soak in order to change the structure before hot working.

SHEAR CRACKING
A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear stresses.
SHOT BLASTING
The cleaning of a metal surface through the combination of an air blast and metal shot
used as an abrasive.
SHRINKAGE
The contraction of metal that occurs during cooling after hot forging.
PUNCHOUT
The metal that is removed when punching a hole in a forging. This operation is often
required during the Ring Rolling process.
SLIVER (DEFECT)
A loose piece of metal or slender fragment that is forged into the surface of a component
during the forging operation.
RECRYSTALLIZATION
The process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of undeformed grains
that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed.
SOAKING
Prolonged heating of a metal at a selected temperature in order to ensure it has achieved
a uniform temperature through the entire cross section.
RESIDUAL STRESS
Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of non-uniform plastic
deformation (i.e. forging). The deformation can be caused by cold working or by drastic
temperature gradients created by accelerated cooling operations such as quenching.
STRAIN
The elastic or plastic deformation of steel caused by stress.
RING ROLLING
A forging process that traditionally starts with a hole-punched work piece. The process
uses an inner mandrel roll and an outer drive roll. The inner mandrel roll compresses
toward the drive roll resulting in a thinner wall and enlarged diameter forging.
SADDEN
Light reduction incurred at the initial forging operation to break up and refine the coarse
as-cast structure at the surface of an ingot.
SCALE
Oxidation of metal due to heat, resulting in relatively heavy surface layers of oxide.
SEAM (DEFECT)
(1) A crack located on the surface of the metal that has been closed but not welded shut.
They are generally formed by a preexisting defect produced during casting or cold/hot
working (i.e. laps). (2) A defect on the surface of a metal which appears as a crack, usually
resulting from a discontinuity obtained during casting or teeming.
SHEAR
A type of cutting operation in which the metal is cut by means of a moving blade and a
fixed edge or by a pair of moving blades.
STRAIN HARDENING
An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures lower
than the recystallization range of the material.
STRESS
(1) The deforming load to which a metal is subjected. (2) The resistance which the metal
offers to deformation by a force.
TRIMMING
A mechanical shearing operation (hot or cold) that removes the flash or excess material
from the forging.
TOLERANCE LIMIT
The permissible deviation from a specified value of any design characteristic.
UPSET FORGING
A forging or forming process that occurs near the end of the bar. The upset occurs between
laterally moving dies which increases the diameter of the worked piece by compressing
its length.
WARM FORGING
The forging or forming process where metal deformation occurs below the recrystallization temperature. For steels, this temperature can range from 800 to 1800 degrees
Fahrenheit.
WORK HARDENING
An increased resistance to deformation (i.e. increase in hardness)
produced by cold working.
150
151

WORKABILITY
The characteristic or group of characteristics that determine the ease of forming a metal
into a desired shape.
WROUGHT STEEL
Steel that has been produced by thermo-mechanical working or hot deformation.
152

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Miscellaneous Steel Properties

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STANDARD CARBON STEELS

FREE CUTTING RESULPHURIZED STEELS

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

1040 .37/.44 .60/.90

1050 .48/.55 .60/.90 .040 .050

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FREE CUTTING REPHOSPHORIZED

HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEEL

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STANDARD ALLOY STEELS

STANDARD ALLOY STEELS continued

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

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PS GRADES (Formerly EX Grades)

Chemical Composition Ranges

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

P 5 .040 max, S 5 .15/.35, Si 5 1.00 max

Note: PS Nos. 15, 24 and 30 are now standard grades.

Return to Table of Contents

STANDARD H STEELS continued

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STANDARD CARBON AND

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

1038 H .34/.43 .50/1.00

.030 .050 .15/.35

RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY STEELS

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FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS

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FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued

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Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.

P & S 5 .025 max if Basic Electric Furnace Steel is specified

Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS continued

Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS

Return to Table of Contents

SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS

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Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits